du Chatelet, Grenelle, School of Medicine, Leda, St.

Sulpice, the Elephant.

CHAP. XVI.-Scientific knowledge, and practical skill

essential for constructing Water-works. Statements

and suggestions of Professor Leslie. Effect of con-

traction in the Channel of a River, and circumstances

relating to the motion of its Current. Velocity of

the Rhone and the Thames. Resistance of fluids

similar to the friction of solid bodies. Greatest velo-

city of Rivers at the surface and middle of the Stream.

Impulse of Water against a flat surface, and the piers

of a Bridge. Comparative force of a Torrent upon

blocks of Stone, Gravel, &c. Astonishing agency of

Water under the guidance of human skill. Specula-

tions concerning important objects to which it may be

applied. Instruments for measuring the Velocity of

Rivers. Crosley's Water-meters, and Brunton's for

Liquids. Probable multiplication of Water-works, &c.

Summary of facts relating to existing Establishments.

Machinery employed in the operations at London, &c.

Steam-engines, Valves, &c. Sources of Water at differ-

ent places: Variations in the mode of supplying it, as

well as quantities supplied. Reflections upon the

advantages of modern Water-works . .

Page

268

. 292

CHAP. XVII.-Agency of nature in accomplishing apparently

simple but great purposes. Remarkable effects of

Evaporation. Experiments of M. Saussure. Calculations

of Bishop Watson and Dr. Halley. Estimate of Rain in

different latitudes by M. Humbolt and Dr. John Dalton,

Abundance of Water suspended in the Atmosphere, when

the sky appears very clear. Velocity and effects of

Winds. Constantly varying modifications of the Earth's

surface, but its equilibrium preserved. Difference in

the properties of Water: causes of its being hard or

soft. Rain Water. Rivers. Stagnant Water.

prefer it transparent, but some animals occasionally

render it turbid before they drink. Practice in Italy of

mixing salt with it. Qualities of Water in its natural

state. Statements of Dr. Henry and Dr. Turner. Trans-

parent Water desirable for Beverage, &c.: mode of

obtaining it in Turkey. Springs, natural Filters.

Importance of Filtration of Water procured from Rivers 314

Men

b

CHAP. XVIII.-The propensity to speculate at the beginning

of the present century. Schemes for supplying Water

to the Metropolis. Establishment of various new

Water Companies. Competition amongst those situate

north of the Thames. Mr. M. Angelo Taylor's Act.

Anti-monopoly Association. Project of the Mary-le-

bone Select Vestry. Parliamentary Inquiry in 1821.

Evidence and Report on the subject. Number and

variety of Schemes propounded in 1824 and 1825. The

Thames' Water Company, its object and magnitude. Mr.

Martin's ornamental plan, including Fountains, Baths,

&c. near to Hyde Park

CHAP. XIX.-Attempt in 1827 to create alarm concerning

the impure and dangerous condition of the Thames,

Publication of The Dolphin; its imputations upon the

Grand Junction Water Company and the Gas Works.

Public Meeting and Petitions to Parliament. Appoint-

ment of Commissioners to inquire into the state of

supply of Water to the Metropolis, and their tardiness

in discharging the duties. Singular statements of Fish-

ermen, Medical Practitioners, and Mr. Mills. His

representations of the structure of the bed of the river,'

and state of the water as likely to become putrescent.

Confession that his own object, as well as that of the

author of The Dolphin, was the establishment of a

new Water Company. Analyses of the different speci-..

mens of water by Dr. Bostock, Dr. Pearson, and others:"

the results. Absurd notions of its being insalubrious.

Imputation of monopoly to the Water Companies unjust.

The conduct of the Grand Junction Company with regard

to their rates. Report of the Commissioners; its par-

tiality, and inconsistency with facts

CHAP. XX.-Peculiar circumstances of some great Estab-

lishments. Fallacies in the Report of the Commis-

sioners. Select Committee of the House of Commons

appointed; and Sir Francis Burdett Chairman. Exami-

nation of Dr. Roget. Mr. Mills's Plan, &c. for New

Water-works; his remarkable statements. Dr. Kerri-

son's singular detail concerning Thames' Water, &c.

Facts, showing purity not to be essential to salubrity.

Reflections upon the manner of scrutinizing the private

affairs of the Water Companies. Report of the Committee

Page

328

348

Page

and its purport. Different schemes for supplying the

Metropolis from the Colne. Description of the Grand

Junction Company's Plan in 1830. Bill for executing

it; but delayed by the interference of Sir F. Burdett to

employ Mr. Telford . . .

. . 385

CHAP. XXI.-The object of some projectors of New Water

Works for the Metropolis, to introduce a costly scheme

at the national expense, by defaming existing esta-

blishments. Fallacy of the Report of the Select Com-

mittee of the House of Commons in 1828. Proposed

improvements by the Grand Junction and West Mid-

dlesex Companies; purchase by the latter of a large

estate at Barnes Elms to construct Reservoirs, &c. The

Correspondence of Sir F. Burdett with Sir Robert

Peel, about employing Mr. Telford; his Survey and

Report. Outline of his Plans, and their reference to

a Select Committee of the House of Commons. Re-

markable declarations of Sir F. Burdett, and Mr. James

Mills. Examination of Messrs. Telford, Mills, and

others. Remarks on their Plans and Statements, by

Messrs. Anderson, Clarke, Mylne, Simpson, Wick-

steed, &c. Mr. Marsland's Filter at Stockport, &c. Mr.

Martin's Proposal for an Aqueduct with a Rail-road

upon it. Scheme for supplying the Metropolis by means

of large Wells, and their probable inefficiency. Con-

cluding Reflections .

. 111

APPENDIX.

ib.

Table showing the Number of Houses supplied by the Water

Companies of London, their respective charges, &c., ac-

cording to the Returns made to Parliament in 1834 449

Results of Experiments to ascertain the discharge of Water 450

TABLE I.-Showing the quantity of Water discharged by

Orifices of different diameters, in one Minute

TABLE II.-Comparison of the theoretical, with the real dis-

charge of Water, from an Orifice of one inch diameter,

at different heights, by Bossut

TABLE III.-The quantities of Water discharged by Vertical

Orifices under different heads of Water, according to

Michelotti's Experiments

451

ib.

TABLE IV.-Showing the results of Experiments made by

Messrs. Smeaton and Brindley . .

Page

452

. . ib.

TABLE V.-Showing the results of Bossut's Experiments,

with Pipes of different lengths, and inclined so as to form

the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle; the hypo-

thenuse being to the altitude as 2124 to 241. . . . . ib.

TABLE VI.—Quantities of Water discharged by rectilineal

and curvilineal pipes, fifty feet long, and one inch dia-

meter, in Bossut's Experiments . .

TABLE VII.-The results of Messrs. Smeaton and Brindley's

Experiments to ascertain the quantity of Water dis-

charged from a Reservoir, by rectangular notches

TABLE VIII.-Showing the results of Du Buat's Experiments

to determine the quantity of Water flowing over a

Weir 18 inches in length. .

. 453

. ib.

DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE MAPS, &c.

Portrait of Sir Hugh Myddelton to face the Title.

View of Lambe's Conduit

View of the Conduit Head at Bayswater

15

22

Map showing the Sites, &c. of different Water-works

structing them

View of an old and singular Pump

View of London Bridge Water Works

View of the Wooden Aqueduct, formerly at Bush Hill

Map of the New River and River Lea

Forms of Pipes, &c. employed in Water-works

Watt's Flexible Main across the Clyde at Glasgow

Parts of Roman Aqueducts, exhibiting the mode of con-

Map of Constantinople and its vicinity

Representations of the Terazi and Sou-terazi

Fountain of the Innocents at Paris

26

48

61

92

146

/49

191

230

233

288

Views and Sections of different kinds of Valves, &c.
Map of Mr. Telford's project for supplying London from

308

the Verulam .

419

Map of his scheme to supply Southwark from the Wandle

420

HYDRAULIA.

WATER WORKS OF LONDON, &c.

CHAPTER I.

The earliest artificial devices to obtain clear Spring Water for common use. Modes of supplying London prior to William the Conqueror, &c. Fitz-Stephen's description of them in the reign of Henry II. Sites of different Fountains. First Lead Cistern at West-cheap. Periods of constructing various Conduits. Hampstead Water-works. Lambe's Conduit. Benefactions for making and repairing Conduits. Annually visited by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, &c. Situations of the Conduit-heads. Rolle's Reflections upon the Destruction of the Conduits by the great Fire in 1666. Remains of one at Bayswater. Verses placed on some of them when James I. passed through the City at his accession to the English Crown.

If the chief design and end of human life were merely the acquisition of the few objects generally essential for the support of animal existence, the rude savage, who dwells in solitudes, or roams the wilderness, would be equally gratified with the most refined of his species. The natural and spontaneous productions of the earth commonly satisfy his wants. The fruit of the tree and the root of the vegetable appease his hunger; the limpid streamlet slakes his thirst; and as health or pleasure may suggest, he laves his body in the majestic or gently flowing rivers, meandering amongst the romantic, beautiful, and variegated scenes of his wanderings. But different circumstances have prompted a great portion of our species to seek for enjoyments of a superior kind. The social

B