aut octies in dies singulos" (he used to be severely beaten with a rod seven or eight times a day). Yea, hear the lamentable verses of poor Tusser,' in his own life:

"From Paul's I went, to Eaton sent,

To learn straightwaies the Latine phrase,
Where fifty-three stripes given to me
At once I had,

For fault but small, or none at all,
It came to passe, thus beat I was;

See, Udall,2 see, the mercy of thee
To me poore lad.'

Such an Orbilius3 mars more scholars than he makes. Their tyranny (the tyranny of such schoolmasters) hath caused many tongues to stammer which spake plain by nature, and whose stuttering at first was nothing else but fears quavering on their speech at their master's presence, and whose mauling them about their heads hath dulled those who in quickness exceeded their master.

VI. He makes his school free to him who sues to him in forma pauperis; and surely learning is the greatest alms that can be given. But he is a beast, who, because the poor scholar cannot pay him his wages, pays the scholar in his whipping. Rather are diligent lads to be encouraged with all excitements to learning.

VII. Out of his school he is no whit pedantical in carriage (manner) or discourse (conversation), contenting himself to be rich in "Latine," though he doth not gingle with it in every company wherein he comes.

To conclude. Let this, among other motives, make schoolmasters careful in their place (take pains in their calling), that the eminencies of their scholars have commended the memories of their schoolmasters to posterity who otherwise, in obscurity, had altogether been forgotten.

(1) Tusser, author of "Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry," lived in the 16th century.

(2) Udall, the head master of Eton. See p. 61.

(3) Orbilius, a Roman schoolmaster, notorious for his severity.

2. RECREATIONS.

(FROM THE SAME WORK.)

RECREATION is a second creation, when weariness has almost annihilated one's spirits. It is the breathing' (breathing-time) of the soul, which otherwise would be stifled with continual business. We may trespass (we are liable to transgress) in them, if using such as are forbidden by the lawyer, as against the statutes; [the] "phisitian," as against health; [the] divine, as against conscience.

Be well satisfied in thy conscience of the lawfulness of the recreation thou usest. Some fight against cockfighting, and bait bull and bear baiting, because man is not to be a common barretour2 to set the creatures at discord; and seeing (since) antipathy betwixt creatures was kindled by man's sin, what pleasure can he take to see it burn? Others are of the contrary opinion, and [consider] that Christianity gives us a placards (rescript, order) to use these sports; and that man's charter of dominion over the creatures enables him to employ them as well for pleasure as necessity. In these, as in all other doubtful recreations, be well assured first of the legality (the moral lawfulness) of them. He that sins against his conscience, sins with a witness (i.e. a witness within against him).

"Spill" (spoil) not the morning the quintessence of the day-in recreations; for sleep "it self" is a recreation. Add not therefore sauce to sauce; and (for) he cannot properly have any title to be refreshed who was not first faint. Pastime, like wine, is poison in the morning. It is, then, good husbandry (economy of time) to sow the head, which hath

(1) Breathing. We talk of taking a breathing in the sense of intentionally exercising the lungs, and, therefore, a breathing time is a time for taking a long breath at our ease, after being pressed and harassed. See note 1, p. 168.

(2) Barretour, fr. old Fr. barette, strife, a word used in this sense by Mandeville. See also note 4, p. 17.

(3) Placard, fr. Fr. placard, wh. fr. plaque, a flat tablet; hence, both the flat surface and the order or edict posted upon it, which is the meaning of the word here.

(4) Husbandry, fr. A.S. húsbonda, usually explained as one bound or attached to the house, but in the cognate languages this meaning is hardly borne out. In Icelandic, hússbondi is interpreted householder or farmer. This is the meaning too of the Swedish husbonde, and it is probable therefore that A.S. húsbonda is exactly equivalent. The Scottish word husband always means farmer. As husbandry, the farmer's work, requires industry and thrift, this meaning also has grown upon the word, as above. Mr. Key ("The Alphabet ") asserts that

been fallow all night, with some serious work. Chiefly (above all) "intrench" not on the Lord's day to use unlawful sports. This were (would be) to spare thine own flock, and to "sheere God's lamb.'

Let thy recreations be ingenious (intellectual), and bear proportion with thine age. If thou sayest with Paul, "When I was a child I did as a child," say also with him, "but when I was a man I put away childish things." Wear also the child's coat (dress) if thou usest his sports.

Refresh that part of thyself which is most wearied. If thy life be sedentary, exercise thy body; if stirring and active, recreate thy mind. But take heed of "cousening" (cheating) thy mind in setting it to do a double task, under pretence of giving it a play-day, as in the labyrinth of chess, and other tedious (protracted) and studious games.

Running, leaping, and dancing-the descants on the plain song of walking2-are all excellent exercises. And yet those are the best recreations which, besides refreshing, enable (strengthen), at least dispose, men to some other good ends. Bowling (playing at bowls) teaches men's hands and eyes mathematics and the rules of proportion. Swimming hath saved many a man's life, when himself hath been both the wares and the ship (i.e. when he has lost both goods and vessel). Tilting [with the spear] and fencing is war without anger; and manly sports are the grammar of military performance.

Choke not thy soul with immoderate pouring in [of] the cordial of pleasure. The creation lasted but six days of the first week; profane [are] they whose recreation lasts seven days every week. Rather abridge thyself of thy lawful liberty herein, and then recreations shall both strengthen labour and sweeten rest; and we may expect God's blessing and protection on us band is etymologically equivalent to man, so that houseman pairs with housewife. The existence, however, of the word husbandman for farmer (as in Gen. ix. 20) supports the kinship of band and bonde.

(1) Sheere God's lamb. In reference, apparently, to Nathan's parable of the ewe lamb, addressed to David.

(2) Running, &c. This remarkable expression of Fuller's, "the descants on the plain song of walking," requires a brief comment. The descant was a composition in various parts producing harmony; the plain song was the succession of notes constituting melody: the latter was simple nature, the former musical art. Art is the idealisation of nature, not the mere doing of a thing, but the doing it so as to please the æsthetic faculty. So walking is a inere natural motion-simply plain song: but dancing is motion contrived for pleasure-a descant-and therefore comes within the province of art. Speaking and singing, prose and poetry, are similar correlatives. See Whately's "Rhetoric," pp. 348-9.

in following them, as well as in doing our work; for he that saith grace for his meat (food), in it prays also to God to bless the sauce unto him. As for those that will not take lawful pleasure, I am afraid they will take unlawful pleasure; and by lacing themselves too hard (tight) grow awry on one side.

JEREMY TAYLOR.2

1. ABRAHAM REPROVED.

(FROM "DISCOURSE ON THE LIBERTY OF PROPHESYING," PUBLISHED IN 1647.)

WHEN Abraham sat at his tent door, according to his custom, waiting to entertain strangers, he espied an old man, stopping and leaning on his staff, weary with age and travel, coming towards him, who was a hundred years of age.3 He received him kindly, washed his feet, provided supper, and caused him to sit down; but observing that the old man ate and prayed not, nor begged for a blessing on his meat (food), he asked him why he did not worship the God of heaven?" The old man told him that he worshipped the fire only, and acknowledged no other god; at which answer Abraham grew so jealously angry, that he thrust the old man out of his tent, and exposed him to all the evils of the night and an unguarded condition. When the old man was gone, God called to Abraham, and

(1) Grace, fr. Lat. gratia, favour, and in the pl. thanks for "favours;" to say grace is to say "thanks." The Italians constantly use grazzie for "thanks!"

(2) "In abundance of thought, in ingenuity of argument, in opulence of imagination, in a soul made alike for the feeling of the sublime, of the beautiful, and of the picturesque, and in a style answering in its compass, flexibility and sweetness, to the demands of all these powers, Taylor is unrivalled among the masters of English eloquence. He is the Spenser of our prose writers, and his prose is almost as musical as Spenser's verse."-Craik, English Lit. and Language, ii. 64.

"Au milieu d'eux (the polemical writers of the 16th century) s'élève un écrivain de génie, poëte en prose, doué d'imagination comme Spenser et comme Shakspeare, Jeremy Taylor, qui, par la pente de son esprit comme par les événements de sa vie, était destiné à présenter aux yeux l'alliance de la Renaissance et de la Réforme, et à transporter dans la chaire le style orné de la cour."-Taine, Histoire de la Littérature Anglaise, ii. 259.

(3) Years of age. A remarkable instance of faulty position. The last clause is placed in immediate connection with an antecedent, "him," to which it does not belong.

asked him where the stranger was? He replied, "I thrust him away because he did not worship Thee." God answered him, "I have suffered him these hundred years, although he dishonoured me, and couldst thou not endure him one night, when he gave thee no trouble ?" Upon this, saith the story, Abraham fetched him back again, and gave him hospitable entertainment and wise instruction.-Go thou and do likewise, and thy charity' will be rewarded by the God of Abraham.

2. OF COMFORTING THE DISCONSOLATE.
(FROM THE SAME WORK.)

CERTAIN it is, that as nothing can better do it, so there is nothing greater for which God made our tongues next to reciting his praises, than to minister2 comfort to a weary soul. And what greater pleasure can we have than that we should bring joy to our brother, who, with his dreary eyes, looks to heaven and round about, and cannot find so much rest as to lay his eyelids close together, than that thy tongue should be tuned with heavenly accents, and make the weary soul to listen for light and ease; and when he perceives that there is such a thing in the world, and in the order of things, as comfort and joy, to begin to break out from the prison of his sorrows at the door of sighs and tears, and by little and little melt into showers and refreshment. This is glory to thy voice, and employment fit for the brightest angel. But so have I seen the

3

(1) Charity, fr. Fr. charité, wh. fr. Lat. caritas, dearness or scarcity, and hence high price or value. This sense is found neither in Fr. nor Eng., though carus and cher, as well as the Eng. dear, have the same double meaning. But caritas also denotes the refl ex, or subjective, feeling which arises in our minds from the perception of value in another, and hence means love, or affection. In this sense we too speak of "Charity (or love) suffering long, and being kind," and of the "Charities of home." Charity is also the sympathy we have with the actual wants of others, then, almsgiving, and, lastly, the alms itself, as when we speak of "bestowing our charity."

(2) Minister, fr. Lat. ministrare, to act as a minister or servant (not a slave); any one who has an office to perform for the benefit of others, is a minister; hence the verb is appropriately and happily used in the phrase, minister comfort. Accuracy in the use of words is not, however, a characteristic of Taylor's style. He is frequently loose and inaccurate, led away by the tide of feeling-a feeling which does not always vitalise every word that he uses.

(3) Showers and refreshment, a rhetorical expression, representing one thing as if it were two, meaning simply, refreshing showers.