on the Lusiad (2 vols., Madrid, 1639) excited the suspicion¦
of the inquisitors, caused his temporary incarceration, and
led to the permanent loss of his official salary. In spite
of the enthusiasm which is said to have prescribed to him
!
the daily task of twelve folio pages, death overtook him,
before he had completed his greatest enterprise-a history of
the Portuguese in all parts of the world. Several portions
of the work appeared at Lisbon posthumously, under the
editorship of Captain Faria y Sousa:-Europa Portugueza,
1667, 3 vols.; Asia Portugueza, 1666, 1674, and 1675, 3
vols.; Africa Portugueza, 1681. As a poet Faria y Sousa
was nearly as prolific; but his poems are vitiated by the
prevailing Gongorism of his time. They were for the most
part collected in the Fuente de Aganipe, of which four
volumes were published at Madrid in 1644-46. A serics of
"Moral Dialogues," as the author intended to have called
them, obtained from the publisher the fantastic title of
the "Brilliant Nights "-Noches Claras, Primera Parte,
1624.

FARIDKOT, a feudatory state of North-Western India,
under the political superintendency of the government of
the Punjab, situated between 30° 40′ and 30° 56' N. lat.,
and between 74° 22′ and 75° 9′ E. long. It is bounded
on the W. and N.E. by the British district of Firozpur,
and on the S. by Nábhá State. Area, 600 square miles;
estimated population, 68,000; estimated revenue, £30,000.
The raja's military force consists of 200 cavalry, 600
infantry and police, and 3 field guns. During the Sikh
wars in 1845 the chief exerted himelf in the English
cause, and was rewarded with the title of Rájá and an in-
crease of territory. In the mutiny of 1857, too, he did
good service by guarding the Sutlej ferries, and in attack-
ing a notorious rebel, whose stronghold he destroyed.
FARIDPUR, or FURREEDPORE, a district of British
India, in the Dacca division of Bengal, lies in 22° 47′ 53′′
23° 54′ 55′′ N. lat., and in 89° 21′ 50′′-90° 16′ 0′′
E. long. It is bounded on the N. and E. by the Ganges
or Padma river, separating it from Pubna and Dacca
districts; on the W. by the Chandná and Madhumati
rivers, separating it from Jessor; and on the S. by
Bakarganj The general aspect of the district is flat,
tame, and uninteresting, although in the northern tract
the band is comparatively high, with a light sandy soil,
covered with water during the rainy season, but dry
during the cold and hot weather. From the town of
Faridpur the ground slopes, until in the south, on the con-
fine of Bakarganj, it becomes one immense swamp, never
entirely dry. During the height of the inundations the
whole district may be said to be under water. The
villages are built on
artificially raised sites, or the high

Goálandá, where it receives the waters of the Jamuna or main stream of the Brahmaputra, and whence the united stream turns southwards and forms the eastern boundary of the district. At the confluence of the two. great rivers, the current is so strong, and the eddies and whirlpools so numerous, that the most powerful river steamers proceeding up stream during the flood season are often unable to make headway, and have to lie for days at Goálandá point until the river subsides. The Padmá is navigable by the largest cargo boats and river steamers throughout the year, its channel being estimated at an average of 1600 yards. The Ariál Khán is the principal branch of the Padmá. It takes off from the right bank of the parent stream a few miles below Faridpur town, and runs a south-easterly and southerly course till it leaves the district and flows into Bákarganj. The river is navigable by large cargo boats throughout the year, and has an average breadth during the rainy season of 1600 yards. The third great water channel is the Madhumati (a continuation of the Garái branch of the Padmá), which forms the western boundary of the district. These rivers, but particularly the Padmá, are subject to constant alluvial changes on a large scale, and to repeated alterations in their course.

banks of the deltaic streams. Along many of the larger
rivers the line of hamlets is unbroken for miles together,
so that it is difficult to say where one ends and another
begins. The huts, however, except in markets and bazaars,
are seldom close together, but are scattered amidst small
garden plots, and groves of mango, date, and betel-nut trees.
The plains between the villages are almost invariably more
or less depressed towards the centre, where usually a marsh,
or lake, or deep lagoon is found. These marshes, how:
ever, are gradually filling up by the silt deposited from the
rivers;
in the north of the district there now only remain
seen going on. The climate of Faridpur is damp, like
two or three large swamps, and in them the process may be
that of the other districts of Eastern Bengal; the average
annual rainfall is 85.42 inches, and the average mean
temperature 76 9° F.

Rice, the great crop of the district, is divided into four distinct species, each with many minor varieties These are the aman or winter rice, which forms the principal harvest, and is the great staple of export; the aus or autumn rice; and the spring boro and ráida rice, both grown in swamps and deep water, and forming the common food of the people. The other cereal crops are wheat, barley, oats, and Indian corn; pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fibres, sugar cane, date palms, indigo, safflower, betel-leaf, comprise the remaining important agricultural products. The area of the district, prior to recent changes of boundary, was 150€ square miles, of which 1143 were returned in 1871 as under cultivation, 133 as uncultivated but capable of tillage, and 230 as uncultivable. More than one-half of the whole cultivated area is under rice. The only natural calamity to which the district is subject to any serious extent arises from floods, which occasionally cause a general destruction of the crops. The three principal lines of road in Faridpur are the Calcutta and Jessor imperial road, 19 miles in length; Faridpur and Kálínagar road, 16 miles; Faridpur and Tálmá road, 10 miles. The Eastern Bengal Railway runs for 22 miles from west to east through the north of the district, having its terminus at Goilandá, at the junction of the Padmá and Jamuna rivers. males and 514,735 females, inhabiting 2307 villages and 157,518 The census of 1872 showed a population of 1,012,589, 497,854 houses. The Mahometans number 588,299, or 58.1 per cent. of the whole; the Hindus, 420,988, or 416 per cent.; Christians, 453; considerably improved of late years, owing to the increase of tillage and "others," 2839. The material condition of the population has and the general rise in prices of agricultural products. Two towns contain a population exceeding 5000, viz. (1) Faridpur, the chief

town and administrative headquarters of the district: population
in 1872, 8593; municipal revenue, £319, 3s. 7d.; expenditure,
£218, 19s. 2d.; and (2) Sayyidpur: population, 6324; municipal
revenue, £91, 4s. 9d.; expenditure, £136, 3s. 2d. The other towns
or villages of importance as places of trade are-Bhángá, on the
Madhukháli and Betangá, on the Chándná; Kanáipur, on the

Kumar Gopalganj, on the Madhumati; Boálmári, on the Barásik;
Kumar; and Goálandá, on the Padmá.

The district has rapidly advanced in prosperity under British administration, especially of late years. In 1844-15 the total net revenue amounted to £9616, and the expenditure to £6004; in 1870-71 the net revenue was £58,868, and the expenditure £25,013.

the land revenue, which in 1850 amounted to £3803 paid by 448

proprietors, had increased in 1870-71 to £27,263, derived from 3126 proprietors. regular police force consisted in 1871 of 341 municipal towns of Faridpur and Sayyidpur. The schools.in

The principal rivers of Faridpur are the Ganges, the Arial officers and then, costing 20425. a small municipal force of 20 is locally called, touches the extreme north-west corner of contributed by the landholders and villages. Khan, and the Madhumati. The Ganges, or Padmá as it men is kept up in the intent in 1871 of 2026 men, and cost £7658, the district, flows along its northern boundary as far as

9-3

1872-73 numbered 176, with 6497 pupils.;

FARINA, or PORTO FARINA, a town of the regency of Tunis, at the mouth of the Madjerda (the ancient Bagradas), about 15 miles E. of Bizerta or Binzert. It lies in a very fruitiful district, and was at one time the naval arsenal of Tunis; but its harbour has become very shallow, in all probability by the elevation of the coast, and its importance has consequently declined. The ruins on the west side of the river are identified with the ancient Utica. Quicksilver is obtained from the neighbouring pro montory. Population about 9000.

cess and fame, appeared in nearly all the great cities of Italy; and he returned a third time to Vienna in 1731. Here he received from Charles VI. a piece of sound criti cism and kindly advice, which led him to acquire a pathos in his singing which he had not till then possessed, having hitherto always adhered to the florid, bravura style, peculiar to the school of Forpora. After making another tour of the Italian cities he came to London in 1734, arriving here in time to lend his powerful support to the faction which had just set up an onposition to Handel; but FARINATO, PAOLO (1522-1606), a painter and archi- not even his aid could make the undertaking successful, tect, was a native of Verona. He is sometimes named though he was assisted by Porpora and the celebrated Farinato degli Uberti, as he came from the ancient Floren- Senesino. Having spent three years in England, Faritine stock to which the Ghibelline leader Farinata degli nelli, loaded with presents, set out for Spain, staying a Uberti, celebrated in Dante's Commedia, belonged. He few months by the way in France, where he sang before flourished at the same time that the art of Verona obtained Louis XV., and was rewarded with a handsome snuff-box its greatest lustre in the works of Paolo Cagliari (Paul containing the king's portrait set in diamonds, and 500 Veronese), succeeded by other members of the Cagliari louis d'or. In Spain, where he had only meant to stay a family, of whom most or all were outlived by Farinato. few months, he ended by passing nearly twenty-five years. He was instructed by Niccolò Giolfino, and probably by His voice, used by the queen to cure Philip V. of his Antonio Badile and Brusasorci. Proceeding to Venice, he melancholy madness, acquired for him, through the success formed his style partly on Titian and Giorgione, though of the treatment, an influence with that prince which gave he was never conspicuous as a colourist, and in form he him eventually the power, if not the name, of prime minister. learned more from the works of Giulio Romano. His nude This power he was wise and modest enough to use disfigures show knowledge of the antique; he affected acreetly; and he always conciliated the enemies whom his bronzed tone in the complexions, harmonizing with the favour raised up against him. He had, however, to pay for general gravity of his colour, which is more laudable in his position a price which to every artist must seem too fresco than in oil-painting. Vasari praised his thronged heavy,-that of singing night after night to the king the compositions and merit of draughtsmanship. His works same six songs, and never anything else. Under Ferdinand are to be found, not only in Venice and principally in VI. he held the same place, and was decorated with the Verona, but also in Mantua, Padua, and other towns cross of Calatrava. He utilized his ascendency over this belonging or adjacent to the Venetian territory. He was a king by persuading him to establish an Italian opera. prosperous and light-hearted man, and continually pro- While at Madrid he heard of the death of Bernacchi, of gressed in his art, passing from a comparatively dry whom he speaks in terms of affection and esteem in an manner into a larger and bolder one, with much attraction extant letter addressed to the Padre Martini. Returning to of drapery and of landscape. The Miracle of the Loaves Bologna, Farinelli spent the remainder of his days there in a and Fishes, painted in the church of S. Giorgio in Verona, melancholy splendour, and died July 15, 1782, aged 77. His is accounted his masterpiece; it was executed at the voice was of large compass, possessing seven or eight notes advanced age of seventy-nine, and is of course replete with more than those of ordinary singers, and was sonorous, cqual, figures, comprising those of the painter's own family. A and clear; and he also possessed a great knowledge of music. saloon was painted by him in S. Maria in Organo, in the same city, with the subjects of Michael expelling Lucifer, and the Massacre of the Innocents; in Piacenza is a St Sixtus; in the Berlin gallery a Presentation in the Temple; and in the communal gallery of Verona one of his prime works, the Marriage of St Catherine. Farinato executed some sculptures, and various etchings of sacred and mythologic subjects; his works of all kinds were much in request, including the wax models which he wrought as studies for his painted figures. He is said to have died at the same hour as his wife. His son Orazio was also a painter of merit. FARINELLI (1705-1782), whose real name was CARLO BROSCHI, one of the most extraordinary singers that ever lived, was born January 24, 1705, at Naples (Burney), or, according to Sacchi, his biographer, at Andria. Having been prepared for the career of a sopranist, he soon acquired a voice the beauty of which has never been surpassed, under the instruction of the celebrated Porpora. He became famous, while yet a boy, throughout southern Italy, where he was usually called il ragazzo, and in 1722 he made his debut in "Eomene," written by his master, at Rome, where he created the greatest astonishment by vying with a celebrated German trumpet-player in holding and swelling a note of prodigious length and power. In 1724 he appeared at Vienna, and at Venice in the following year, and returned to Naples shortly afterwards. He sang at Milan in 1726, and in 1727 at Bologna, where be met for the first time the great artist, Bernacchi, to whose instruction he was indebted for some of his subsequent improvement. After revisiting Vienna, Farinelli, with ever-increasing suc

FARINI, LUIGI CARLO (1812-1866), an Italian physician, statesman, and historian, was born at Russi in Ravenna, 22d October 1812. After completing a brilliant university course at Bologna, he practised as a physician at Ravenna and at Russi. By his successful treatment of various diseases, and his communications to the Bolognese Bollettino delle scienze mediche and other scientific journals, he soon acquired a considerable reputation, but in 1843 his political opinions brought him under the suspicion of the police, and caused his expulsion from the Papal States. He then resided successively at Marseilles, l'aris, Florence, and Turin, taking advantage of the facili ties afforded him in each place to perfect his medical skill; but by the amnesty granted by Pius IX. on the 16th July 1846 he was permitted to return to the States, and he received soon afterwards the professorship of clinical sur gery at Osimo. In 1845 he published a pamphlet on the cultivation of rice in Italy. In 1847 he was induced to take advantage of an opportunity which then presented itself of entering political life, and became under secretary of state, holding office, however, for little more than a month, since, along with his colleagues, he disapproved of the policy of the pope in siding with Austria against the Italian states. Elected in 1848 member of the reformed parliament for Faenza, he was named director general of health and prisons, but refusing to adhere to the proclamation of a republic, he resigned the office in February 1849, and passed into Tuscany. When the French army entered Rome in the following July he resumed his office, but the triumvirate of cardinals who governed in the name of the pope having

compelled him, soon after his return, to go again into exile,
he took up his residence at Turin, where he published a
satirical paper La Frusta, contributed to the Risorgimento,
and wrote the first part of his chief historical work Storia
dello stato Romano dal anno 1815 al 1850, which he pub- |
lished in 1850. In the same year he was named by the
Sardinian Government member of the upper council of
health; and in 1851 he was appointed minister of public
instruction, an office which he held till May 1852.
As a
member of the Sardinian parliament, and as proprietor and
editor of a political journal, Il Piemonte, Farini was one of
the most influential supporters of the policy of Cavour,
and in 1859 he was sent by the latter on a political mission
to Parma and Modena. On the flight of the duke of
Modena in June 1859, Farini was entrusted with the pro-
visional government of the town, in which capacity he
negotiated the aunexation of the duchy to Piedmont. The
same year saw the publication of the second volume of his
Storia. In June 1860 he was named by Cavour minister
of the interior, but resigned the office on the death of Cavour
in June of the following year. On the 8th December 1862
he succeeded Rattazzi as president of the cabinet, in which
office he endeavoured to carry out the policy inaugurated
by Cavour. Over-exertion, however, brought on softening
of the brain, which compelled him to resign his office 24th
March 1863, and ultimately resulted in his death at Quarto,
near Genoa, 1st August 1866. His remains, originally
buried at Turin, were in 1878 removed to his native town
of Russi, and monuments to his memory have been erected
both there and at Ravenna.

Several letters addressed by Farini to Mr Gladstone and Lord John
Russell, on the affairs of Italy, were reprinted in the appendix to a
Mémoire sur les Affaires d'Italie, 1859, and a collection of his
political correspondence was published at Paris in 1860, under the
title Lettres sur les Affaires d'Italie. His historical work was
translated into English, the first part by Mr Gladstone, and the
second by a lady under his superintendence. A French translation
of the work appeared in 1882.
Farini: Commemorazione, Rome, 1878.
See Ettori Parri, Luigi Carlo
FARMER, HUGH (1714-1787), an English theologian,
was born in the neighbourhood of Shrewsbury in 1714.
About 1730 he entered the theological academy at North-
ampton taught by Dr Doddridge, and on completing his
studies he was appointed to a charge at Walthamstow in
Essex, officiating at the same time as chaplain to a wealthy
gentleman in the neighbourhood in whose house he lived.
He soon, however, resigned his chaplaincy, and took up his
residence in the house of another member of his congrega
tion, where he continued to live till his removal to London
in 1761, on his acceptance of an invitation to become the
afternoon preacher at Salter's Hall. There he was also soon
afterwards appointed one of the Tuesday lecturers.
died 5th February 1787.
He

His first work of importance was published in 1761, under the title of An Inquiry into the Nature and Design of our Lord's Tempia tion in the Wilderness, and was designed to prove that the tempta tion of Jesus took place only in vision, and was a prefiguration of his future life and ministry. In 1771 appeared his Dissertation Interposition, and absolute Proofs of the Mission and Doctrine of a Interpoles, designed to show that they are arguments of a Divine Prophet. In 1775 he published an Essay on the Demoniacs of the New Testament, and in 1783 a treatise entitled The General PreNation of the Nations asserted and proved. See Memoirs of Hugh Farmer, edited

by Michael Dodson, 1804.

FARMER, RICHARD, (1735-1797), the Shakespearian commentator, was born at Leicester in 1735. He was educated

librarian of the university. In 1780 he was appointed to a prebendal stall in Lichfield, and in about two years more to one at Canterbury; but the second office he exchanged in 1788 for that of a canon residentiary of St Paul's. Cam. bridge, where he usually resided, was indebted to him for improvements in lighting, paving, and watching; but perhaps London and the nation have less reason to be grateful for his zealous advocacy of the custom of erecting monuments to departed worthies in St Paul's. In 1765 he issued a prospectus for a history of the town of Leicester; but this work, based on materials collected by Thomas Staveley, he never even began; it was finished by the learned printer John Nichols. In the year after the publication of his Leicester "proposal" he gave to the world his famous Essay on the learning of Shakespeare, in which he proved that the bard's acquaintance with ancient and modern Continental literature was exclusively derived from translations, of which he copied even the blunders. "Shakespeare," he said, "wanted not the stilts of language to raise him above all other men." "He came out of nature's hand, like Pallas out of Jove's head, at full growth and mature." "One might," he said-by way of ridiculing the Shakespearian criticism of the day "with equal wisdom, study the Talmud for an exposition of Tristram Shandy." For wealth of information, terseness of language, and force of demonstration, the essay is unsurpassed by any work of the kind. It fully justifies the author's description of himself in the preface to the second edition, "I may consider myself as the pioneer of the commentators; I have removed a deal of learned rubbish, and pointed out to them Shakespeare's track in the ever pleasant paths of nature." Farmer died at Cambridge on the 8th September 1797. He was, it appears, twice offered a bishopric by Pitt, but declined the preferment. From all that is known of him it may be inferred that Farmer's habits of life were scarcely compatible with episcopal reserve and dignity. He has been described as being more of a boon companion than a clergyman; and for a clergyman, he was too intimate with the play-house, on Shakespearian occasions especially.

For details of Farmer's life see the Literary Anecdotes, &c., of

John Nichols.

FARNABIE, or FARNABY, THOMAS (1575-1647), grammarian, classical commentator, and one of the most noted schoolmasters of his day, was a native of London. He was the son of a carpenter; his grandfather, it is said, had been mayor of Truro, his great-grandfather an Italian musician. Between 1590 and 1595 he appears successively as a student of Merton, a pupil in a Jesuit college in Spain, and a follower of Drake and Hawkins during their expedi tion in the last-named year. After some military service in the Low Countries, "he made shift," says Wood, "to be set on shore in the western part of England; where, after some wandering to and fro under the name of Tho. Bainrafe, the anagram of his surname, he settled at Martock, in Somersetshire, and taught the grammar school there for some time with good success. After he had gotten some feathers at Martock, he took his flight to London," and opened a school in Goldsmith's Rents, Cripplegate. From this school, which contained as many as 300 pupils, there

issued, says the same authority, "more churchmen and statesmen than from any school taught by one man in England." In the course of his London career "he was made

master of arts of Cambridge, and soon afterwards incorporated at Oxon." Such was his pecuniary success in the metropolis that he was enabled to buy an estate at Otfort

town, and afterwards at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, of which in 1760 he became classical tutor, and in 1775 the English bishops. In the latter year also he was thester, in succession to Dr Richardson, the biographer of appointed vice-chancellor, and three years afterwards chief of time he increased his property at Otford, and bought

near Sevenoaks, Kent, to which he retired from London in the year 1636, still, however, carrying on his profession of schoolmaster, his pupils, it appears, being all, or nearly all boarders the sons of noblemen and gentlemen. In course