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before the Lord. He told Saul that the first in the continued succession for his rebellion, the Lord had re- of prophets that ended in Malachi. jected him, and would give the king- He wrote in a book rules for the madom to one of his neighbours. Upon nagement of the kingdom, pointing Saul's earnest desire, he honoured him out to the king and people their proso far before the people, as to join in per rights; but it is said, some of the public worship with him; and then Hebrew kings afterwards destroyed leaving him, never visited him more it, that they might rule as they pleastill his death, but continued to la- ed. He wrote part of the history of ment his fate, 1 Sam. xiii. and xv. David, and is supposed to have writTo comfort Samuel against his ten the books of Judges and Ruth. grief, the Lord ordered him to an- He dedicated considerable spoils to oint one of Jesse the Bethlemite's the service of God, and began to resons to be king after Saul. To con- gulate the order of the priests and ceal the matter, and prevent Saul's Levites in their sacred service, 1 murderous rage against him, he was Sam. x. 25. 1 Chron. xxix. 29. and directed to take a heifer with him, xxvi. 28. and ix. 10. Though his and offer it for a peace-offering. The extraordinary character, and the broelders of the place were afraid of his ken state of the church, induced his coming; but he removed their fears, occasional offering of sacrifice, yet and told them he came with a good there is no proper reason to reckon design, and called them to pre-him a priest, more than Gideon, or pare themselves for the sacrifice Elijah, or Manoah. which he intended to offer. He himself sanctified Jesse and his sons for that occasion. After the sacrifice, he had a secret interview with Jesse and his sons. When Eliab the eldest appeared before him, his stately appearance made him conclude that he was the person appointed to be king. The Lord suggested to him that he was not; and that the Lord did not, as men do, look on the outward appearance, Did this Hebrew judge and prophet but on the heart. The seven of typify the blessed Jesus? How arJesse's sons that where present, passed dently desired, and supernatural his before him in their turns; but the birth! How early was he devoted to, Lord suggested to him, and he told fitted for, and employed in the ser Jesse, that no one of these was the vice of God! how extensive his ofperson appointed to be king. Under- fice! at once the illuminated Prophet! standing that David the youngest the extraordinary Priest, and the sowas with the sheep, he was sent for vereign Judge, of God's true Israel! directly, and God directed Samuel to how effectually atoning is his sacrianoint him. It is probable, that none fice, and prevalent his intercession, but Jesse, David, and Samuel, knew to preserve friendship with heaven, of this unction. After performing and obtain spiritual and other victoit, Samuel returned to Ramah, where ries on earth! how marvellous his he presided over a body of young conquests of our enemies, and restormen, who had devoted themselves ation of the treacherously abandoned to the peculiar service of God. Pro- worship of his Father! how gracious bably about sixteen or seventeen his instructions, sharp his reproofs, years after, he died, greatly lament- and certain his predictions; how by ed, a bout A. M. 2947, 1 Sam. xvi. him do kings reign and princes de1-13. and xix. 18 to 24. and xxv. cree justice! how candid, generous; 1. Samuel was a noted prophet, and and just, his whole management! yet

how wickedly was he rejected by sacrifice of the Assyrians and Chalhis brethren the Jews, who desired deans to his just vengeance, Zeph. i. a temporal deliverer! and still is by 7. Isa. xiii. 3. compare Jer. xxii. 7.-` carnal professors! But how broken The Hebrew word which we render and distressing is their case, till to sanctify, signifies also to prepare, they seek the Lord, and David Jer. vi. 4. and xii. 3. and li. 27, 28. their king! Men sanctify themselves, when they "How SANBALLAT, the native, set themselves apart to God's serwe think, of Horonaim, in the coun-vice, and prepare to appear before try of Moab, with his friends, To him in a proper condition and holy biah and Geshem, were vexed at frame, and study to be qualified to Nehemiah's coming from Persia, and partake of holy things, Exod. xix. rebuilding the wall of Jerusalem; 10, 11. Numb. xi. 18. Josh iii. 5. what methods they used by fraud to Meat is sanctified by the word of God destroy him; and how Sanballat got and by prayer, when freed from the a temple built for Manasseh, his son- curse and its effects, and set apart to in-law; may be seen under NEHEMI-be used in the service of God, 1 Tim. AH, and SAMARITANS, Neh. ii. iv. and iv. 5. (2.) To use in religious exvi. ercises, or in a holy manner; so men SANCTIFY, (1.) To prepare or sanctify the Sabbath, Deut. v. 12. set apart persons or things to a holy They sanctify a fast, when they set use, Exod. xix. 23. God sanctified it apart to, and use it in holy exercises, Christ, when he set him apart to his Joel i. 14. (3.) To show or manifest mediatory office, and furnished him that to be holy which is so, Lev. x. with gifts and graces for the dis- 3. Isa. xxix. 13. Ezek. xxxvi. 23. charge of it, John x. 36. Christ God sanctifies himself or his name, sanctified himself; by his solemn pray- when, by his providential works, he er he surrendered himself to, and manifests his holiness and equity, and prepared himself for, suffering work; orders all things to his own glory, and by his suffering, he prepared Ezek. xxxviii. 23. Men sanctify God, himself to be our complete Saviour, or his name, when they regard and John xvii. 19. He was sanctified by revere every thing whereby he makhis own blood: by the shedding of it, eth himself known; when they conhe was set apart and fitted to be an fess his holiness and justice, and by everlasting and glorious Intercessor their obedience to his will show a sinand Saviour, Heb. x. 29. The He- cere regard to it, Isa. viii. 13. Numb. brews in general were sanctified, xx. 12. (4.) To make holy what when separated from the rest of the was before defiled and sinful; so the world, brought into covenant-rela- saints are sanctified, when, by the tion to God, and ceremonially puri-blood of Jesus sprinkled on their fied by atonements, washings, &c. conscience, to remove the curse, and Exod. xxxi. 13. God sanctifies the to purge their heart from dead works, Sabbath, by setting it apart for a and by the Holy Ghost entering inholy and religious use, Gen. ii. 3. to them, removing their corruption, The Jewish tabernacle, temple, ves-and bestowing on them his grace, sels, priests, and Levites, were sanc- they are set apart to God's service, tified, when set apart to the service and conformed to his image, Heb. of God, and ceremonially prepared x. 14. They are sanctified by God for it by sprinkling of blood or oil, the Father; he separates them to his or by washing with water, Exod. service, and sends his spirit to make xxx. 29. and xxviii. 41. Lev. viii. them holy, Jude 1. They are sanc12. The Medes and Persians are represented as God's sanctified ones; be set them apart, and prepared them as priests, to make a bloody

tified in Christ Jesus, and he is made of God unto them sanctification. Christ is their sanctification by imparting divine influence to their souls.

working in them all that holiness of 10, 11. and ix. 14. and x. 19–22. temper and motive which is essen- and xiii. 12. Psal. ex. the end of tially necessary to their happiness his abasement and his exaltation, and usefulness in this world, and Tit. ii. 14. 1 Pet. i. 19. and ii. 21. eternal salvation in that which is to Eph. v. 1, 4, 25-27. the end of the come, 1 Cor. i. 2, 30. They are sanc- Holy Ghost, in his whole work on tified by the Holy Ghost,as he,by means Christ and his church, Tit. iii. 5, 6. of God's word and ordinances, applies Ezek. xxxvi. 27. and the end of all the blood of Christ to their conscience; the precepts, promises, and proviimplants and increases their holy dis- dences of God, Matt. xxii. 37, 38. positions, and directs, excites, and 2 Cor. vii. 1. 1 John iii. 3. Rom. ii. enables them to perform their good 4. Isa. xxvii. 9. and the end of our works, Rom. v. 16. John xvii. 17. redemption, calling, justification, SANCTIFICATION of men, as a pri-adoption, and spiritual comfort, Eph. vilege, is purchased for, given to, and i. 4, 5. 1 Cor. xvi. 19, 20. 2 Tim. i. wrought in us, by a gracious God. 9. Rom. vi. 14. 2 Cor. vi. 18. 1 As a duty it should be studied by us; John iii. 1-3. Rom. v. 21. and vi. and in order to attain it, we must re-1, 2. Good works, or holiness in ceive it out of Christ's fulness by faith practice, are not necessary to change in his person and promises. Sancti-God's purposes relative to us, Mal. fication is either of nature, whereby iii. 6. Jam. i. 17. nor to qualify us we are renewed after the image of for receiving Jesus Christ as a SaviGod, in knowledge, righteousness, our, Isa. lv. 1. Rev. xxii. 47. but they and true holiness, Eph. iv. 24. Col. are necessary as a part of begun saliii. 10. or of practice, whereby we vation, Matt. i. 21. Rom. xi. 26. die unto sin, have its power destroy- necessary as correspondent to the ed in us, cease from the 'love and nature of the divine Person, in felpractice of it, and hate it as abomi-lowship with whom our happiness nable, and live unto righteousness, lies, Lev. xi. 44, 45. 1 John iv. 8. loving, studying, and practising, 16, 10. Heb. xii. 28, 29. necessary good works, Tit. n. 11, 12. Sancti-as correspondent to what the Father, fication comprehends all the graces of Son, and Holy Ghost, do for us, in knowledge, faith, repentance, love, our redemption, calling, justification, humility, zeal, patience, &c. and the adoption, sanctification, and glorifiexercise of them in our conduct to- cation, Eph. i. 4. Tit. ii. 14. John wards God or man, Gal. v. 22–24. xvii. 15, 17. Ezek. xxxvi. 25–31. 1 Pet. i. 15, 16. Matt. v. vi. and Acts xxvi. 18. necessary as an obevii. Sanctification in this world must dience to the will of God, Exod. xx. be complete; the whole man must be 218. necessary as expressions of sanctified, and the whole law be re- our gratitude to God for his kindness, garded, Psal. cxix. 6. All sin must Luke i. 74, 75. Rom. vi. 1, 2, 15. be utterly abolished here, or the soul | Psal. c. 2—4, and cxvii. 16. necescan never be admitted into the glori-sary as fruits and evidences of our ous presence of God, Heb. xii. 14. union with Christ, and faith in him, 1 Pet. i. 15. Rev. xxi. 27. yet the Col. ii. 6. Jam. ii. 17-24. necessa- . saints, while here, are in a state of ry to adorn our profession, and so spiritual warfare with Satan and his temptations, with the world and its pattern and influence, 2 Cor. ii. 11. Gal. v. 17, 24. Rom. vii. 23. 1 John ii. 15, 16. That the holiness of our nature and practice is of unspeakable moment, appears from its being the end of all the offices of Christ, Matt. i. 21. Tit. ii. 11, 12, 14. Heb. ii.

gain others to Christ, and to a useful and comfortable method of living in the world, Tit. ii. 10. 1 Pet. ii. 9. and iii. 1, 2. 1 Cor. vi. 20. and vii. 16. Matt. v. 6. necessary as means of our growing in holiness and happiness, 2 Cor. i. 12. 1 John i. 6. Psal. cxix. 6, 165. Prov. iii. 17. and, in fine, necessary as a proper

preparation for the heavenly bless- sanctuary, Lev. xii. 4. (4.) Any edness, 1 John iii. 2, 3. Rom. ii. 7. place appointed for the public worand viii. 9. Heb. xii. 14. Gal. v. ship of God, Psal. Ixxiii. 17. (5.) 22-25. Sanctification is founded Canaan, which was a holy land, upon, and is greatly promoted by, our where God's people dwelt, where his free justification through Christ. (1.) tabernacle and temple were fixed, Justification frees from the curse of and his favours and peculiar presence the law, and ruling power of sin, 1 enjoyed, Exod. xv. 17. (6.) Heaven, Cor. xv. 56. Gal. iii. 13. Rom. vi. where God and his holy angels and 14. and vii. 4. (2.) Herein the wis- saints for ever dwell, Psal. cii. 19. dom, love, power, justice, mercy, and Heb. viii. 2. (7.) The temples of truth of God, are engaged to bestow idols are called sanctuaries, Isa. xvi. sanctification on the persons justified, 12. Amos vii. 9. (8.) In allusion to provided they follow on to know the Jewish sanctuary, whose brazen the Lord, as the quintessence of that altar protected petty criminals, a eternal life to which they are called place of refuge and shelter is called a in justification, Rom. v. 21. 2 sanctuary, Isa. viii. 14. Ezek. xi. 16. Tim. iv. 8. (3.) The blood of Je- SAND. As its particles are innusus Christ applied to our conscience, merable, great multitudes are likendoth purge it from dead works, to ed to the sand of the sea, Gen. xxii. serve the living God, 1 Tim. i. 5. 17. and xxxii. 12. As sand is heavy, Heb. ix. 14. and x. 22. (4.) The per-Job's grief is said to be heavier, Job ceiving the love of Christ, the good-vi. 3. and a fool's wrath is heavier ness, greatness, and holiness, of God; than the sand and gravel; it is more the purity, goodness, and indispen-insupportable, being without cause, sable obligation, of the law as a rule; measure, or end, Prov. xxvii. 3. As the amazing vileness and tremen- sand is a sinking and slippery foundous desert of sin, the beauty of holi- dation, false foundations of religion, ness, and the certainty of strength or ill-grounded hopes of future hapfor, and reward of it; powerfully piness, are likened to a house built excites and enables us to holiness in on it, Matt. vii. 26. Though sand all manner of conversation, 2 Cor. v. is easily washed away, yet God has 14. Gal. iii. 14. Matt. iii. 15. and made it the boundary of the raging v. 17, 18. Zech. xii. 10. and x. 12. sea, Jer. v. 22.

Isa. xlv. 24.

SANDALS at first were only SANCTUARY, a holy or sancti- soles fastened on the feet with strings fied place, as, (1.) The Holy of or thongs; afterwards they were coHolies, where the ark and its appur-vered; and finally shoes were called tenances, and the cloud representing by this name, which were sometimes the divine glory, stood, Lev. iv. 6. made of gold or other precious metal, or the furniture of this holy place, Mark vi. 9. Acts xii. 7. Numb. x. 21. (2.) The apartment SANHEDRIM, from the Greek where the golden candlestick, table word Zuvedpov, which signifies a counof show-bread, altar of incense, &c. cil or assembly of persons sitting tostood, 2 Chron. xxvi. 18. (3.) The gether, was the name whereby the whole tabernacle or temple, Josh. Jews called the great council of the xxiv. 26. 2 Chron. xx. 8. It is called nation assembled in an apartment of the sanctuary of strength, because it the temple of Jerusalem, to deterwas a strong place, and easily forti-mine the most important affairs both fied, and it belonged to God the of their church and state. This counstrength of Israel, Dan. xi. 31. acil consisted of seventy senators. worldly sanctuary, as it was of a car- The room they met in was a rotunnal and earthly typical nature, Heb. da, half of which was built without xi. 1. Nay, the sacred courts are the temple, and half within; that is, sometimes included, and called the one semicircle was within the com

pass of the temple; the other semi- | which, in its finest state, is extremely circle, they tell us, was built without, beautiful and valuable, and in lusfor the senators to sit in; it being tre, hardness, and worth, second unlawful for any one to sit down in only to the diamond. It is of a pure

the temple. The Nasi or prince of blue colour, and the finest are of a the Sanhedrim, sat upon a throne at deep azure. In the less fine, it vathe end of the half, having his deputy ries into paleness, but of a lustre at his right hand, and his sub-deputy much superior to the chrystal. The on his left. The other senators were best sapphires come from Pegu in the ranged in order on each side. The East-Indies; nor are those of Boheking, the high priest, and the pro- mia and Silesia contemptible. The phets, were under its jurisdiction. ancient sapphire was but a more The Jews had an inferior council of beautiful kind of the Lazuli, or a half twenty-three judges to decide smaller transparent stone of a deep blue, matters, but these had not the power tinged with white, and spotted with of life or death. To this our Saviour stars of a golden colour. It was the refers, Matt. v. 22. The antiquity of second stone in the high priest's this council is matter of dispute, the breastplate, and might represent the Jews making it coeval with Moses, saints as pure and heavenly-minded, but others no older than the Macca- Exod. xxviii. 18. It was the second bees, or lower still, in the time of Gabi- foundation of the New Jerusalem, nius, governor of Judea, who erect- and might represent Christ as the ined tribunals at Jerusalem, Gadara, finitely holy Lord from heaven, Rev. Amathus, Jericho, and Sephoris, a xxi. 19. Isa. liv. 11. God's throne city of Galilee. So that the origin of appearance to the Hebrews, was of the Sanhedrim is very uncertain; like unto sapphire, that is, was a for the council of seventy elders, es- sky of a bright blue azure colour, tablished by Moses, is different from Ex. xxiv. 10. The Jewish Nazarites what the Jews call Sanhedrim. Be- were polished as sapphires; they looksides, we find not that this establish-ed fresh, clean, and comely, Lam. ment subsisted either under Joshua, iv. 7. The king of Tyre had his the judges, or the kings. After the crown and clothes set or hung thick captivity we find nothing of it, till with sapphires, emeralds, and other the time of Jonathan Maccabæus : precious stones, Ezek. xxviii. 13. and the tribunals erected by Gabinius SARAH, SARAI, lady, or princess were still very different from the of a multitude, the wife of ABRAHAM, Sanhedrim. It was, however, in be-was probably the same as Iscah, the ing in our Saviour's time.

daughter of Haran, Abraham's broA variety of ancient states had also ther, and the grand-daughter of Tetheir senate, or chief council, as the rah, but not by Abraham's mother, Athenians, Carthaginians, and Ro- Gen. xx. 12. and xi. 29. She perhaps mans but it could not make laws, began to be called Sarai, my mistress, or elect magistrates, without the con- when she became the head of a famicurrence of the people. The Roman ly, and was called Sarah, the lady, afsenate had none directly under them ter her being the mother of a multito execute their orders, and therefore tude was divinely secured, Gen. xvii. were obliged to direct their decrees to Her beauty endangered her chastity the consuls with an air of submission, in Egypt. She advised Abraham to and often the tribunes of the people go in to Hagar, that she might have stopped the execution of their man- the promised seed by her means, dates. The modern states of Venice, and was punished with Hagar's conGenoa, Lucca, Lubeck, Holland, &c. tempt. This led her to angry exposhad their senates; very similar to tulations with Abraham, and hard our parliament. usage of Hagar. Just before the destruction of Sodom, Sarah overhear

SAPPHIRE, a transparent jewel,