when it is necessary to make repairs to prevent the interruption of the ordinary running of the machinery, or when a different apportionment of the hours of labor is made for the sole purpose of making a shorter day's work for one day of the week; and in no case shall the hours of labor exceed fifty-four hours in a week. SEC. 2 (as amended by chapter 524, Acts of 1907). No minor under Night work. the age of sixteen years shall be employed or permitted to work in any mercantile institution, office, laundry, manufacturing establishment, or workshop between the hours of ten o'clock in the evening and six o'clock in the morning. Proviso. Permits. No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed in any Age limit. mercantile institution, office, laundry, manufacturing establishment, workshop, place of amusement, restaurant, hotel, apartment house, or in the distribution or transmission of merchandise or messages. Provided, That the judge of the juvenile court of the county, or city and county, or in any county or city and county in which there is no juvenile court, then any judge of the superior court of the county or city and county in which such child resides, shall have authority to issue a permit to work to any child over the age of twelve years, upon a sworn statement being made to him by the parent of such child that such child is past the age of twelve years, that the parents or parent of such child are incapacited for labor, through illness, and after investigation by a probation officer or truant officer of the city, or city and county, in which such child resides, or in cities and counties where there are no probation or truant officers, then by such other competent persons as the judge may designate for this purpose. The permit so issued shall specify the kind of labor and the time for which it is issued, and shall in no case be issued for a longer period than shall seem necessary to the judge issuing such permit. Such permit shall be kept on file by the person, firm or corporation employing the child therein designated, during the term of said employment, and shall be given up to said child upon his quitting such employment. Such certificate shall be always open to the inspection of the truant and probation officers of the city and county, city or county, in which the place of employment is situated or of the officers of the State bureau of labor statistics: * * * Attendance And provided, That the attendance officer of any county, city and county, or school district in which any place of employment, in this officer may inves section named, is situated, shall have the right and authority at all tigate. times to enter into any such place of employment for the purpose of investigating violations of the provisions of this act, Provided however, That if such attendance officer is denied entrance to such place of employment, any magistrate may, upon the filing of an affidavit by such attendance officer setting forth the fact that he has good cause to believe that the provisions of this act, are being violated * * * in such place of employment, issue an order directing such attendance officer to enter said place of employment for the purpose of making such investigations; And provided, That any such child, over the age of twelve years, may Vacation perbe employed at any of the occupations mentioned in this act during mits. the regular vacation of the public schools of the city, county, or city and county in which the place of employment is situated, upon the production of a permit signed by the principal of the school which such child has attended during the term next preceding any such vacation. Such permit shall contain the name and age of the child to whom it is issued, and the date of the termination of the vacation for which it is issued, and shall be kept on file by the employer during the period of employment, and at the termination of such employment shall be returned to the child to whom it was issued. No minor who is under sixteen years of age shall be employed or Illiterates. permitted to work at any gainful occupation during the hours that the public schools of the city, town or school district in which his place of employment is situated are in session, unless he or she can read English at sight and can write legibly and correctly simple English sentences, or unless he or she is a regular attendant for the then current term at a regularly conducted night school. A certificate of the principal of such school shall be held to be sufficient evidence of such attendance. List to be posted. Age and cates. SEC. 3. Every person, firm, or corporation employing minors under eighteen years of age, in any manufacturing establishment, shall post, and keep posted, in a conspicuous place in every room where such help is employed, a written or printed notice stating the number of hours per day for each day of the week required of such persons. Every person, firm, corporation, agent or officer of a firm or corporation employing or permitting minors under sixteen years and over fourteen years of age to work in any mercantile institution, office, laundry, manufacturing establishment, workshop, restaurant, hotel, apartment house, or in the distribution or transmission of merchandise or messages, shall keep a record of the names, ages, and places of residence of such minors, and shall have on file a certificate of age and schooling, as provided in this act, for every such minor so employed, said record and certificate to be open at all times to the inspection of those whose duty it is to enforce the provisions of the act. An age and schooling certificate shall be approved only by the schooling certifi-superintendent of schools of the city or city and county, or by a person authorized by him, in writing, or where there is no city or city and county superintendent of schools, by a person authorized by the local school trustees: Provided, That the superintendent or principal of any -school of recognized standing shall have the right to approve an age and schooling certificate, and shall have the same rights and powers as the superintendent of public schools to issue the certificate herein provided, for children attending such schools. The persons authorized to issue age and schooling certificates shall have the authority to administer the oaths necessary for carrying out the provisions of this act, but no fee shall be charged for issuing such certificates. An age and schooling certificate shall not be approved unless satisfactory evidence is furnished by the last school census, the certificate of birth or baptism of such child, the public register of birth of such child, or in some other manner, that such child is of the age stated in the certificate. A duplicate copy of each age and schooling certificate granted under the provisions of this act shall be kept by the person issuing such certificate, such copy to be filed with the county superintendent of schools in the county where the certificate was issued: Provided, That all such copies of certificates issued between June 25th and December 25th of any year shall be filed not later than December 31st of such year, and those issued between December 25th and June 25th of the ensuing year shall be filed not later than June 30th of each year. Such certificates shall be substantially in the following form, to wit: AGE AND SCHOOLING CERTIFICATE. This certifies that I am the (father, mother, or guardian) of (name of child), and that (he or she) was born at (name of town or city), in the county of (name of county, if known) and State (or country) of (name), on the (day and year of birth), and is now (number of years and of months) old. (Town or city, and date.) (Signature as provided in this act.) There personally appeared before me the above-named (name of person signing) and made oath that the foregoing certificate by (him or her) signed is true to the best of (his or her) knowledge and belief. I hereby approve the foregoing certificate of (name of child), height (feet and inches), complexion (fair or dark), hair (color), having no sufficient reason to doubt that (he or she) is of the age therein certified, and I hereby certify that (he or she) can or can not read English at sight, and can or can not write legibly simple sentences in the English language. (Signature of the person authorized to sign, with his (Town or city, and date.) This certificate belongs to (the person in whose behalf it is drawn), and it shall be surrendered to (him or her) whenever (he or she) leaves the services of the person, firm, or corporation holding the same. WOMAN AND CHILD LABOR LAWS-CALIFORNIA. The certificate as to the birthplace and age of the minor under sixteen and over fourteen years of age shall be signed by his father, his mother, his guardian; if a child has no father, mother, or guardian living in the same city or town, his own signature to the certificate may be accepted by the person authorized to approve the same. Every person authorized to sign the certificate prescribed by this act, who knowingly certifies to any false statement therein, is guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than five nor more than fifty dollars, or imprisoned not more than thirty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. SEC. 4. Any person, firm, corporation, agent, or officer of a firm or corporation that violates or omits to comply with any of the foregoing provisions of this act, or that employs, or suffers, or permits any minor to be employed in violation thereof, is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall, on conviction thereof be punished by a fine of not less than fifty dollars or more than two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than sixty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment, for each and every offense. A failure to produce any age and schooling certificate or permit, or to post any notice required by this act, shall be prima facie evidence of the illegal employment of any person whose age and schooling certificate or permit is not produced, or whose name is not so posted. Any fine collected under the provisions of this act shall be paid into the school funds of the county, or city and county, in which the offense occurred. Penalty. SEC. 5 (as amended by chapter 322, Acts of 1907). Nothing in this Agricultural, act shall be construed to prohibit the employment of minors at agricul- etc., labor. tural, horticultural, viticultural or domestic labor, during the time the public schools are not in session, or during other than school hours. For the purpose of this act, horticulture shall be understood to include the curing and drying, but not the canning, of all varieties of fruit. SEC. 6. It shall be the duty of the commissioner of the bureau of Enforcement. But any person labor statistics to enforce the provisions of this act. may lay an information before a magistrate of the commission of any public offense defined in this act. This act is constitutional. 86 Pac. Rep. 896. COLORADO. CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE 16.-Employment of children in mines. SECTION 2. The general assembly * * * shall prohibit the Age limit. employment in the mines of children under twelve years of age. [See section 2801h2, below.] MILLS' ANNOTATED STATUTES OF 1891 AND SUPPLEMENT Certain employments of children forbidden. Immoral, etc., SECTION 409. It shall be unlawful for any person having the care, custody or control of any child under the age of fourteen years, to occupations. exhibit, use or employ as an actor or performer in any concert hall or room where intoxicating liquors are sold or given away, or in any variety theater, or for any illegal, obscene, indecent or immoral purpose, exhibition or practice whatsoever, or for or in any business, exhibition or vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or limb of such child, or cause, procure or encourage such child to engage therein. Nothing in this section contained shall apply to or affect the employment or use of any such child as a singer or musician in any church, school or academy, or at any respectable entertainment, or the teaching or learning the science or practice of music. SEC. 410. It shall also be unlawful for any person to take, receive, Employing hire, employ, use, exhibit or have in custody any child under the age and for the purpose prohibited in the first section of this act. children. SEC. 412. Any person who shall be convicted of violating any of the Penalty. provisions of the preceding sections of this act, shall be fined not 27295-No. 73-08-2 hours. exceeding one hundred dollars, or be imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding three months, or both, in the discretion of the court; and upon conviction for a second or any subsequent offense, shall be fined not exceeding two hundred dollars, or be imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding six months. Employment of children while school is in session. Employment SECTION 417. It shall be unlawful for any person, persons or corpoduring schoolration to employ any child under the age of fourteen to labor in any business whatever during the school hours of any school day of the school term of the public school in the school district where such child is, unless such child shall have attended some public or private day school where instruction was given by a teacher qualified to instruct in those branches required to be taught in the public school of the State of Colorado, or shall have been regularly instructed at home in such branches, by some person qualified to instruct in the same, at least twelve weeks in each year, eight weeks at least of which shall be consecutive, and shall, at the time of such employment, deliver to the employer a certificate in writing, signed by the teacher, certifying to such attendance or instruction; and any person, persons, or corporation who shall employ any child contrary to the provisions of this section shall, upon conviction, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and fined in a sum not less than twenty-five (25) dollars nor more than fifty (50) dollars, and all fines so collected shall be paid into the county treasury, and placed to the credit of the school district in which the offense occurs. Enforcement. SEC. 420. It shall be the duty of any school director of the district to inquire into all cases of neglect of the duty prescribed in this act, and ascertain from the person neglecting, the reason, if any, therefor; and he shall forthwith proceed to secure the prosecution of any offense occuring under this act; and any director neglecting to secure such prosecution for such offense, within ten days after a written notice has been served on him by any taxpayer in said district, unless the person so complained of shall be excused by the district board of education for the reasons hereinbefore stated, shall, upon conviction, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and fined in a sum not less than ten nor more than fifty dollars; and such fine, when collected, shall be paid into the county treasury and placed to the credit of the school district in which the offense occurs. All actions for offenses committed under this act shall be prosecuted for in the name of the State of Colorado. SEC. 422. Two weeks' attendance, at half time or night school, shall be considered within the meaning of the article equivalent to an attendance of one week at a day school. Age of employment of telegraph operators on railroads. SECTION 1396a. No railroad company operating a line or lines of railroad within this State shall hire or employ any person or persons as telegraph operators for the purpose of receiving or transmitting telegraph messages or train orders for the movement of trains, unless said person or persons are at least eighteen (18) years of age, and who have had not less than one year's experience as a telegraph operator. SEC. 1396b. Any railroad company, its officers or agents, violating the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not less than one hundred dollars ($100) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000) for each and every offense. Hours of labor of women and children-Age limit. SECTION 2801e2. It shall be unlawful for any person, agent, firm, company, copartnership, or corporation to require any child, either boy or girl, of sixteen years of age or less, to labor or work in any mill, factory, manufacturing establishment, shop or store, or in or about coal or other mines, or any other occupation not herein enumerated which may be deemed unhealthful or dangerous, for a greater number than eight hours in the twenty-four hour day, except in cases where life or property is in imminent danger, or in the week before and following Christmas day: Provided, That any child between the age of fourteen and sixteen years coming within the provisions of this act may be exempted from the provisions thereof, if in the opinion of the judge of the county court of the county in which said child resides it would be for its best interests to be so exempted. Application may be made in writing to any county judge by any such child, its parent or guardian, to be granted such exemption, when it shall be the duty of such judge to hear the same and inquire particularly into the nature of the employment sought. No fees shall be charged or collected in any such case. Unhealthful SEC. 2801f2. All paper mills, cotton mills and factories where wearing apparel for men and women is made, ore reduction mills or smelt- occupations. ers, factories, shops of all kinds and stores may be held to be unhealthful and dangerous occupations within the meaning of this act at the discretion of the court. Hours of labor SEC. 2801g2. No woman of sixteen years of age or more shall be required to work or labor for a greater number than eight hours in of women. the twenty-four hour day, in any mill, factory, manufacturing establishment, shop, or store for any person, agent, firm, company, copartnership or corporation, where such labor, work or occupation, by its nature, requires the woman to stand or be upon her feet, in order to satisfactorily perform her labors, work or duty in such occupation and employment. in SEC. 2801h2. Any person who shall take, receive, hire or employ Age limit any child under the age of fourteen years in any underground works mines, factories, or mine, or in any smelter, mill or factory, shall be guilty of a mis-etc. demeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than fifty dollars, nor more than five hundred dollars, and shall be imprisoned in the county jail not less than thirty days, nor more than three months. The phrase, "any person," applies to corporations as well as to individuals, and corporations are liable for the unlawful employment of a child even though the employing official had been instructed not to employ any one under the prohibited age. 75 Pac. Rep. 924. SEC. 280112. Any person, agent, firm, company, copartnership or Penalty. corporation which shall violate any of the provisions of this act or shall require a greater number of hours of work or labor than herein specified of any child, either boy or girl, of sixteen years of age or less, in any employment or occupation herein enumerated, or any other which shall be deemed by the courts as unhealthful, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined in a sum of not less than one hundred dollars ($100) or more than five hundred dollars ($500), or be imprisoned in the county jail for not less than two, or more than four months, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court, for each offense. Enforce SEC. 2801j2. All district attorneys shall be required to make prosecutions for all violations of this act, upon the sworn complaint of any ment. reputable citizen that this act is being violated by any person, firm, company, copartnership or corporation. Earnings of married women. SECTION 3012. Any married woman may * * * perform any Earnings sep labor or services, on her sole and separate account, and the earnings arate property. * labor or services, shall be of any married woman, from her * * her sole and separate property, and may be used and invested by her * * * * acquired by Employment of women and children in mines. SECTION 3185.. * * * Νο * * * woman or girl of any age, Employment shall be permitted to enter any coal mine to work therein, nor any prohibited. person under the age of sixteen years, unless he can read and write. Seats for female employees. SECTION 3604. Every person, corporation or company employing Seats to be profemales in any manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establish-vided. ments in this State, shall provide suitable seats for the use of the |