72 THE QUEEN OF THE ANTILLES-POSITION AND ORIGIN. labouring man with a young family. The negroes toil on their own properties with unceasing assiduity, and where they are employed at task-work, their efforts are extraordinary. Gradually, new proprietors are entering Jamaica with capital; and if an "Encumbered Estates' Act" could be passed for the island, as has been done for Ireland, good would ensue by facilitating the purchase of land in small allotments by men likely to reside on their property and to improve it. Under judicious management, Jamaica would not require to import from America nine-tenths of the provisions, including maize and fish required annually to supply the population; the whole might, with great advantage, be obtained in and around the island; and a large surplus be provided for exportation. Protective duties on sugar and coffee would not restore the insolvent planters; the renovation of the colony must spring from within, by the cultivation of the soil, in the first instance, so as to provide sufficiency of the necessaries of life for 1682 its own population, whose attention would then be naturally turned to the production of those varied crops which a rich earth, fertilized by a glowing sun, and abundant moisture, is capable of yielding. The following is a list of the Governors :Colonel D'Oyley. 1660 W. H. Lyttelton, Esq. 1762 Lord Windsor 1662 Sir Wm. Trelawny, Bt. 1767 Sir T. Modyford, Knt. 1664 Sir Basil Keith, Knt.. 1773 Earl of Carlisle Lord Vaughan 1675 Major-gen. Dalling 1777 1678 Major-gen. Campbell. 1782 Sir Thos. Lynch, Knt.. Earl of Effingham Duke of Albemarle. Earl of Inchiquin William Selwyn, Esq.. Lord Arch. Hamilton. Peter Heywood, Esq. . 1716 Sir Nich. Lawes, Knt. 1718 Duke of Portland . 1722 Major-gen. Hunter 1728 Hen. Cunningham, Esq. 1735 Edw. Trelawny, Esq. Charles Knowles, Esq. 1752 George Haldane, Esq.. 1758 1690 1702 1711 1790 . 1795 1801 1808 1829 1687 Earl of Balcarras 1738 Sir C. E. Grey, Kt.. } 1832 1842 1847 CHAPTER III. PHYSICAL FEATURES-DIVISIONS, RIVERS, HARBOURS, MOUNTAINS, CHIEF TOWNS, FREE VILLAGES, AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ISLAND — GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, SOIL, CLIMATE, AND DISEASES. - JAMAICA, like the contiguous islands of these islands it is sheltered from the violence Cuba, Hayti, and Porto-Rico, would seem of eastern or northern tempests, yet cooled to have derived its origin from submarine by the winds which descend from their convulsions, during which the axis of per-elevated lands; while access to the Atlantic turbation extended from east to west, thus is facilitated by the adjacent Windward giving a longitudinal character to the land, and causing the highest elevation to be situated at the eastern extremities, from whence, in each island, there is a gradual decline to the westward. On the other hand, the position of the West Indian archipelago, which stretches from the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico along the northern boundary of the Caribbean Sea, over 25° of longitude, and 27° of latitude, and forms an almost uninterrupted chain between the peninsula of Florida in North, and that of Paria in South America, would appear to confirm the tradition that a vast region called Atlantis, after successive fierce throes, had here sunk beneath the ocean, leaving the existing islands as the loftiest peaks of the submerged territory. Jamaica is happily situated to the westward of Hayti, and southward of Cuba; by island. There are no manufactories of any kind, except of sugar and rum. Even their brick they import. The hilly surface of the country supplies an abundance of water-power over forty constant rivers, and over 200 rivulets, and yet there is not such a thing as a water-wheel to be found in use, except on the plantations, and for agricultural purposes." (p. 109). Passage, which separates Cuba from Hayti. The magnificence of the mountain scenery, the beauty of the swelling hills and uplands-the stately forests, rich pastures and fruitful fields, the numerous harbours, and the varied climate found in different portions of this far-famed island, have been dwelt on by many travellers. In some of these respects it seems superior even to Ceylon in the eastern hemisphere, in others inferior; perhaps it may be better compared with Java, one of the finest islands of the Malayan archipelago, some of whose physical features correspond with those of the West Indian group. Jamaica, Ceylon, and Java have, however, their respective and peculiar excellencies; and speaking from a personal knowledge of each, it would seem difficult, irrespective of area or position, to decide to which the palm of superiority might justly be assigned. The "Queen of the Antilles," as the colony now under consideration is sometimes called, is of an elongated form, more indented on the southern than on the northern coast, and with a range of moun COUNTIES, PARISHES, HARBOURS, AND RIVERS. tains and wooded heights, more or less broken, passing throughout the centre from east to west. It was divided by the local legislature, in 1758, into three counties, named Surrey, Middlesex, and Cornwall (see map); the first, or eastern, is about forty miles long by twenty broad; the second, or 73 central, averages fifty miles by forty-five; and the third, or western, is of more irregular form, the extreme length being nearly sixty miles, and the breadth varying from forty-five to seventeen miles. These counties are subdivided into the following parishes: Physical Features of each Parish. Flat shore, gradually sloping up from the coast; Kingston City. In general hilly, declining towards the north coast; aspect rugged. Generally level, Healthshire hills to the southward; Spanish Town. Mountainous and large plains, with fine breeding farms. HARBOURS.-Among the many bays, havens, coves, and creeks, on both coasts, some afford perfect shelter for large vessels, and many are available for droghers, or small craft employed in the coasting trade. On the south may be noticed Port Morant, Morant Bay, Cow Bay, Bull Bay, Port Royal, and Kingston Harbour, Hunt Bay, Old Harbour, West Harbour, Black River Bay, Blue Fields Bay, and Savanna la Mar Harbour; Port Royal or Kingston is the principal haven in the island. On the north there are Port Antonio, Annotta Bay, Port Maria, Ocho Rios, St. Ann's Bay, Rio Bueno, Falmouth or Martha Brea, Montego Bay, Lucea Harbour, Green Island, and Musquito Cove. The distribution of these havens in such different localities, indicates the advantages they afford for commerce, and their importance is increased by the mountainous and broken features of the country, which render the transit of heavy goods by carriage roads almost impracticable, and necessitate the carriage of merchandise by water, between several of the chief towns. Thirty bays, roadsteads, and shipping stations might be enumerated, but the places at which custom-houses have been established are-on the south coast, Kingston, Black River and Savanna la Mar, and Port Morant; and on the north, at Port Antonio, Port Maria, An * A desire to comprise within the division allotted to the West Indies, as much information as possible induces me again to resort to small type. DIV. VIII. Note.- Area of Metcalfe not known. notta Bay, Falmouth Harbour, Rio Bueno, St. Ann's Bay, Montego Bay, and Lucea. RIVERS. There are about 200 rivers and rivulets, 70 of which are perennial. The dividing ridge of high lands, which gives rise to these numerous and fertilizing streams, precludes the possibility of their attaining any length, or being navigable for ships. The chief of those which flow towards the south coast are the Cobre, Minho, and Black Rivers; towards the north, are the Great, Martha Brae, White, Agua Alta, and Grande Rivers. Numerous mountain streamlets, which are nearly dry for part of the year, become swollen into broad and rapid torrents during the rainy season, and frequently form picturesque cascades, which, being generally surrounded by wooded heights, constitute a marked feature in the scenery. MOUNTAINS. The main range begins near the eastern extremity of the island, and stretches for some distance in a nearly due west direction, about equi-distant from either coast. The highest points of this great barrier attain an elevation of nearly 7,000 feet above the sea, and their summits stand out in majestic grandeur against the blue sky, while rolling clouds surround their base. From the central chain several offshoots of considerable extent diverge, like gigantic buttresses, giving an alpine character to the central portions of the county of Surrey. This portion of what may be termed the backbone of the island, is known by the name of the L 74 MOUNTAIN RANGES AND ELEVATED SUMMITS OF JAMAICA. Blue Mountain Range, and is situated in the parishes of Port Royal, St. David, St. Thomas in the East, Portland, and St. George. The three principal peaks were stated to be of the respective heights of 8,186, 7,656, and 7,576 feet, but this estimate has recently been corrected by actual barometrical measurement. The results of the observations of Mr. Arnaboldi, who ascended to the peak with Mr. J. R. Hollingsworth, Mr. Harrison, and other gentlemen, on the 3rd of May, 1851, at twenty minutes after eight, A.M., are thus stated in the Colonial Standard, Jamaica, 2nd of June, 1851 :— "The barometer then stood at 23.65 inches; the attached thermometer, 54°; detached thermometer, 64°; force of vapour by hydrometer, 42.539; dewpoint, 53.8. When in Kingston, same day and hour, the barometer stood at 30.10 inches; attached thermometer, 82°; detached thermometer, 82°; force of vapour by hydrometer, 74.730"; dew point, 70.9. In order to ensure the correctness of the calculations, they were made according to the rules laid down by the following different authorities:-Troughton and Simms, height of peak, 6,830; Greenwich, (Sir George Shuckburgh) 6,824; Greenwich (table), 6,838; Professor London, 6,642; Professor Jones, 6,574; Dr. Robinson's method, 6,514; boiling of water, 6,955-Total, 7)47,177. Giving an average of 6,739.5 for the height of the peak. The variation between this calculation and that reported in October, 1850 (6,592 feet), is attributable to the great difference of the dew-point and force of vapour at the two periods." On the 7th of October, 1850, in Kingston, the force of vapour by hydrometer was 91.017 grains to a cubic foot of air, and the dew-point was 77. At the Blue Mountain Peak, on that day, the force of vapour was 44.380 grains to a cubic foot, and the dew-point was 61. The accompanying barometrical section from Kingston to the Blue Mountain Peak was taken on the journey up. It was ascertained that there was but four feet difference between the height of No. 1 Peak and No. 2 Peak, and 28 feet between Peaks 1 and 3. By the barometrical section, there is shown to be a difference between No. 1 and the Easternmost Peak of about 250 feet. Mr. Tyrrell, who had visited the Peak on thirteen different occasions, had never before found the temperature so high as 62° of Fahrenheit. A self-registering night and day thermometer having, however, been buried on the occasion of a previous visit, gave 51° as the minimum of heat during the previous six months, and the maximum, 81° Fahrenheit. A trigonometrical survey of the island is much needed; the following sketch will convey an idea of the progressive rise from Kingston to the Blue Mountain Peaks : 1, Kingston Harbour; 2, Parade, 38 feet; 3, Cross Roads, 214 feet; 4, Hope Tollgate; 5, Hope Tavern, 690 feet; 6, Botanic Gardens, 1,100 feet; 7, Guava Ridge, 2,866 feet; 8, Yallahs River, 1,425 feet; 9, Hagley Gap, 2,143 feet; 10, Radnor, 3,212 feet; 11, Abbey Green, 3,892 feet; 12, Portland Gap, 5,495 feet; 13, Jacob's Ladder; 14, Radnor Gap, Hog Pond, 6,339 feet; 15, Blue Mountain Peaks-a 6,739 feet, b, c, d Easternmost Peak. Another neighbouring range, of inferior altitude, extends from north-west to south-east through the parishes of Port Royal, St. Andrew, and St. George; these may be called the Port Royal Mountains, and have their highest elevation in St. Catherine's Peak, which is about 5,000 feet above the sea. -(See map of Jamaica.) Proceeding to the westward, through Middlesex County, the dividing range diminishes in height, and in boldness of outline, and is connected by several elevations which extend north and south, with various lesser parallel chains. Here and there (in Clarendon and St. Ann's parishes) abrupt hills or hummocks are clothed with trees of enormous bulk, while the adjacent dales, or "cock-pits," as they are called, are carpeted with perpetual verdure. In Cornwall County, the mountainous outline becomes still more indistinct, the surface presenting an irregular congerius of broken heights, rising from 1,000 to 3,500 feet. The forms of the eminences throughout the island are very varied, sometimes presenting, like a Titanic wall, steep, and, occasionally, inaccessible sides; thus the central portion of the "Blue Mountain" ridge (properly so called) is traversible at only one spot, termed the Portland Gap, which is itself 5,495 feet above the sea, and but a few yards wide. In | other places there are long extensions of mountain slopes, gradually forming narrow vales, through which a river generally flows, while, elsewhere, semicircular sweeps of irregular height bound a shelving plain. Here and there gigantic spines of sharp ascent and difficult access, clothed with dense and sombre forests, approach the coast-line. Not unfrequently, a conical shape is assumed, like the Dolphin's Head, in Hanover Parish; or the hills appear piled upon one another, and marked by fearful rents, as in the Port Royal Mountains, which are grand in the extreme, the effect of light and shade upon the steep sides and chasms being such as even Salvator Rosa could not pourtray. The prevailing features must frequently have reminded many travellers, of the ocean during a gale of wind, in some such tempestuous localities as the Cape of Good Hope, or the Bay of Biscay, where the mighty billows seem separated by long "intervales" and their crested summits are strangely contorted by the violence of the storm. The heights of the Blue Mountain Peaks have been already stated. Catherine's Peak, in St. George's Parish, about 7° north of Kingston, is stated to be 5,075 feet in altitude; and Hardwar Hill, to the westward of it, in the parish of St. Andrew, attains nearly an equal elevation. The BEAUTIFUL PLAINS AND VALLEYS OF JAMAICA. 75 not that the Rio Cobre bursts through the barrier on its southern boundary. Pedro Plains, near Great Pedro Point, in Hanover Parish, and the Savannala-Mar Plain, in Westmoreland, though of no considerable size, are the largest on the western side of the island; and, together with some lesser ones, have much of their surface covered with swamp. On the northern coast, no plains of any extent occur. The country between Montego Bay, on the west, and St. Ann's Bay, on the east, consists of low, abrupt, and precipitous hills, with but little land between them and the sea. On the east, Bath Plain, in St. Thomas-in-the-East, extends from the town of that name to the mouth of the Plaintain Garden River, near Point Morant, the eastern extremity of the island, where there is a great morass. There are innumerable valleys, remarkable for their beauty and fertility, such as Luidas Vale, in St. John's, and the basin of Whitney, in the Mocho Mountains, in Clarendon parish. CHIEF TOWNS.-Nearly 200 years have elapsed since this large and fertile island was taken from the Spaniards, and yet it possesses only two places claiming the title of cities. After personal examination, with few exceptions, of every city and town of any note in the United Kingdom, and in the widespread maritime dominions of the crown, I have no hesitation in asserting that the political capital (Spanish Town) and the commercial emporium (Kingston) of this valuable and productive colony are, taken as a whole, the least creditable to the British name. This opinion is supported by the incidental evidence afforded in the valuable Report of Dr. Gavin Milroy, on the Sanitary State of Jamaica in 1851-'52. summits in Middlesex and Cornwall rarely exceed half a mile; Liman's Mountain, six miles north of Spanish Town, is 2,282; the Bull's Head, in Clarendon Parish, is 3,140; and the Dolphin's Head, south of Lucea, is 3,445 feet above the level of the sea. There are several private residences, situated at a considerable elevation. Among these may be named Clifton, 4,228; Pleasant Hill, 4,000; Flamstead, 3,800; Sheldon, 3,417. Many coffee plantations and dwellings occupy heights varying from 1,000 to 3,000 feet. The Blue Mountain range is markedly separated from the Port Royal Mountains by a narrow isthmus, termed St. Helen's Gap, from whence the view is indescribably magnificent. Coffee plantations stud the sides of the hills, and are scattered along the valleys. At Belle Vue, about 5,000 feet above the sea, Port Royal, Kingston, and the Liguanea Plain are visible. The garden attached to the plantation is well laid out, and stocked with apple and other fruit trees. I gathered excellent strawberries, and saw peas, potatoes, and artichokes in full perfection, in June, 1851; hedges of roses and fuschias divided the applotments, in which grew varieties of English flowers. At Resource Plantation, somewhat lower than Belle Vue, the avenue was lined with orange, lemon, and citron trees, intermingled with white and red roses, and adorned, as at Pleasant Hill, with the gaudy hybiscus. Here, also, the pink, blue African lily, heliotrope, and other English flowers delighted the eye. At Morse Gap, a pass in the dividing range, whence the northern coast is visible, the road, or rather mule-path, for a distance of several miles, becomes entirely over-testimony of many impartial travellers, including the shadowed with the most luxuriant foliage; in the adjacent ravines the graceful bamboo rises to a height of thirty feet, and is rivalled by the artistically branching fern tree, interspersed with mahogany, lignum vitæ, cedar, pine, and other timber: and at different parts, industrious negroes may be seen clearing land on the steep mountain slopes, for the cultivation of potatoes and other produce, afar from any township or property where rent could probably be demanded. PLAINS.-The Liguanea Plain is the most extensive in the island; it begins a few miles east of Kingston, and stretches westward through the parishes of St. Andrew, St. Catherine, and St. Dorothy, to a point west of Old Harbour, a distance of about thirty miles, the average breadth being from four to seven miles. Its eastern extremity is about 700 feet above the sea, towards which it gradually declines, until joined by the sand-bank, termed the Palisadoes, by which it is defended from the incursions of the ocean. Inland, the Liguanea Plain is bounded throughout its whole extent by mountains, and to the seaward by the shore west of Port Henderson, where it widens. The Healthshire Hills, a low range, intervene, for a few miles, between the plain and the sea. Vere Plain, separated from that of Liguanea and Lower Clarendon, by a narrow range of hills, which approach the sea at Salt Bay, extends from south-east to north-west, about eighteen miles, with an average breadth of seven to eight miles. On the north-west, the Vere Plain is joined by the Mill Gully, a picturesque valley, several miles in extent. Lime Savanna, is a plain, extending east and west across the parish of Clarendon, from the border of St. Dorothy to that of Manchester, and north and south between the parish of Vere and the Mocho Mountains. St. Thomas-in-the-Vale Plain, embosomed in the hills, is nine miles long by two and ahalf wide, and would form a perfect basin, were it Spanish Town, founded by the Spaniards in 1500, and named by them St. Jago de la Vega (St. James of the Plain), occupies nearly the centre of an extensive savanna or flat, which forms part of the Liguanea Plain, and extends, on the eastward, to Kingston (distant thirteen miles), and on the south-west to Old Harbour; it slopes gradually on the south-east to Passage Fort and to Hunt Bay, an inlet of Kingston Harbour (see Map), and on the north and northwest, is bounded by the hills of the parishes St. Catherine and St. John. The view terminates with a portion of the Liguanea Mountains, which have there an elevation of about 2,200 feet above the sea. Among the few remains of Spanish architecture still standing, may be mentioned the Spanish admiral's house, at the head of Hunt Bay. From a "look-out" upon the roof, there is a fine view of Port Royal and Kingston harbours. Like most Spanish edifices, the house is substantially built, and is still in excellent preservation. A small, lazy, and very tortuous stream (the Cobre) after meandering through the plain in an easterly direction, skirts the city and falls into Hunt Bay. A considerable portion of the savanna is occupied with grazing farms or "pens;" much of it is wooded or covered with scrubby bush; large tracts lie waste, termed the Salt Pond Plains; and as the soil is clayey, it is very retentive of moisture. Owing to these circumstances the air is by no means salubrious, the heat is excessive, being but slightly mitigated by the distant sea breeze. The city is quite indefensible against an attacking force provided with artillery. Even in its best days it must have looked sombre Report of the Central Board of Health, Jamaica. Printed in 1852, pp. 81-'2-'3. 76 SPANISH TOWN, OR ST. JAGO DE LA VEGA. streets to be saturated by the rain, and afterwards giving rise to unhealthy exhalations." and cheerless, but now its aspect is most deplorable. Writing in 1797, Dr. Pinckard alludes to its "humble" appearance; to its narrow, confined, There is but one under-ground sewer in the whole dark, and dirty streets; to the evident disregard of town, which was constructed about a century ago; cleanliness and personal adornment remarkable it leads from the barracks to the river, and is freamong the people there (as also at Kingston); and quently obstructed. The communication recently declares that when arrived in the centre of Spanish made by the local authorities of the impurities in and Town, he thought himself still in the suburbs. There around the dwellings of all classes of the filthy was only one tavern in the place, where even "a state of the market; of the neglected burial-grounds very indifferent and badly-served breakfast" was ob- and "cholera-pits," and of the "loathsome poisons" tainable.—(Notes on the West Indies, vol. ii. p. 375.) thence arising, is too repulsive and disgusting to be The King's House (as the residence of the gov- quoted, but far too important to be passed over ernor is termed) forms one side of a large, handsome without comment. There are no pumps, and only square, around which are constructed the House of three wells for the richer citizens; a small quantity Assembly, Council Chamber, Court House, Arsenal, of water, often muddy and impure, is raised from Library, and public offices. It was finished in 1762, the Cobre River; the poorer are still supplied by and has cost upwards of £50,000; the exterior is means of carts, whence it is doled out to them at a in the Castilian style, the interior is badly lit and ill high cost. Under such circumstances it need excite ventilated. A fine statue of Admiral Rodney, exe- no surprise, that when cholera appeared in 1850-'1, cuted by Bacon, stands in the square, in an open it should spread rapidly. Its ravages, in many retemple, and was erected by the Jamaicans, at a cost spects, were, indeed, most dreadful; whole families of three thousand guineas, in commemoration of the and households were swept off, and the utmost diffidecisive victory obtained by him over the French culty was experienced in providing for the speedy infleet in 1782; and a similar tribute is being paid to terment of the dead. Out of a population estimated the memory of Lord Metcalfe. There are toler- at 10,000, about 1,500 are supposed to have perished. ably good barracks, of two stories high, in the The amount of pauperism is large, and is in a southern quarter of the town; St. Catherine's cathe-great measure ascribable to the apathetic neglect of dral, completed in 1755, at its entrance, is a hand- the local authorities, the extent of which may be some building in the form of a cross: the main aisle conjectured by the fact, that "no less than 1,200 measures 129 feet in length. The Baptist and Wes- acres of land round the town, held in trust by the leyan chapels are neat and appropriate edifices. parochial authorities, under the provisions of Geo. II., There are two Jewish synagogues. The gaol is a cap. 10, and which cught to be available for the disubstantial structure. The city occupies about one munition of parochial rates, and for the relief of the square mile; but only a small part of this area is poor, are now lying, not only unproductive, but have, covered with buildings; some of the houses have from neglect, become a public nuisance, most perlarge gardens and grounds attached; the streets run nicious to the health of the community, and are thus slanting from north to south, and are crossed by serving to increase the very evil which they were others from east to west; none of them are paved; intended to relieve."‡ a few are imperfectly macadamized; during the rainy season they are coated with a cohesive mud, which hardens into a thick crust, from whence the rays of the sun are powerfully reflected. Deep gullies are formed by the heavy rains in their progress to the river, and in some places the water collects in stagnant swamps. Dr. Milroy has drawn a melancholy picture of the existing condition of the city; the better class of houses falling to pieces, the gardens choked with weeds, and the surface littered over with rubbish of all sorts. The dwellings of the middle classes are very generally but single floored, they have "a mean appearance," are "most imperfectly ventilated," and are anything but suitable for such a climate."+ 46 Spanish Town is totally devoid of maritime commerce, and has no local trade. There are two shipping places whence produce can be conveyed from the plains around and beyond the city to Kingston. viz., Passage Port, and Port Henderson; but the railroad established between the governmental and commercial cities is a more convenient and cheaper mode of conveyance. The scenery along this line is very beautiful; rich meadows, noble mango and other trees, swelling uplands, backed by wooded heights, and lofty mountains, afford, in a very limited space, some of the finest road views to be met with in any part of the world. Kingston was founded in 1693, after the destrucThe negro habitations, scattered in different direc- tion of Port Royal; it is built on the margin of the tions, are usually of the most squalid and miserable harbour, and slopes upwards to the fine plateau aldescription, both inside and out, and all of them are ready frequently mentioned as the Liguanea Plain. crowded to excess. From the neglect of regular The city forms an irregular quadrangle, and covers scavenging (except on the part of the vultures, John an area of nearly two square miles. The main streets crow, turkey buzzard, or carrion vulture, dirt and rub-run north and south, and are crossed by others at bish meet the eye in every quarter; and the traveller of the present day might, with equal truth, repeat the words of Dr. Lempriere, at the close of the last century, in alluding "to the stable sweepings left in the right angles; all are tolerably wide, and, in the upper part, generally open to the sea-breeze. A large square in the centre of the town, called the Parade, contains the large barracks, a handsome Wes* Spanish Town, says Bigelow, "is supposed to have p. 3). And the Rev. P. Samuel speaks of the "grotesque been founded by Diego Columbus in 1523. No one visit-contrast" formed by mansions of the first class being ing the place at this time (1850) will dispute its antiquity, placed side by side with the most miserable sheds in which nor experience much difficulty in believing that all the human beings may submit to take shelter.-Missions in houses at present standing were built before Diego left Jamaica, p. 114. the island, so old and ruinous is their general appearance." -(Jamaica in 1850, p. 31). The Rev. David King, LL.D., alludes to the " poor appearance," and "general unattrac tiveness" of the place. (State and Prospects of Jamaica, + Report on the Cholera in Jamaica, and on the general Sanitary Condition and Wants of that Island, by Dr. Gavin Milroy, July, 1852. ‡ Idem, p. 92. |