case a favoured few are sure to get all the work, and the others, possibly equally good if they had fair play, are spoiled for want of exercise. The larger hawks may be kept in health and working order for several years-15 or 20-barring accidents. The writer has known peregrines, shaheens, and goshawks to reach ages between 15 and 20 years. Goshawks, however, never fly well after 4 or 5 seasons, when they will no longer take difficult quarry; they may be used at rabbits as long as they live. Shaheens may be seen in the East at an advanced age, killing wild-fowl beautifully. The shaheen is a falcon of the peregrine type, which does not travel, like the peregrine, all over the world. It appears that the jerfalcons also may be worked to a good age. Old Simon Latham tells us of these birds,-"I myself have known one of them an excellent Hearnor, and to continue her goodnesse very near twentie yeeres, or full out that time." It is hardly likely that falconry will ever recover such a position as to be reckoned once more among the national sports, of England. Yet in these days of breech-loading and battue shooting, when even a well-broken retriever is a rarity, from want of time to see him work or to give him fair play, there are still some sportsmen who are, to quote the words of the authors of our best modern book on falconry, in-the dedication of their work, "those who love sport for its own sake, and in the pursuit of it are willing to tread in the footsteps of their forefathers." The work just quoted is Falconry in the British Isles, by Salvin and Brodrick. A work to which we are very largely indebted for information regarding the past history of falconry and its practice in foreign countries is Schlegel's Traité de Fauconnerie. This magnificent book, in the words of a very able writer in the Quarterly Review for July 1875, "is a worthy monument of the noble art it describes; the extent and minuteness of the learned author's antiquarian resources are only equalled by his practical knowledge of the details of modern usage, and the result is such as may be expected from such a combination." It contains a very large list of works on falconry in languages of all the principal countries of the Old World. Other modern works are Practical Falconry, by the Rev. G. E. Freeman, an exoellent little book; Falconry, its Claims, History, and Practice, by Freeman and Salvin; Observations on Hawking, by Sir J. S. Sebright, Bart.; and a pamphlet entitled Notes on the Falconida used in India in Falconry, by Lieutenant Colonel Delmé Radcliffe. Perhaps the most useful of the old works are The Booke of Faulconric or Hawking, by George Turberville, 1575, and The Faulcon's Lure and Cure, by Simon Latham, 1633. temple of the Faliscan Juno, a goddess, who, according to inscriptions, bore the title of Quuris (or "of the spear"), and, if we may trust the tradition, had young girls immolated on her altar. In the Middle Ages the inhabitants of the Roman town, invited by the impregnable position of the earlier site, returned and built the town now known as Civita Castellana. The ruins they left behind them are now occupied by the small hamlet of Santa Maria di Falleri. They consist mainly of the city walls, which stand from 35 to 55 feet high, and are of exeellent architecture and strengthened by square towers. Within the ancient area are the remains of a convent in the Lombard style, and we learn from a bull of Benedict IX. that the town continued a separate see from Castellana till 1033. Excavations made at Santa Maria di Falleri by Angelo Jannoni Sebastiani are reported in the Annali dell' Inst. di Cor. Arch. di Roma, 1860, and the Bullettino 1864, see also Noel Desverger's L'Etruric, 1862-64. FALERNUS AGER, the name of a district in the northern part of Campania. The term has sometimes a wide and sometimes a restricted signification, being used with reference to the whole of the fertile plain between the Massican (now Mandragone) hills and the river Vulturnus, bat more commonly as denoting that portion of the plain lying at the foot of the Massican hills between the rivers Vulturnus and Savo, and celebrated for its wines. In the time of Horace these were reputed to be the best of all Italy, but in the time of Pliny their reputation had begun to decline, and they were supplanted in general estimation by those produced in the adjoining Ager Statanus. Before it passed into the hands of the Romans, in 340 B.C., the whole district formed part of the Capuan territory. In 217 B.C. it was desolated by the Carthaginian general Maharbal. born in 1274. In 1346 he commanded the Venetian forces FALIERO, MARINO (1274-1355), doge of Venice, was at the siege of Zara, where, being attacked by Louis the Great of Hungary with a force of 80,000 men, he totally defeated them, inflicting a loss of 8000, and compelling him to abandon all further attempts to raise the siege, which was concluded shortly afterwards by the surrender of the defenders at discretion. As commander of the Venetian fleet he also gained several victories and captured Capo d'Istria. He was elected doge 11th September 1354. His FALERII, an ancient and powerful city of Etruria, the reign was short, and it had both a disastrous commencecapital of the Falisci, who occupied the region between ment and a tragic close. Very soon after his election the Soracte and Monte Cimino. The affinity of the Falisci Venetian fleet was captured by the Genoese, and hardly with the Etrurians is both asserted and denied; in his had he concluded a four months' truce with Genoa, when toric times Falerii at least appears as a city of Etrurian a very trivial incident occurred which resulted in his arrest sympathies, and it probably belonged to the Etrurian and execution. It would appear that, though an able League. It supported the people of Veii against the general and prudent statesman, Faliero possessed a temper Romans, and used its utmost efforts to rouse the other so choleric that when he was provoked reason for a time Etrurians against the common foe. After the reduction of almost forsook him. On the occasion of the usual court Veii the Faliscans saw themselves exposed to the fury of feast on Shrove Thursday, a young nobleman named the Roman arms, and after a siege from Camillus they were Michele Steno, perhaps excited by wine, took some liber. obliged to surrender their city. The episode of the traitor ties with one of the maids of honour, and the doge on schoolmaster and the generosity of the Roman commander that account caused him to be ignominiously expelled from need only be mentioned to be generally remembered. From the hall. Provoked at such a public affront Steno went to this time Falerii continued sometimes at peace, sometimes the hall of audience and wrote on the doge's chair the at war with Rome, till on the conclusion of the first Panic following words-Marini Falieri dalla bella moglie, altri la war it rose in open rebellion; after a short resistance it gode ed egli la mantiene (Marino Faliero, the husband of the was taken and destroyed, and its inhabitants were forced to beautiful wife; others kiss her, he keeps her). The author select a site for a new city in a less inaccessible and defen- of the insult was soon discovered and arrested, but the sible position. The Falerii thus founded was enrolled in council sentencing him only to two months' imprisonment, the Horatian tribe, and un ler the triumvirs received a mili- the doge resolved to have adequate revenge, and with this tary colony. The old city continued, probably from its review formed a conspiracy to seize all the nobles and leadligious associations, to retain a small population, and this in all likelihood explains the fact that Strabo speaks of two towns, one Falerii and the other Faliscum. Ovid in his Amores relates how he ascended by a toilsome path to the | ing citizens, and to make himself cespot of Venice. The plot being, however, discovered a short time before the day fixed on, the doge and principal espirators were arrested, and were executed on the 17th April 1355. On The reign of Faliero has formed the subject of tragedies by Lord (1878) living, and Johann Muller, established an historical He also contri See Johannes Fulks Erinnerungsblätter aus Briefen und Tage büchern, gesammelt von dessen Tochter Rosalie Falk, Weimar, 1868. FALKE, JOHANN FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB (1823-1876), a German historian, was born at Ratzeburg, 20th April 1823. He entered the university of Erlangen in 1843, and soon thereafter began to devote his attention to the history of the German language and literature. In 1848 he went in the capacity of tutor to Munich, where he remained five years, and diligently availed himself of the use of the Government library for the purpose of prosecuting his histirical studies. In 1855 he was appointed secretary of the German museum at Nuremberg, and in 1859 keeper of the anuscripts. With the aid of the manuscript collections in the museum he now turned his attention chiefly to political history, and, along with his brother Jacob, who is still FALKIRK, a municipal and parliamentary burgh and market-town of Scotland, in the county of Stirling, 25 miles W. by N. from Edinburgh by rail, is situated on a declivity which overlooks the expanse of fertile country called the Curse of Falkirk. The town consists of one wide street, with a number of narrow streets and lanes branching off from or running parallel to it. The houses are generally lofty and well built. The parish church, erected in 1811,. has a fine steeple 130 feet high. There are also places of worship for the Free Church, United Presbyterians, Independents, and Roman Catholics. Continuous lines of houses connect Falkirk with the villages of Grahamston and Bainsford, and extend thence to Carron, which lies. about two miles N. of the town, and is celebrated for its: iron-works. Though Falkirk is not itself a manufacturing town, yet in the neighbourhood there are extensive works. of various kinds. In addition to the Carron iron-works there is the Falkirk foundry at Bainsford, and several largecollieries, distilleries, flour-mills, &c. The three trysts or cattle fairs held at Falkirk annually, on the 2d Tuesday and Wednesday of August, the 2d Monday and Tuesday of September, and the 2d Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of October, are the largest in Scotland, -the last being. the largest of the three. Population of parliamentary burgh in 1871, 9517; of burgh and suburbs, 11,312. still pointed out in the churchyard that of Graham has a monument with an inscription which has been several times renewed. On a moor a little to the S.W of the town a battle was fought on 17th January 1746, between the royal forces and those of the Pretender, in which the rebels were victorious. On this occasion fell Sir Robert Monro of Foulis, and his brother Dr Monro, whosemonument is to be seen in the churchyard. In the vicinity traces. of the Roman wall are still visible. Falkirk was made a burgh of Larony in 1600, and in 1646 a burgh of regality. In 1715, by the forfeiture of the earl of Linlithgow, its superiority was vested in the crown, but it did not become a municipal burgh till the passing. of the Reform Act of 1832. when it also obtained the privilege, in conjunction with Airdrie, Lanark, Hamilton, and Linlithgow, of returning a member to parliament. FALKLAND, a royal burgh of Scotland, county of Fife, is situated at the N foot of the East Lomond Hill, 22 miles N.N. W. of Edinburgh. It consists of a single street with some cross lanes, the houses being in many cases. thatched and of an antique and primitive appearance. The inhabitants are engaged chiefly in weaving and flaxspinning. Falkland is noted for its royal palace, originally a stronghold of the Macduffs, earls of Fifo, but forfeited to the crown in 1424. The palace was greatly enlarged and improved by James V., who died there in 1542, and was also the favourite residence of James VI., on account of the fine park and the abundance of deer. The east side of the building was accidentally burnt in the reign of Charles II., and the park was ruined during the time of Cromwell, when the fine oaks were cut down in order to build a fort at Perth. In one of the dungeons David, duke of Rothesay, eldest son of Robert III., was starved to death by the duke of Albany (the king's brother) and the earl of Douglas in 1402. In 1715 the famous Rob Roy garrisoned the palace, and laid the burgh and vicinity under contribution. The palace till recently was allowed to fall into decay, but what remained of it has been renovated, and is now occupied as a dwelling house. The western front has two round towers, similar to those at Holyrood, and the southward range of buildings is ornamented with niches and statues, which impart to it a close resemblance to the "Perpendicular style of the semi-ecclesiastical architecture of England. Falkland was constituted a royal burgh by James II. in 1458, and its charter was renewed by James VI. in 1595. Population of the burgh, 1144; of the burgh and suburbs, 1283. . FALKLAND, VISCOUNT. See CARY, LUCIUS. FALKLAND ISLANDS (French, Malouines; Spanish, Malvinas), a group of islands in the South Atlantic, belonging to Britain, and lying about 250 miles E. of the nearest point in the mainland of South America, between the parallels of 51 and 52° 45′ S. and the meridians of 57° 20 and 61° 46′ W. The islands are about 200 in number, but only two are of considerable size; the largest of these, East Falkland, is 95 miles in extreme length, with an average width of 40 miles, and the smaller, West Falkland, is 80 miles long, and about 25 miles wide. The area of East Falkland is about 3000 square miles, and that of West Falkland 2000. Most of the others are mere islets, the largest 16 miles long by 8 miles wide. The two principal islands are separated by Falkland Sound, a narrow strait from 18 to 2 miles in width, running nearly due north and south (magnetic). The coast-line of both islands is deeply indented, and many of the bays and inlets form secure and well-protected harbours. East Falkland is almost bisected by two deep fiords, Choiseul and Brenton Sounds, which leave the northern and southern portions connected only by an isthmus a mile and a half wide. The northern portion is hilly, and is crossed by a rugged range, the Wickham Heights, running east and west, and rising in some places to a height of nearly 2000 feet. The remainder of the island consists chiefly of low undulating ground, a mixture of pasture and morass, with many shallow freshwater tarns, and small streams running in all the valleys. The general appearance of the country is tame and uninteresting, not unlike one of the outer Hebrides. The general colouring is dark brownish-green, relieved along the strike of the hills by veins of white quartzite denuded by the wearing away of softer rocks on both sides, and left projecting on the mountain slopes like dilapidated stone dykes. Two fine inlets, Berkeley Sound and Port William, run far into the land at the northeastern extremity of the island. Port Louis, until lately the seat of government, is at the head of Berkeley Sound, but the anchorage there having been found rather too exposed, about the year 1844 a town was laid out, and the necessary public buildings were crected on Stanley Harbour, an admirably sheltered recess within Port William. Above Stanley Harbour the land slopes up for a hundred feet or so to a low ridge, beyond which what is called there the "camp" (campo) extends nearly level for many miles. The little town of Stanley is built along the shore of the harbour and stretches a short way up the slope; it has a population of 600 or 700 inhabitants. The houses are mostly square, whitewashed, and grey-slated, much like those of one of the newer small towns in the West Highlands of Scotland. The Government house puts one in mind of a Shetland or Orkney manse, stone-built, slated, and grey, without the least shelter. The Government barrack, occupied by an officer and a company of marines, is a rather imposing structure in the middle of the town, and there is a neat little Episcopal church. Many of the houses belonging to the agents of the Falkland Islands Company, and to the representatives of several private firms, have very pretty greenhouses attached to them, the gay groups of fuchsias and pelargoniums of all the best home varieties contrasting pleasantly with the barrenness without. In 1845 Mr S. Lafone, a wealthy cattle and hide merchant on the river Plate, obtained from Government a grant of the southern portion of the island, a peninsula 600,000 acres in extent, and possession of all the wild cattle on the island for a period of six years, for a payment of £10,000 down, and £20,000 in ten years from January 1, 1852. In 1851 Mr Lafone's interest in Lafonea, as the peninsula has since been called, was purchased for £30,000 by a company chartered in London for the purpose of turning the islands to more account. The headquarters of the Falkland Island Company are now at Stanley, where their colonial manager resides, while their grazing and boiling-down operations are carried out in different parts of the islands. The development of the undertaking has necessitated the establishment of stores and workshops at Stanley, and now ships can be repaired and provided in every way, much better and more cheaply there than at any of the South American ports,-a matter of much importance, seeing that a greater amount of injury is done annually to shipping passing near Cape Horn by severe weather than in any other locality in the world. The average number of vessels entering Stanley Harbour in the year is about 50, with an aggregate tonnage of 20,000 tons. Of this number about one-fourth arrive in distress and are repaired at Stanley. Next to Stanley the most important place on East Falkland is Port Darwin on Choiseul Sound, a station of the Falkland Island Company, a village chiefly of Scottish shepherds with a little iror church with schoolhouse attached, and a Presbyteriar clergyman and a competent schoolmaster. West Falkland is more hilly near the east island; the principal mountain range, the Hornby Hills, runs north and south parallel with Falkland Sound. Mount Maria, at the back of Port Howard, is 2270 feet high. In 1867 there were no settlers on the west island, and Government issued a proclamatiou offering leases of grazing stations on very moderate terms. In 1868 all the available land was occupied, producing an annual revenue of about £1350. Some good houses have lately been built at Port Stephens, Mr Dean's station on West Falkland. " The Falkland Islands were first seen by Davis in the year 1592, and Sir Richard Hawkins sailed along their ། north shore in 1594. In 1598 Sebald de Wert, a Dutch man, visited them, and called thein the Sebald Islands, a name which they still bear on some of the Dutch maps. Captain Strong sailed through between the two principal islands in 1690, and called the passage Falkland Sound, and from this the group afterwards took its English name. In 1763 the islands were taken possession of by the French, who established a colony at Port Louis on Berkeley Sound; they were, however, expelled by the Spaniards in 1767 or 1768. In 1761 Commodore Byron took possession on the part of England on the ground of prior discovery, and his doing so was nearly the cause of a war between England and Spain, both countries having armed fleets to contest the barren sovereignty. In 1771, however, Spain yielded the islands to Great Britain by convention. As they had not been actually colonized by England, the republic of Buenos Ayres claimed the group in 1820, and formed a settlement at Port Louis which promised to be fairly successful, but owing to some misunderstanding with the Americans it was destroyed by the latter in 1831. After all these vicissitudes the British flag was once more hoisted at Port Louis in 1833, and since that time the Falkland Islands have been a regular British colony under a governor, and the seat of a colonial bishopric. The population of the Falkland Islands is at present about 125), by far the greater number being English and Scottish, with a few Buenos-Ayrean Gauchos. The number of children on the school-roll in 1876 was 127: The exports now consist almost entirely of wool and tallow, with a few hides. The rearing of cattle is rapidly giving place to sheep farming, which is found to pay better. There are now upwards of 200,000 sheep on the islands, and they yield heavy fleeces of wool of fine quality. In 1876 the value of exports amounted to £37,121, of which wool sales account for £25,453. A process adopted a few years ago by the Falkland Island mpany of boiling down the carcases of sheep for tallow likely to prove successful, and to add another valuable sport. The trade in sealskins, which was at one time of great value, is now almost at an end, and there is also a great falling off in the export of oil, the whales and seals which were at one time very numerous, particularly about West Falkland, having almost entirely left the coasts. The Falkland Islands correspond very neatly in latitude in the southern hemisphere with Middlesex in the northern, but the conditions of climate are singularly different. The temperature is very equable, the average of the two midsummer months being about 47' Fabr., and that of the two midwinter months 37° Fahr. The sky is almost constantly overcast, and rain falls, mostly in a drizzle and in frequent showers, on about 250 days in the year. The rainfall is not great, only about 20 inches, but the mean humidity for the year is 80, saturation being 100. Owing to the absence of sunshine and summer heat, and the constant fog and rain, wheat will not ripen, barley and cats can scarcely be said to do so, and the common English vegetables will not pro duce seed in the gardens. Still the inhabitants seem to get accustomed to their moist, chilly surroundings, and the colony is remarkably healthy. The Falkland Islands form essentially a part of Patagonia, with which they are connected by an elevated submarine plateau, and their flora is much the same as that of Antarctic South America. The trees which form dense forest and scrub in southern Patagonia and in Fuegia are absent, and one of the largest plants on the islands is a gigantic woolly ragweed (Senecio candicans) which attains in some places a height of three to four feet. decussata) is found locally on the west island. The greater A half-shrubby veronica (V. part of the "camp" is formed of peat, which in some places is of great age and depth, and at the bottom of the bed very dense and from that of the north of Europe: cellular plants enter but little into its composition, and it is formed almost entirely of the roots and stems of Empetrum rubrum, a variety of the common crowberry of the Scottish hills with red berries, called by the Falklanders the. "diddle-dee" berry; of Myrtus nummularia, a little creeping myrtle whose leaves are used by the shepherds as a substitute for tea; of Caltha appendiculata, a dwarf species of marsh-marigold; and of some sedges and sedge-like plants, such as Astelia pumila, Gaimardia australis, and Bostkovia grandiflora. There is an intention of establishing a work in Stanley for converting the peat into patent compressed fuel. Two vegetable productions of the Falklands, the "balsam bog" and the "tussock grass," have beeh objects of curiosity and interest ever since the first accounts of the islands reached us. In many places the low grourids look at a little distance as if they were scattered over with large grey boulders, three or four to six or eight feet across. To heighten the illusion many of these blocks are covered with lichens, and bands of grass grow in soil collected in crevices, just as they would in little rifts in rocks. These boulder. like masses are single plants of Bolax-glebaria, an umbelli ferous plant. The lumps of balsam-bog are quite hard and nearly-smooth, and only when looked at closely are they seen to be covered with small hexagonal markings like the calices of a weathered piece of coral. These are the circlets. of leaves and the leaf-buds terminating a multitude of stemą which have gone on growing with extreme slowness and branching dichotomously for an unknown length of time, possibly for centuries, ever since the plant started as a single shoot from a seed. The growth is so slow, and the condensa tion from constant brauching is so great, that the block becomes as hard as the boulder which it so much resembles, and it is difficult to cut a shaving from the surface with a sharp knife. Under the unfrequent condition of a warın day with the sun shining, a pleasant aromatic odour may be perceived where the plants abound, and a pale yellow astringent gum exudes from the surface, which is used by the shepherds as a vulnerary. The " tussock grass," Dactylis caspitosa, is a wonderful and most valuable natural production, which, owing to the introduction of stock into the islands, will probably ere long become extinct. It is a reed-like grass, which grows in dense tufts from six to ten feet high from stool-like root-crowns. The leaves and stems are most excellent fodder, and are extremely attractive to cattle, but the lower parts of the stems and the crowns of the roots have a sweet nutty flavour which makes them irresistible, and cattle and pigs, and all creatures herbivorous and omnivorous, crop the tussocks to the ground, when the rain getting into the crowns rots the roots. The work of extermination has proceeded rapidly, and now the tussock grass is confined to patches in a narrow border round the shore and to some of the outlying islands. The land fauna of the Falklands is very scanty. A large wolf-like fox, which seems to be indigenous, was common some years ago, but is now nearly exterminated. Some herds of cattle and horses run wiid; but these were of course introduced, as were also the wild hogs, the nume rous rabbits, and the much less numerous hares. Landbirds are few in number, and are mostly strays from Fuegia. Sea-birds are very abundant, and, probably from the islands having been comparatively lately peopled, they are singularly tame. Several species of wild geese, some of them very good eating, fly about in large flocks, and are so fearless that the boys bring them down at will by en tangling their wings with a form of the "bolas" made withi a pair of the knuckle-bones of an ox. The Falkland Islands consist entirely, so far as we know at present, of the older paleozoic rocks, Lower Devonian or Upper Silurian, slightly metamorphosed and a good den! crumpled and distorted, in the low grounds clay slate and soft sandstone, and on the ridges hardened sandstone passing into the conspicuous white quartzites. There do not seem to be any minerals of value, and the rocks are not such as to indicate any probability of their discovery. Galena is found in small quantity, and in some places it contains a large percentage of silver. The dark bituminous layers of clay slate, which occur intercalated among the quartzites, have led, here as elsewhere, to the hope of coming upon a seam of coal, but it is entirely contrary to experience that coal of any value should be found in rocks of that age. spent in travel, along with the Russian Count Ostermann Tolstoi, visiting Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Cyprus, Rhodes, Constantinople, Greece, and Naples. On his return he was elected in 1835 a member of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, but he soon after left the country again on account of political troubles, and spent the greater part of the next four years with Count Tolstoi at Geneva. Constantinople, Trapezunt, Athos, Macedonia, Thessaly, and Greece were visited by him during 1840-41; and after some years' residence in Munich he returned in 1847 to the East, and travelled through parts of Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor. The political changes in Bavaria invited him home Most of the valleys in the Falklands are occupied by pale in 1848, and he was appointed professor of history in the glistening masses which at a little distance have very much Munich university, and inade a member of the national the look of some of the staller Swiss glaciers. Examined congress at Frankfort-on-the-Maine. He there joined the a little more closely these are found to be vast accumula- left or opposition party, and in the following year he accomtions of blocks of quartzite, irregular in form, but having a panied the rump-parliament to Stuttgart, a course of action tendency to a rude diamond shape, from two to eight or ten which naturally led to his expulsion from his professorate. or twenty feet in length, and half as much in width, and of | During the winter of 1849-50 he was obliged to live in a thickness corresponding with that of the quartzite ridges Switzerland to escape arrest, but the amnesty of April 1850 on the hills above. The blocks are angular, like the frag- enabled him to return to Munich. He died April 26, ments in a breccia, and rest irregularly one upon the other, 1861. His contributions to the history of Greece in the supported in all positions by the angles and edges of those Middle Ages are of great value, and though his theory beneath The whole mass looks as if it were, and no that the Greeks of the present day are almost pure doubt it is. slowly sliding down the valley to the sea. Slavonians, with hardly a drop of true Greek blood in their These "stone rivers are looked upon with great wonder veins, has not been accepted in toto by other investigators, by the shifting population of the Falklands, and they are it has served to modify the opinions of even his greatest shown to visitors with many strange speculations as to their opponents. A criticism of his views will be found in Hopf's mode of formation. Their origin is not far to seek. The Geschichte Griechenlands (reprinted from Ersch and Gruber's hard beds of quartzite are denuded by the disintegration Encycl.), and in Finlay's History of Greece in the Middle of the softer layers Their support being removed they Ages. break away in the direction of natural joints, and the fragments fall down the slope upon the vegetable soil. This soil is spongy, and. undergoing alternate contractiou and expansion from being alternately comparatively dry and saturated with moisture, allows the heavy blocks to slip down by their own weight into the valley, where they become piled up, the valley stream afterwards removing the soil from among and over them. They certainly present a very striking phenomenon. See Pernetz, Journal historique d'une voyage faite aux iles Malouines en 1763 et 1764, Berlin, 1767; S. Johnson, Thoughts on the late Transactions respecting Falkland's Islands, 1771; T Falkner, Description of Patagonia and the Falkland Islands, 1774; B. Pen rose, Account of the last Expedition to Port Egmont in the Falkland Islands, 1775; Observations on the forcible occupation of Malvinas by the British Government in 1833, Buenos Ayres, 1833; Recla macion del Goberno de las provincias Unidas de la Plata contra el de S. M Britamea sobre la soverania y possesion de las Islas Malvinas, London, 1841; Fitzroy, Narrative of the surveying voyage of H.MS Adventure and Beagle, 1839, Darwin, Voyage of a Naturalist round the World, 1845 S B. Sullivan, Description of the Falkland Islands, 1849; W Hadfield, Brazil, the Falkland FALLMERAYER, JAKOB PHILIPP (1791-1861), a German traveller and historical investigator, best known for his opinions in regard to the ethnology of the modern Greeks, was born, the son of a poor peasant, at Tschötsch, near Brixen i Tyrol, 10th December 1791. In 1809 he absconded from the cathedral school at Brixen and repaired to Salzburg, where he studied theology, the Semitic languages, and history. At the university of Landshut, to which he next removed, he at first applied himself to jurisprudence, but soon again devoted his exclusive attention to history and philology. During the Napoleonic wars the still youthful student forsook his books, joined the Bavarian infantry in 1813, took part in a battle near Hanau, and accompanied his regiment to France. Receiving his discharge in 1818, he was successively engaged as teacher and professor in the gymnasium at Augsburg, and in the pro-gymnasium and lyceum at Landshut. The three years from 1831 to 1834 he His works are-Geschichte des Kaiserthums Trapezunt, Munich, 1827; Geschichte der Halbinsel Morea im Mittelalter, Stuttgart, 1830-1836; Ueber die Entstehung der Neugriechen, Stuttgart, 1835; Trapezunts," Munich, 1843, in Abhandl. der. hist. Classe der K. "Originalfragmente, Chroniken, u. s. w., zur Geschichte des K. Bayerisch Akad. v. Wiss.; Fragmente aus dem Orient, Stuttgart, 1845; Denkschrift über Golgotha und das heilige Grab, Munich, 1852, and Das Todte Meer, 1853-both of which had appeared in the Abhandlungen of the Academy; Das Albanesische Element in Griechenland, III. parts, in the Abhandl. for 1860-1866. After his death there appeared at Leipsic in 1861, under the editorship of A. Thomas, three volumes of Gesammelte Werke, containing Neue Fragmente aus dem Orient, Kritische Versuche, and Studien und Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben. A sketch of his life will also be found in L. Steub, Herbsttage in Tyrcl, Munich, 1867. FALLOPIUS, or FALLOPIO, GABRIELLO (1523-1562), one of the greatest anatomists of his time, was a native of Modena. He studied medicine at Ferrara, and, after a European tour, became teacher of anatomy in that city. He thence removed to Pisa, and from Pisa, at the instance of Cosmo I., grand-duke of Tuscany, to Padua, where, besides the chairs of anatomy and surgery and of botany, he held the office of superintendent of the new botanical garden. He died October 9, 1562: Only one treatise by Fallopius appeared during his lifetime, namely the Observationes Anatomice, Venice, 1561. His collective works, Opera genuina omnia, were published at Venice in 1584. For an account of the services which Fallopius rendered to anatomical science, see ANATOMY, vol. i. p. 809. is FALL RIVER, a city of the United States, Massachusetts, situated on Mount Hope Bay, the north-east arm of Narraganset Bay, 46 miles S. of Boston. The Fall river, which here joins the Taunton, has a descent of 130 feet in less than half a mile, and its great water-power was at an early period of much advantage for the development of the manufactures of the town, but most of the mills are now driven by steam. The town is well built, and many of the streets are finely adorned with trees. The harbour on Taunton river is safe and easy of access, and has depth of water sufficient for the largest ships. Fall River has a large coasting trade, and is engaged in the whale and other |