described the organic cause of the peculiarity. The words which take this anterior formation of k, before the open vowel 7, are distinguished by italics, among the subsequent exercises.

In any case of indistinct or impeded utterance, the position of the point of the tongue in this articulation must be observed. It is often thrust down into the bed of the lower jaw, or against the lower teeth, but this is fatal to fluency and clearness, and it is also offensive to the eye. The fore-part of the tongue must be kept as nearly horizontal as possible in the formation of K. It may even be folded backwards for the posterior K, but it can never be suffered to descend without a sacrifice of neatness, which a speaker of refined taste would not willingly make.

To the Stammerer the observation of the tongue is particularly necessary. He generally forms his k by forcing up the middle of the tongue against the top of the palatal arch, while the point of the tongue aids the effort to hold it there by pressing down against the lower teeth or gums. The jaw, too, bears upwards with force upon the tongue, which, in the paroxysm of impediment, the Stammerer is utterly unable to move. Sometimes the fixture of the tongue is less complete, and in its efforts to leave the palate, the antagonist forces throw the whole mouth and features into convulsive distortion. The Stammerer must practise this articulation with his mouth widely opened and motionless, so that the tongue may be free to strike and leave the palate unaffected by motions of the jaw. Let the tongue be well exercised in the simple action of k, in combination with the open vowels ah and aw, until it can give off the syllables with rapidity, and entirely by its own action.

ah

kah kah

kah

aw

caw

caw

caw

kah kah
caw

caw

kah, &c. caw, &c. akakakakakak, &c.; ockockockockockock, &c.

The same may then be done with all the vowels; and the syllables may be arranged in word-clusters-dissyllabic, trissyllabic, and polysyllabic-with varying accents.-Thus

íckik, eckék, ákakak, okókok, ukukúk, &c.

After this exercise the Stammerer should be able to master lists of words with k initial. Let him remember-if he find them inclined to be difficult, that the k is merely a position from which to commence the succeeding vowel; that the initial letter may practically be considered as done, whenever the organs meet ; for that then he has only to exert his voice to emit the vowel: the doing which will open the mouth, and so finish the articulation, without his farther care. If he attempt to make anything more of the consonant by pressure, he must inevitably fail.

The following will be found a useful exercise on the three breath obstructive formations, P, T, K.

katapa, kapata, pakata, pataka, tapaka, takapa;—with ẽ, i, ō, ōv:

kakpaptat, tatkakpap, papkaktat, } with ě, Ĭ, ŏ, ŭ.

kaktatpap, tatpapkak, paptatkak;

Not only the Stammerer, but all speakers, especially those whose enunciations are indistinct, should cultivate this sort of oral gymnastics, as one of the most powerful means of improving the articulation.

A common ungainliness of speech, and a frequent aggravation of a Stammerer's difficulty, arises, in words begining with qu, from anticipating the w, by projecting the lips while the tongue remains in the attitude of K. The mouth can do only one thing at a time.

K initial combines only with w, r, l, and y, as in quick, crime, climb, cure. K unites with initials, as in scheme, scream, &c. and with no other articulation.

EXERCISES.

Initial.-Keep, keen, keel, kipper, kick, kitten, kindred, cape, cake, cane, kail, cage, keg, kedge, kept, kettle, ketch, captain, caftan, cat, cabin, cavern, caddy, canister, calumny, cast, cask, calf, calm, calve, car, carbon, card, cargo, carking, carman, carnal, carp, carpet, cart, carve, kirtle, kerchief, cup, cuff, curse, custom, curfew, cutler, curt, curb, cupboard, cumber, cover, cud, cunning, colander, corpse, cough, cost, cockleary, cottage, cobble, cockle, compromise, conic, confidence, conch, coarse, court, cope, coke, coat, coast, code, cove, comb, cone, coal, coach, coop, coo, cook, coot, coom, cool, kite, kibe, kindness, kine; cow, cowl, cower; coy, coif, coil, coin, coistrel.

Kw.-Quack, quadrate, quaff, quaggy, quail, quaint, quake, qualify, qualm, quantity, quarantine, quarrel, quarter, quash, quassia, quaver, queen, queasy, queer, quest, quell, quench, query, querulous, quibble, quick, quiet, quill, quilt, quinary, quincunx, quinsy, quintain, quire, quirk, quit, quiver, quiz, quoit, quondam, quorum, quote, quotient, quoth, cuirass.

Kl.-Cleave, clean, clear, clip, click, cliff, claymore, clavated, clement, clever, cleanse, clapper, clash, clatter, clamber, clavicle, clad, clannish, clarify, class, clasp, clerk, clergy, cluster, cluck, clutter, club, clumsy, clunch, clung, clutch, claw, cloth, clock, clot, clod, clog, clause, cloak, clothe, close, (v.) clew, climb, cloud, clown, cloy, cloister.

Kr.—Crape, crake, crate, crave, craze, craber, cradle, cripple, crisp, cricket, critical, crib, criminal, creep, creole, crease, creak, cream, creed, creel, crepitate, crescent, crevice, credulous, crassitude, crash, crackle, crab, cram, cramp, cranny, crag, crank, crash, craunch, crupper, crush, crumble, crunk, crutch, crop, croft, cross, crock, crotchet, chronicle, crow, croak, crone, crew, crewel, croop, crucify, crook, cruise, crude, croon, cry, crisis, crime, crinite, crowd, crown, crouch.

Ky.—Kew, kufic, kumis, cue, cube, cubeb, cucumber, culinary, cuneal, cupreous, curative, curule, cute, cuticle.

Between vowels.-Leaky, freakish, weaker, liquor, fickle, ticket, bicker, wickedness, acorn, shaking, baker, maker, waking, naked, echo, freckle, decorate, wrecker, chequer, packet, faculty, sacking, shackle, tackle, lacquer, racket, jacket, pucker, sucker, huckle, bucket, knuckle, lucky, chuckle, pocket, socket, shocking, mocker, knocker, locket, rocket, pawky, calker, talkative, hawker, mawkish, gawky, chalky, poker, token, brokerage, croaking, choking, joking, cuckoo, bookish, rookery, lucre, diker, liking.

K before an articulation.—Pickpocket, thick-pate, luck-penny, duck-pond, cockpit, rock-pigeon, sack-posset; accident, pack-staff, text, tax, lax, cracks, ecstacy, excellent, six, text, vexing, dexterous, next, cheeks,-pyx, fixture, bricks, mixture, vixen,—ox, flocks, rock-salt, socks, shocks, intoxicate, box, docks, occident,—succinct, huckster, buxom, dux, luxate, luxury, juxtaposition; action, paction, factious, attraction, transaction,-affection, section, vection, connection, lection, objection,-fictious, conviction, dictionary,auction, decoction, obnoxious,-suction, fluxions, junction, anxious; act, pact, active, factory, cactus, tact, hacked, backed, lacteal, dactyl,-affected, ectype, sect, lecture, erect, nectar, rector, checked, projectile,-picture, fictile, victor, addict, dictate, lictor,— construct, ductile, conductor, ducked, instruct,-octave, shocked, concoct, mocked, doctor, proctor, noctuary, locked; backbone, blackball, sackbut, sick-bed; acme, packman, blackmail;-blackthorn; backwards, awkward, aqua, equity, requisite, liquid, ubiquity, equal, sequel, breakwater, colloquial, bookworm, lukewarm :back-door, backbite, background, back-piece, blackbird, black-jack, black cock, blackleg, blacksmith, blockhead, book-binder, bookkeeper, book-mate, crackbrained, cook-room, cookmaid, inkling, uncle, microscope, nictate, nictitating, nucleus, pic-nic, siccity, tincture, vectitation, workhouse.

Final.-Eke, pique, freak, seek, cheek, pick, kick, brick, wick, ache, opaque, sake, cake, take, break, make, lake, rake, peck, beck, deck, neck, wreck, cheque, pack, back, lac, rack, sack, tack, arc, park, cark, barque, bark, dark, irk, dirk, perk, kirk, jerk, suck, tuck, buck, duck, luck, chuck, work, lurk, murk, sturk, sock, shock, fork, cork, calk, talk, walk, hock, mock, dock, lock, rock, pork, poke, folk, coke, woke, croak, choke, puke, fluke, forsook, shook, cook, took, hook, book, duke, nook, look, rook, pike, like, dike.

G.

OBSERVATIONS.-The formation of this element is precisely the same as that of the preceding, but with the addition of an effort of voice during the contact of the articulating organs. It thus differs from K analogously as B does from P, and D from T. Our remarks on the position of the tongue, &c. in forming K, will therefore equally apply to this letter, and the exercises arranged for K, may, with the substitution of G, be adopted to perfect the articulation of this element.

G, before the open vowels 7 and 8, and the diphthong 7-1, takes, in some words, the same anterior formation as K in the same situation, producing a soft effect-almost, but not quite,-of the articulation Y. The words which take this formation of G, are distinguished by italics among the Exercises.

A very common fault in the formation of G initial, consists in a degree of nasality, which, for want of sufficient energy of articulation, precedes and weakens the explosiveness of the letter,—good being pronounced ng-good, &c. The explosive property of the letter must be forcibly practised to correct this habit-and, indeed, to make it manifest to ears unaccustomed to close observation of the sounds of speech. It is a fault precisely analogous to the less common one of sounding m before b, or n before d, as m-but for but; n-don't for don't. The vocal sound of this letter is very often feeble, or altogether wanting. It cannot be continued indefinitely, but it is capable of considerable prolongation, and the student should have the power of lengthening the vocality to the utmost, as a means of expressiveness. He should practise the following combinations of the three letters of this class, giving to the articulations in the accented syllables all the vocality he can, but carefully guarding against a nasal tone. In B, D, or G, the voice can only be continued while the breath may pass into the pharynx ; when this cavity is fully distended, the sound must cease, and on separating the organs, a distinct explosion of the compressed breath will take place. If this explosive effect is feeble, or if the sound is easily continued beyond a couple of seconds, the voice may be suspected to be passing through the nostrils. ga ba da, ga da ba; ba da ga, ba ga da; da ba ga, da ga ba, with e, i, o, 00-and with varying accents.

G, like K, is subject to the error of lateral explosiveness before L,-glove, globe, &c. being pronounced dlove, dlobe, &c. There is no organic necessity to plead for this defect. The cure consists in rousing up the tongue to activity. G initial combines with w, r, l, and y; but very rarely with the first and last of these in English. G enters into combination with no initial articulation.

EXERCISES.

Initial.-Gay, gape, gate, gable, Gaelic, gaiter, gala, gain, gale, gaze, gauge, gibber, giddy, gig, guinea, gittern, gairish, guest, get,

geck, geese, gear, gabble, gadfly, gag, galaxy, gambol, gamble, gamut, ganglion, ghastly, gargarize, garb, garble, guard, guardian, garden, garland, garment, garnish, garter, garth, gird, girdle, girth, guerdon, girl, girlish, gudgeon, gulf, gulp, gullet, gumption, gun, gurgle, gush, gusset, gust, gutter, guzzle, guy, guise, guide, guidance, guile, guileful, gout, gown, goitre.

Between Vowels.-Eager, eagle, leaguer, regal, piggery, higgle, bigger, vigour, digging, nigger, giggle, wriggle, trigger, jigger, plaguy, pagan, vagous, jegget, beggar, legate, agate, haggle, magazine, baggage, maggot, vagabond, waggon, dagger, gaggle, laggard, ragged, jagged, sluggard, tugging, hugger-mugger, smuggle, drugget, rugged, juggle, maugre, augur, flogging, cogger, hoggish, boggle, dogged, noggin, goggle, logarithm, joggle, toga, roguish, frugal, sugar, bugle, tiger, bygone.

Gw.-Guelph, (guano, guava.)*

Gl.—Glee, glean, glebe, glede, gleek, glib, glimmer, glisten, glitter, glacial, glade, glaze, glave, glazier, glare, glairy, glen, glacier, glad, gladiate, gland, glandular, glance, glass, glut, glutton, glum, glauber, glaucoma, globule, glomerate, gloss, glossary, glottis, gloar, glory, glorious, glorify, glow, gloat, globe, gloze, glue, gluey, gluten, gloom, glucine, glide.

Gr.-Grease, greasy, greaves, greedy, Greek, greet, gregal, gremial, grief, grievance, gridiron, griffon, grig, grill, grim, grin, grisly, gritty, gristle, grape, graceful, gracious, great, grateful, greyhound, gray, graybeard, grave, gradient, grain, grail, grenadier, grapple, gracile, gratify, grabble, grammar, grampus, graphic, gravity, graduate, grand, granary, grallic, graft, grass, grasp, grub, grudge, gruff, grumble, grunt, groat, grogram, grotto, grovel, grow, grope, gross, grows, grove, groan, grew, gruel, group, groom, grumous, groove, gripe, grime, grise, grind, grouse, ground, groin. Gy.-Gules, gewgaw.

Before an Articulation.—Quagmire, agminal, bagman, magpie, ragman, segment, pigment, figment, sigma, enigma, rigmarole, dogmatise, zeugma, flags, plagues, intrigues, rogues, pegs, figs, frogs, mugs, jugs, exultation, exotic, exhibit, exempt, zigzag, exergue, exist, hogshead, fagged, bagged, gagged, pegged, begged,

* These words, perhaps most frequently among the educated, retain the Spanish sound goo, rather than take the English form gw. The distinction manifests the difference between the Articulation W and the Vowel oo, which many persons seem to have great difficulty in discriminating.

B b