EXERCISES.

Initial. -Teethe, tease, tedious, teal, tear, teach, 'tis, tissue, titular, titillate, tint, tilt, phthisic, ticket, tingle, tinkle, tinge, taste, ta'en, tail, temporal, tempt, tetter, tessellated, tetrical, tent, telegraph, terrible, technical, tegument, techy, text, tap, tassel, tatter, tattle, tadpole, tangible, tantalize, talisman, Talmud, tariff, tactic, tag, tangle, tank, tax, task, tars, targe, tartan, tardy, tarn, target, terminate, terse, ternary, twopence, tuft, tother, 'tusk, tush, tut, tunnel, turpitude, turtle, turgid, turnkey, turkey, tuck, tug, tongue, touch, taught, tawdry, tawny, tall, talk, torch, torse, torsion, tortoise, top, tomahawk, toft, toss, totter, toddle, tonsile, tolerable, torrid, tocsin, tongs, tore, torn, toper, tome, toast, toes, total, towed, tone, toll, token, toga, tooth, toot, tool, tour, took, tithe, ties, tight, tidy, tine, tile, tire, tiger, town, towel, towers, toy, toise, toil, toilet.

Tw.-Twang, twain, twattle, twaddle, tweak, tweedle, tweezers, twelve, twelfth, twenty, twig, twilight, twill, twin, twine, twinge, twinkle, twirl, twist, twit, twitch, twitter, twixt, twice.

Tr.-Treason, treat, treacle, trip, tribune, trim, trivial, trist, trinity, trill, trick, trigger, trinket, tringle, tract, traipse, trace, trays, trade, train, trail, treble, tremble, trespass, tressel, tret, trench, trellis, treasure, treachery, trap, tramp, traffic, traverse, trash, traditive, transit, tragedy, track, tranquil, trance, trouble, trump, truss, trudge, trundle, truckle, trunk, troth, trot, trod, traulism, trollop, tropical, trope, trophy, trover, troll, trochee, troat, true, troop, truffle, truth, truce, truculent, tripod, tribe, trifle, trice, tries, trite, trident, trine, trigraph, trowel, trout, trowsers, troy.

Tsh.-Cheap, chief, chieftain, cheese, cheat, cheer, cheek, chip, chimney, chivy, chisel, chit-chat, chid, chin, chilly, chicken, chink, chafe, chase, chaste, chain, cheverel, chess, chest, chair, cherry, cheque, chap, chaffinch, chastisement, chat, chariot, chaff, charm, charge, chart, chirp, churn, churl, chough, chuckle, chop, chalk, chose, choke, chew, choose, chime, chide, chine, chouse, choice.

Ty.-Tew, tewel, tube, Tuesday, tuition, Teutonic, tulip, tumid, tumult, tune, tunic, tureen, tutor.

Between vowels.-Veto, sheeting, eatable, metre, heater, iterate,

pity, bittern, mitten, fitting, witty, whittle, citizen, titter, ditty, knitting, little, pretty, kitten, fritty, victuals, eighty, mated, fated, waiter, sated, dated, later, rating, gaiter, grater, hated, potatoe, petted, etiquette, better, fetter, setting, jetty, debtor, letting, netted, reticule, kettle, attic, pattern, battle, mattock, fatten, shatter, tatting, latter, clatter, hatter, chatty, utter, button, mutton, subtle, shuttle, jutting, stutter, nutting, clutter, gutter, daughter, naughty, haughty, haughtiness, pottage, bottle, motto, sottish, shotten, jotting, totter, knotted, lottery, rotten, cottage, grotto, gotten, Hottentot, otter, oaten, potable, boating, votary, dotage, notary, lotus, coating, gloating, booty, footing, suiter, imputed, beauty, sooty, shooting, duty, tutor, neuter, lutist, rooted, cuticle, hooting, plighted, biter, mighty, fighting, cited, indicted, benighted, lighter, writer, flighty, frighten, triton, outer, shouter, shouting, undoubted, routed, moiety, loiter.

Before an articulation.-Sweetmeat, vitriol, vitreous, gateway, pastry, etching, Etna, wetnurse, settler, detriment, retrograde, platform, catcall, thatching, fastness, vastly, pasture, disastrous, lastly, ghastly, artful, artless, partner, partly, partridge, parchment, martlet, marching, tartlet, carthorse, pertly, virtue, utmost, butler, suttler, curtly, cutler, culture, vulture, paltry, watchman, botcher, motley, courtly, sportsman, boatman, notebook, boathooks, nightcap, sprightly, nightly, rightly, outmost, outward, voucher, outrage, adroitly.

Final.-Peat, beet, meat, complete, feet, seat, sheet, neat, leet, greet, heat, priest, yeast, list, wrist, pit, bit, emit, fit, whit, wit, knit, lit, it, kit, grit, hit, eight, pate, bait, mate, fate, wait, innate, elate, crate, great, hate, pet, bet, met, whet, wet, fret, jet, debt, quartett, net, let, regret, yet, pat, bat, mat, fat, vat, that, sat, gnat, rat, cat, hat, hast, chat, past, mast, fast, vast, last, art, start, tart, dart, cart, heart, chart, squirt, flirt, avert, shirt, dirt, skirt, but, put, shut, jut, nut, hut, hurt, ought, bought, thought, sought, taught, nought, wrought, caught, wart, sort, distort, short, tort, snort, pot, what, sot, shot, jot, tot, dot, not, lot, rot, cot, yacht, got, grot, hot, sport, port, court, oat, boat, moat, note, coat, goat, put, boot, moot, foot, soot, shoot, newt, impute, mute, suit, lute, root, cute, coot, hoot, argute, spite, bite, mite, fight, white, wright, site, tight, indite, night, light, write, kite, height, pout, spout, bout, devout, stout, shout, doubt, lout, rout, clout, gout, out.

D.

OBSERVATIONS.-This articulation bears the same relation to the preceding, that B does to P, V to F, Z to S, &c. Its articulative position and action are the same as those of T; but while the tongue is in contact with the palate, the voice is exerted, and is heard with a muffled murmur-the breath which produces the glottal vibration, dilating the pharynx. Distinctness very much depends on the audibility of this sound. The student should therefore practise this and the other vocal obstructives, till he can give their vocality as much duration as it is capable of, (see page 137.) Our remarks on the formation of T apply equally to this element, which is liable to the same faults of articulation, defects, &c. The exercises given for t may therefore be practised with D substituted, (to give distinctness to its combinations ;) thus

ade nay,

ad nad;

ade pay,

ad pad; &c.

The Stammerer must study the general mechanism of the vocal obstructives, (page 43), and acquire power over their formation, by prolongation of the pharyngeal murmur—and strong, yet not wasteful explosions, before he sets to work to battle with his difficulties on this articulation. He must be able to retain the articulative position steadily-to perform the articulative action rapidly and independently of all other positions and actions-and, lastly, to pass trippingly from one position to another, without attempts at impractible coalescence, and without losing any one of the peculiar effects of each articulation. His cure, thus founded on power over the organs and operations of speech, will progressively advance with rapidity, in proportion to his energy and watchfulness. Having gone through this training, the Stammerer will not only feel himself relieved from the oppressive incubus which tormented his whole "dream of life," but he may rejoice in a freer possession, and more conscious enjoyment of the crowning faculty of man, than the best of merely instinctive speakers who never felt the sore deprivation, and who know not the value to their social happiness of that power of speech which they ignorantly exercise.

D initial, like T, unites with W, R, and Y; and with the vocal form of Sh-as in dwarf, drew, due, and Jew. It combines with no initial articulation we write Bd in bdellium, but the B is silent. Dy is apt to be confounded with Dzh, as Ty is slurred into Tsh, by careless tongues.

The combination dzh=J is one of the simplest forms of double articulation— in this respect analogous to the French Bw and Pw, and the German Ts or Dz. The same articulating agents are used for both elements of the combinations: the continuous elements being merely explosively commenced by the momentary oral occlusion of the obstructive element. This obvious simplicity of the combination dzh may be the reason why it is denoted by a single character in our language.

EXERCISES.

Initial.-Deep, deem, deify, devious, deed, deal, dear, dip, dibble, diffluent, dividend, dithyramb, dissipate, distance, dismal,

ditto, did, dinner, diligence, dig, ditch, day, dace, daisy, date, deign, dale, deprecate, debit, deference, death, desk, desuetude, desert, debt, dead, dense, denizen, dell, deck, dapper, dabble, damp, damask, daffodil, daggle, dash, dandle, dangle, dance, dapatical, da-capo, darken, darn, darling, dart, dearth, dirt, dirk, double, dumb, dove, doth, dust, dusk, dozen, Dutch, dudgeon, dungeon, dulcimer, ductile, daub, dauphin, dodge, dot, daughter, dodder, dawn, donative, doll, dock, dog, donkey, dormant, dorsal, door, dome, donor, doleful, douceur, doom, doodle, divers, dice, dies, dive, diagram, dike, doubt, dowdy, doughty, down, dowlas, dowager, doit, doily.

Dr.-Drab, drachma, dram, drama, draff, draft, drag, dragon, dragoon, drain, drake, dramatic, drapery, drastic, draw, draught, drawl, dread, drear, dream, dredge, dregs, drench, dress, drift, drill, drink, drank, drunkard, drip, dribble, drivel, drizzle, drive, droll, dromedary, drove, droop, dropsy, dross, drover, drown, drowsy, drub, drudge, drug, druggist, drum, druid, drumble, dry, drily, drought, dryad.

Dy.-Dew, dual, duel, dubious, duty, duke, Dulia, duly, duo, dupe, duplicate, dure.

Dw.-Dwale, dwarf, dwell, dwelt, dwindle.

Dzh-J.-gelid, genuine, gender, genial, genus, genius, gentile, gentle, geranium, German, gerund, gesture, gibbet, gibe, gigantic, gilly-flower, ginger, ginseng, girasole, gyve, jabber, jacent, jackal, jag,gaol, jangle, janitor, January, jargon, jaundice, jaunt, jaw, jealous, jeer, jejune, jeopardy, jerk, jerkin, Jersey, jessamine, Jesuit, jetsam, Jewry, jewel, jib, jig, jilt, jingle, job, jockey, jocund, jog, joint, joist, joke, jole, jolt, jostle, journal, jovial, joy, jubilant, Judaism, judge, juggle, jugular, juice, jumble, junction, jingle, junior, juniper, juratory, justice.

Between Vowels.-Eden, weedy, seedy, kneaded, leader, reader, bidden, middle, fiddle, avidity, widow, diddle, nidification, callidity, riddance, giddy, idiot, aid-de-camp, fading, shady, jaded, lady, ladle, radiant, cadi, eddy, peddle, wedding, steady, ready, dreaded, paddock, bladder, madder, sadden, saddle, caddy, gladiator, haddock, puddle, muddy, sudden, shudder, ruddy, huddle, boddice, model, fodder, wadding, sodden, toddle, daudle, noddy, laudatory, gaudy, odour, modish, boding, wooded, pudding, brooding, moody, woody, sudatory, doodle, noodle, rudiment, hooded, bridle, widen,

sidle, cider, tidy, rider, guidance, chiding, idle, powder, dowdy, cloudy, crowded, embroider, voidance.

Before an Articulation.-Seedling, needless, heedless, midnight, fiddler, pedlar, bedlam, medley, sedge, bridge, widgeon, ledger, ridge, page, wager, sagely, rage, deadlight, hedger, padlock, badge, badness, madly, fadge, sadness, cadger, graduate, arduous, bargeman, largess, margin, guardroom, commandment, worldly, wordless, curdling, maudlin, urge, fondness, wondrous, tawdry, lordly, codling, cordwainer, gorgeous, wardrobe, bodement, loadstone, roadster, lewdness, gamboge, bridesmaid, bridegroom, sidling, guideless, proudly, loudness, voidness.

Final.-Bead, meed, feed, weed, seed, indeed, keyed, lid, rid, kid, hid, chid, obeyed, fade, inveighed, weighed, arcade, said, instead, shed, dead, clad, glad, had, pard, bard, retard, card, guard, bird, whirred, whirled, third, stirred, gird, world, absurd, occurred, bud, fund, bestud, annulled, culled, gulled, odd, awed, pod, pawed, sod, sawed, yond, yawned, cod, cawed, called, galled, poured, board, ignored, implored, sword, abode, mode, flowed, woad, wold, sewed, sold, code, goad, hoed, hold, food, mewed, feud, viewed, wooed, wood, prude, brood, could, good, endured, lured, cured, I'd, bide, confide, vied, wide, tied, died, denied, bride, pride, complied, mind, mild, hide, hind, filed, find, defiled, bowed, bound, wound, scowled, crowd, cloud, allowed, employed, void, soiled, toiled, alloyed, cloyed.

N.

OBSERVATIONS.-The difference between this articulation and the preceding (D) is precisely the same as that between B and M, explained at page 138. While the organs are placed in the orally obstructive position, the soft palate is removed from the nasal openings, and the current of voice which would else dilate the pharynx, flows continuously through the nose. If these passages are not immediately opened, or if the breath is altogether intercepted for an instant, it will pass into the pharynx, and the effect of dn, as in midnight, will be produced. D and N being the same lingual articulation, the tongue must make two strokes on the same part of the palate in order to articulate them separately; and when d comes before n in the same word, such separate articulation would create a hiatus incompatible with the closeness of syllabic connexion. D and T, therefore, before N in the same word, merely give an explosive commencement to the N. Many persons habitually give the nasals M and N, this initial ob