laneous data. In the woolen mills of the State the following average

daily wages were paid in the different occupations:

MISCELLANEOUs.-Other subjects given consideration in the report are domestic help; education; accidents in factories, sawmills, and at logging; Chinese and Japanese; for each county of the State an account of its physical aspects, products, resources, transportation facilities, wages paid farm, ranch, and other labor, and various additional items of general information; and for each incorporated city and town its population, elevation, principal industries, transportation facilities, value of public buildings, cost of light and water service to consumers, cost of police and fire service, wages paid day labor, etc.

UTAH.

Reports of the Bureau of Statistics of the State of Utah for the years 1901 to 1906. Charles De Moisey, Commissioner (1901 to 1904); Fred W. Price, Commissioner (1905 and 1906). 6 vols.; 527 pp.

The law creating the Utah bureau of statistics became effective May 13, 1901, the duties of the bureau as set forth in the act being to collect, assort, systematize, and present in annual reports statistical details relating to agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and other industries of the State. The first report of the bureau (for the year 1901) was presented to the governor of the State on January 10, 1902.

Returns relating to statistics of agriculture show that for the fiveyear period 1901 to 1905 monthly wages, including board, of farm hands were as follows: In 1901 farm hands received an average wage of $29.25 per month, in 1902 an average wage of $29.78 per month, in 1903 an average wage of $30.01 per month, in 1904 an average wage of $31.10 per month, and in 1905 an average wage of $31.07 per

month. The average weekly wages, including board, of women employed in farmers' families were $2.48 per week in 1901, $2.64 per week in 1902, $2.88 per week in 1903, $3.08 per week in 1904, and $3.21 per week in 1905.

In 1903 there were 171 coal mines operated in the State, which produced 1,762,178 tons of coal, giving employment to 2,182 workmen, to whom were paid wages to the amount of $1,538,390. In 1904 there were 160 mines operated, which produced 1,563,274 tons of coal, giving employment to 2,215 workmen. In 1905 there were 151 mines operated, which produced 1,600,528 tons of coal, giving employment to 2,092 workmen. The average daily wages of miners in 1905 were $3.58; of inside laborers, $2.75; of outside laborers, $2.56. The amount and value of gold, silver, lead, and copper produced in the State from 1877 to 1905 are also shown.

Statistics relating to the mercantile institutions of the State are presented for the years 1902 to 1905. They are presented by counties and also by kind of business for the four principal counties and the two principal cities. The number of establishments reporting, kind of ownership, capital invested, volume. of business (wholesale and retail), percentage of sales inside and of sales outside the State, number of employees, totai and average weekly wages, and daily hours of labor are shown. The table following summarizes the principal statistics:

STATISTICS OF MERCANTILE INSTITUTIONS, 1902 TO 1905.

Returns from the various manufacturing industries of the State. are given, showing number of establishments reporting, capital invested, value of materials and products, number of employees, total wages paid, days in operation, daily hours of labor, percentage of product sold within the State, percentage of product sold without the State, etc. The table following presents for the year 1905 statistics relating to establishments, capital, product, employees, wages, and time.

For the year ending June 30, 1906, there was employed in the public schools of the State a total of 1,892 teachers-567 males and 1,325 females. Exclusive of those employed in the five principal cities, the average monthly salary of teachers was $69.17 for males and $48.50 for females. In Salt Lake City the average monthly salary of male teachers was $122 and of female teachers $66.01; in Ogden the average monthly salary was $89.41 for males and $47.96 for females.

RECENT FOREIGN STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS.

BELGIUM.

Monographies Industrielles. (Aperçu Economique, Technologique et Commercial.) XIV. Industries du Papier. Fabrication et Mise en Oeuvre du Papier et du Carton. Ministère de l'Industrie et du Travail, Office du Travail et Inspection de l'Industrie. 1906.

199 pp.

This volume is one of a series of monographs being prepared by the Belgian labor office on conditions existing in selected industries or groups of industries, considered from the economic, technical, and commercial standpoints. The present work relates to the paper industry, the first part relating to the conversion of the raw materials into paper and pasteboard and the second part to the working up of the same into finished products.

An introductory chapter is devoted to a statistical account of the industry, based on the industrial census of 1896 and showing the number of establishments, employees, hours of labor, and other facts relative to the different branches of paper manufacture in Belgium at that period.

The first part of the report describes the materials used, the various mechanical processes employed, and the different classes of finished products and contains a statement of the total production, exports, imports, and market value of paper and pasteboard during certain years, and a directory of establishments.

The second part of the report devotes a chapter to each of the following classes of paper products: Coated or saturated paper and pasteboard, paper and pasteboard ornamented in colors, writing paper and paper for cigarettes, paper and pasteboard for packing purposes, cardboard and articles made of paper, and fancy articles of paper. The description of each class of products is accompanied by an account of the materials used, the methods employed in manufacture, and the commercial value and destination of the output. A directory of manufacturing establishments is also given for each class of products. The volume contains numerous illustrations.

597

GERMANY.

Die Regelung der Notstandsarbeiten in deutschen Städten. Bearbeitet im Kaiserlichen Statistischen Amt, Abteilung für Arbeiterstatistik. Berlin, 1905. viii, 181 pp.

The purpose of this study, made by the Imperial statistical office, is to show the methods used at the present time by the principal German cities which have instituted relief or emergency work for the purpose of alleviating distress caused by inability to secure employment. On January 15, 1903, schedules were sent to 57 cities, containing inquiries as to the kinds of work selected for the unemployed, the conditions imposed on those accepting such work, the hours of labor, the wages paid, the wage system used, and the relative cost of work when carried on by the usual methods, as compared with the cost of the same work when done with the object of providing a means of livelihood for persons unable to secure employment. The information presented in the report is compiled from the data contained in the replies to these schedules of inquiries.

DEFINITION OF RELIEF WORK.-The term "relief work" (Notstandsarbeit) as used in this report is defined as meaning special work undertaken by the public authorities for the purpose of providing a source of income for able-bodied persons unable to secure employment in the usual channels. The inauguration of relief work assumes that a condition of unemployment exists which is unusual as regards (1) the number of persons out of work, (2) the length of time it has continued, and (3) its general character.

PERSONS AIDED.-Relief work in this sense is never instituted to provide for persons whose distress was caused by (1) strikes or lockouts or (2) the overcrowding of certain occupations or industries. Assistance in such cases must come from the regular charity departments of the municipalities. In some of the cities investigated persons accepting aid from the regular charity departments were not permitted to be assisted by the relief works. However, in most of the cities reporting, a close relation exists between the administration of the relief work and the municipal charity department. In particular, the investigation of the record of the applicant for work is generally done by the latter.

GENERAL REGULATIONS. It was found that 9 of the 57 cities investigated have issued general regulations directing that relief work shall always be instituted whenever certain conditions exist, and specifying the methods which shall be followed in the administration of the work. This systematic treatment of the subject is regarded by the writer of the report as an indication of the tendency to make relief work a permanent feature of municipal administration.