Philas, an island of the Nile on the north border of Abyssinia: only I think it is put for the whole country round about, Isa. lxvi. 19.

PULL, to draw with force, Gen. xix. 10.

PULSE, coarse grain, as pease, beans, and the like, Dan. i. 12.

sephus's time, the psaltery or nablion the Universal History, reckon him had 12 strings. Our modern psaltery the first founder of the Assyrian emis a flat instrument of a triangular pire. His name is a pure Assyrian form, strung from side to side with word, without the least tincture of iron or brass wire, and played on the Chaldean idiom, and is plainly a part of the compound names of Tigwith a kind of bow. lath-pul-assur, Nebo-pul-assur, and PTOLEMAIS. See AcCHO. PUBLICAN, an inferior collector Sardan-pul, his successors. It is proof the Roman tribute. The principal bable he was worshipped under the farmers of this revenue were men of name of the Assyrian Belus. (2.) A great credit and influence; but the place where the gospel was preachunder-farmers, or publicans, were ac-ed in the apostolic age. The vulgate counted as oppressive and vile as version calls this Africa: others will thieves and pick-pockets. As they have it Lybia; but I suppose Bowere at once cruel oppressors and chart and Vitringa are more in the badges of slavery, the Jews detested right, who reckon it the same as them to the last degree. If either farmers or publicans were convicted of oppression, the Roman law ordered them to restore fourfold, Luke xix. 8. Our Saviour showed a compassionate regard to the publicans; and told the Pharisees, who were enraged thereat, that publicans and harlots, being more PUNISHMENT, any infliction ready to receive conviction,stood fairer to enter the kingdom of God than imposed in vengeance of a crime, themselves. Matthew, Zaccheus, and whether in a way of proper wrath, probably other publicans, became his or of kind correction, Lam. iii. 39. disciples, Luke xv. 2. Matt. xxi. 31. but, properly taken, it means the Luke xviii. 10-14. and xix. 1-10. infliction of deserved wrath, Matt. It also denotes churchPUBLIC, known to many, Matt. xxv. 46. censure for correcting and reforming PUBLISH, to make known to offenders, 2 Cor. ii. 6. In scripture, we find a variety of civil punishmany, Deut. xxxii. 3. PUBLIUS, common, See MELITA. ments, as, (1.) Retaliation, accordTo PUFF at one, is to hiss and ing to which the offender was servmake mouths at him, Psal. xii. 5. To ed as he had injured his neighbour, be puffed up, is to be filled with self-stripe for stripe, an eye for an eye, conceit, as a blown bladder is with and a tooth for a tooth, &c. but this might be changed into some other wind, 1 Cor. v. 1. and viii. 1. PUL, a bean, decay, or destruc- satisfaction, as of money, &c. Exod. tion. (1.) The first king of As- xxi. 23, 24, 25. Deut. xix. 21. (2.) SYRIA who invaded Canaan, and, Fining in a certain value or sum of by a present of 1000 talents of sil-money: He that hurt a woman with ver, was prevailed on by Menahem child, but not so as to cause aborto withdraw his troops, and recog- tion, he that reproached his wife nize the title of that wicked usur- with unchastity before marriage, and per, 2 Kings xv. 19.-But who he he that hurt his servant or neighbour, was, the learned are not agreed. was fined, Exod. xxi. Deut. xxii. Usher, Rollin, Calmet, and Pri- 13-19. To this may be reduced deaux, reckon him the father of Sar-whatever part of restitution was danapalis; and Patrick is no less above the value of the principal, confident that he was the same with Exod. xxii. Lev. xxvii. and a confisBaladan or Belesis the Chaldean. cation of goods to the king's use, Sir Isaac Newton, and the authors of Ezra vii. 26. (3.) Scourging; so the

i. 19.

24.

whorish slave was to be punished; so Nehemiah punished some who had but among the Jews, a person was married idolatrous women, Neh. xiii. never to receive above 40 stripes at 25. At Athens, after the hair of once, Deut. xxv. 1, 2, 3. 2 Cor. xi. adulterers was plucked off, they ap24. (4.) Imprisonment: sometimes, plied burning ashes to the skin. (8.) indeed, this was not a proper punish- Killing with the sword: so Zeba, ment, but used as a mean to retain Zalmunna, Adonijah, and Joab, were persons; so Joseph imprisoned all executed, Judg. viii. 21. 1 Kings ii. his ten brethren three days, and Si- 25, 34. (9.) Crucifixion; in which meon much longer, Gen. xlii. 17 to the criminal being stretched and The blasphemer and the ga-bound or nailed to a cross, hung there therer of sticks on the Sabbath day, till he expired, Matt. xxvii." (10.) were imprisoned till the Lord should Hanging. According to the Jews, declare their punishment, Lev. xxiv. none but idolaters and blasphemers 12. Numb. xv. 34. Sometimes it were hanged among them. Some was proper punishment, especially as Haman and his sons, and the king when attended with severities of an- of Ai, were hung up alive, Esth. other kind. Joseph was imprisoned vii. and ix. Joshua viii. 29. Saul's and put in chains by Potiphar, Gen. seven descendants were hung up till xxxix. 20. Psal. cv. 18. Samson was they died, and remained a considerimprisoned by the Philistines, and able time after, 1 Sam. xxi. 12. Pha meanwhile had his eyes put out, and raoh's baker was first beheaded, and was obliged to grind at their mill. then hang up in chains, Gen. xl. 19. Hoshea, Manasseh, Jehoahaz, Jehoi-(11.) Stoning to death was a very achin, and Zedekiah, were all shut common punishment. It is said to up in prison by their conquerors, have been used wherever death was and the last had his eyes put out, 2 the penalty, and the kind of it not Kings xvii. 4. 2 Chron. xxxiii. 11. mentioned as in the case of incest2 Kings xxiv. 12. and xxv. 7-27. uous persons; defilers of women The prophet who rebuked Asa, Mi-betrothed or married, or by force, caiah, Jeremiah, Peter, John, Paul, or while in their issues; Sodomites, &c, were all put in prison for their idolaters, blasphemers, magicians, faithfulness. Sometimes there was witches, Sabbath profaners, rebelan imprisonment at large; as when fious children, &c. (12.) Burning Paul had leave to dwell at his own alive. He that married, or had carhired house, with a soldier that kept nal knowledge of both mother and him. Bonds, fetters, stocks, hard daughter and a priest's daughter fare, &c. ordinarily attended impri- who committed fornication; were sonment. (5.) Plucking out of the thus punished, Lev. xx. 14. and xxi. eyes. This happened in the case of 9. Thus Judah proposed to punish Samson and Zedekiah, and was in-Tamar; and Nebuchadnezzar attended for the inhabitants of Jabesh- tempted to punish Shadrach, Megilead, Exod. xxi. 24. Judges xvi. shach, and Abednego, Gen. xxxviii. 21. 2 Kings xxv. 7. 1 Sam. xi. 2. 24. Dan. iii. 21. (13.) Throwing of (6.) Cutting off particular members of persons from the top of a rock, with the body, as of the toes or thumbs: so or without a stone about their neck, Adonibezek served 70 of his fellow-or into the sea. Amaziah threw kings of Canaan, and at last was so 10,000 Edomitish prisoners from the used himself by the Hebrews, Judg. top of a rock, 2 Chron. xxv. 12.i. 5, 6, 7. Baanah and Rechab, who The people of Nazareth attempted to murdered Ishbosheth, had first their cast our Saviour from the top of a hands and feet cut off, and then were rock, Luke iv. 29. (14.) Behead hanged, 2 Sam. iv. 12. (7.) Plucking ing: so Pharaoh's baker was cut off; off the hair, was at once a very shame-so Abimelech murdered his 70 breful and painful punishment, Isa. 1. 6. thren and the elders of Samaria,

PURE, PURGE, PURIFY. See CLEAN.

PURLOIN, to take what belongs to another; to steal; to take by theft, Tit. ii. 10.

át Jehu's command, murdered 70 of we find among the subscribers to the Ahab's posterity, and sent their heads ancient councils. Whether it was in baskets to him; and thus Herod here or at Zalmonah that the brazen murdered John, Gen. xl. 19. Judg. ix. serpent was erected, we can hardly 5. 2 Kings x. 7. Matt. xiv. 10. (15.) tell; but near to this place there were Tearing to pieces alive: so Gideon mines so dangerous to work, that the tore off the flesh of the rulers of Suc- condemned malefactors lived in them coth with briers and thorns. David, but a few days, Num. xxxiii. 42, 43. according to our version, tore off the PUR. See FEAST. flesh of the Ammonites, by causing them to pass under saws, harrows, and axes of iron, or caused them to pass through the burning brick-kiln. It is also supposed he tortured to death two-thirds of the Moabites. PURPLE-DIE, especially that of Judg. viii. 16. 2 Sam. xii. 31. and Tyre, was much esteemed, and was viii. 2. (16.) Exposure to wild beasts, much worn by kings and emperors. to be torn to pieces by them; so It was died with the blood of a shell. Daniel and his accusers were cast fish, plenty of which were found in into the den of lions, chap. vi. The the sea on the north-west of Canaan, Heathens frequently exposed the pri- and are still found about the Caribbee mitive Christians to wild beasts, and islands and other parts of America, sometimes in wild beasts' skins, that and even on the west of England.→→ they might be the more readily torn Purple was used in the curtains of asunder. Some think Paul was expos- the tabernacle, and robes of the ed to beasts at Ephesus, 1 Cor. xv. 32. priests; if what we render purple (17.) Racking or tympanizing; what and scarlet ought not rather to be this punishment was, whether that of rendered scarlet and crimson, Exod. the tressel or chivalet, or flaying xxv.-xxviii. xxxv. xxxix. The alive, or the bastinado, is not agreed; Chaldeans clothed their idols with but the last of these is most proba- habits of purple and azure colour. ble, and best accords with the mean- The husband of the virtuous woman, ing of the original, Heb. xi. 35. (18.) and the rich man, are represented as Sawing asunder, beginning either at clothed in purple, Prov. xxxi. 22. the feet or at the head: so it is said Luke xvi. 19. To reward Daniel Isaiah was murdered by Manasseh, for explaining Belshazzar's dream, and so it is certain some godly He- he was clothed in purple or scarlet, brews were murdered by their per- and had a chain of gold put about secutors, Heb. xi. 37. This terrible his neck, Dan. v. 7, 29. Mordecai, punishment is said to have had its when made chief minister of state in rise among the Chaldeans or Per- Persia, was clothed in purple and sians; and not long ago it was used fine linen, Esth. viii. 15. Purple in Morocco and Switzerland, if it be was much used in Phenicia, Ezek. not so in the former still. (19.) xxvii. 7, 16. and the Popish cardiSometimes the very houses of offend-nals wear clothes of it, Rev. xvii. 4. ers were demolished, and made dung- To ridicule our Saviour's royalty, his hills, Dan. ii. 5. and iii. 29. and so enemies arrayed him in purple, Mark Jehu demolished the temple of Baal, xv. 17. 2 Kings x. 27.

PURPOSE, (1.) A firm resoluPUNON, a precious stone, behold-tion of soul, Acts xi. 23. 2 Tim. iii. ing, where the Hebrews encamped in 10. (2.) The end for which any the desert, is probably the same as the thing is done, Neh. viii. 4. The Phanos or Phenos, which Eusebius purpose of God mentioned in the places four miles from Dedan, between scriptures appears to include his Petra and Zoar, and whose bishops gracious design of calling mea in VOL. II. 2 U

general, Gentiles as well as Jews, to come nigh, when, in hopes that af to salvation, Rom. viii. 28. of ga-fliction will be long or for ever dethering together all things in Christ, layed, they give up themselves to Eph. i. 11. of making the Gen- oppression, perverting of judgment, tiles fellow-heirs and of the same murder, and the like, Amos vi. 3, body with the Jews, and partakers They put away their wives, when they of his promise in Christ by the gospel, divorce and expel them from their Eph. iii. 11. 2 Tim. i. 9. of choos- families, Mal. ii. 16. To put on the ing one nation rather than another Lord Jesus, is by faith to receive to certain privileges and blessings, him as our righteousness and sanctiRom. ix. 11. fication, Rom. xiii. 14. He is put PURSE, a small bag to carry mo- on, as to a solemn profession hereof ney in, and which was wont to be in baptism, Gal. iii. 27. To put on in the folds of men's girdles, Matt. the whole armour of God, is to be in x. 9. Christ prohibited his disci- constant readiness to improve it, and ples from taking with them purse or defend one's self therewith, against scrip, to evidence that they had no in-sin, Satan, and the world, Eph. vi. tention to acquire money, and that 11. To put off the old man, or body they constantly depended on God for of sin, and put on the new, or the graces their daily bread, Luke xxii. 35. of the Spirit, is to have our state and

To PURSUE a person, is to fol-nature changed by the word, Spirit, low hard after him, either as an enemy and blood of Christ, and to repent to do him hurt, Gen. xxxv. 5. or as of, and turn from sin, and be cona supplicant to entreat him earnestly, formed to God in knowledge, righte Prov. xix. 7. To pursue good or evil, ousness, holiness, meekness, and love, is earnestly to endeavour the prac-Col. ii. 11. and iii, 9. Eph. iv. 24. tice of it, Psal. xxxiv. 14. Prov. xi. Col. iii. 10-14. 19. Evil or blood pursues men, when PUTEOLI, sulphureous wells, a the just punishment of murder and city in Campania in Italy, so called other wickedness is hastened upon from the stink of its hot waters, or them, Prov. xiii. 21. Ezek. xxxv. 6. the multitude of its wells. It stood Psal. cxl. 11. about eight miles from Naples, and PURTENANCE, what belongs 100 south of Rome. From hence a to any thing: the inwards, heart, li- considerable trade was carried on ver, &c. of the paschal lamb was its purtenance, which was to be roasted along with the rest of it, Exod. xii. 9.

with Alexandria in Egypt; and here Paul halted seven days as he went prisoner to Rome, Acts xxviii. 13. We find several of its bishops in the PUSH, to thrust at one as a go-[primitive councils of the Christian ring ox or fighting ram, Exod. xxi. church.

PYGARG, or WHITE BUTTOCKS,

29. To push away one's fect, is to PUTREFYING, ROTTING. thrust him out of his place or station, Job xxx. 12. To push nations, is to is a name sometimes given to the make war upon them with fury and eagle with a white tail; but with violence, Dan. viii. 4. and xi. 40. Moses it signifies a four-footed beast. PUT. God puts away sin, by for- Its Hebrew name DISHON, hints it giving it, 2 Sam. xii. 13. Christ put to be ash-coloured and so it is like away sin, by satisfying the justice of to be the tragelaphus or goat-deer, God for it, Heb. ix. 26. Men put whose back and sides are partly ashaway the evil of their doings, when coloured. It was a clean beast; but they reform from their wicked cour-whether the same with the pygarg of ses, Isa. i. 16. They put far away the Herodotus, Pliny, and Elian, we canevil day, and cause the seat of violence not say, Deut. xiv. 5.

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UAILS, a kind of birds of a mid- murmurers would have been condle size, between sparrows and tented with their disagreeable flesh. pigeons. They are extremely nu- QUANTITY, measure, bigness, merous in warm countries. A size, Isa. xxii. 24. hundred thousand of them have been QUARREL, strife, an occasion to caught in Italy, within the space of do another hurt, 2 Kings v? 7. The five miles, every day for a whole quarrel of God's covenant, is the vimonth. When they have been out-olation and breach thereof, which wearied in their flight over the sea, gave him just cause to punish the vast multitudes of them have alighted Hebrews, Lev. xxvi. 25.

on a ship. They hatch four times, QUARRIES, out of which stones a year, 15 or 20 at a time; and their are digged: but some render PESI flesh is very delicious and agreeable. LIM, graven images, which perhaps But whether these be the same kind were set up near Eglon's camp, with those wherewith God, in the Judg. iii. 19.

desert of Sin, and at Kibroth-hatta- QUARTER, a part of a city or avah, feasted the wandering He- country, Gen. xix. 4. Josh. xviii. 14. brews, (a wind bringing such multi- QUATERNION, four in comtudes of them that they were heaped pany, Acts xii. 4. above a yard high, for a day's jour- QUEEN, a woman who is either ney, all around their camp,) Exod. married to a king, or governs a kingxvi. 13. and Numb. xi. 32. is by dom, Neh. ii. 6. 1 Kings x. 1. Acts some doubted. The great Ludol- viii. 27. The church and her true phus, in his history of Ethiopia, con- members are called queens: they are tends that the Hebrew word Shelav espoused to Jesus the King of kings, means locusts, not quails. To con- and are eminently high, happy, and firm this, he observes, that an army glorious, in their new-covenant stain Arica was preserved from starv- tion, Psal. xlv. 9. Song vi. 8. As ing by a cloud of locusts falling the Chaldeans thought their empire among them; that locusts often fly queen governess of all others, so Anin such multitudes as to darken the tichrist sits a queen. In their pride sky, and have driven nations from and security, the Papists have boasted their dwellings; that they abound of themselves as the infallible and in Arabia, and are often eaten by impregnable church, against whichthe the inhabitants, and are declared gates of hell could not prevail, Rev. clean food by the Mosaic law; that xviii. 7. But her hierarchy is now clouds of them are easily carried be- shaken to the centre.-The queen or fore the wind; that they are more frame of heaven, to which the Jews fit to be heaped around the camp, erected altars on the tops of their and measured by omers, than quails; houses, or near their doors, and the and that quail-flesh, when exposed corners of their streets, or in groves, to the sun, quickly breeds worms. and to which they offered incense, To this it may be replied, that all cakes baked with oil and honey, and the ancient versions and commenta- drink-offerings of wine and other litors take the Shelav for quails, and quors, was either the moon, or perhaps the scripture calls them feathered the whole system of the heavenly lufowls, Psal. lxxviii. 27, the bringing minaries, sun, moon, and stars, Jer or preserving the flesh of quails and xliv. 17to 25.

of locusts, is equally easy to Omni- QUENCH, to put out fire, Psal. potence; and there is no reason to cxviii. 12. in allusion to which, the imagine the Hebrews would have allaying of thirst by a satisfying eaten to excess of locusts, or that the draught of liquor is called quench