with many lantern illustrations. It is hardly to be expected that the Discovery will reach home in time to enable Captain Scott to give an account of the work of the expedition. This is more likely to be the leading event of the following session.

A REUTER telegram from Vienna says: As a result of a long conflict between the AntiSemitic members of the Landtag and Count Kielmansegg, governor of Lower Austria, on the one hand, and the general body of Vienna physicians and university professors on the other, the members of the Vienna Medical Chamber, which is entrusted with the professional control of the doctors in this city, resigned en masse. The conflict began ostensibly over the question of vivisection, several members of the Landtag accusing the doctors of performing experiments on animals in a manner contrary to the provisions of the Vivisection Law. The doctors allege that the whole agitation is fostered by the Anti-Semites, who are generally hostile to science, and that the fact that large proportion of Vienna doctors are Jews tended greatly to increase the hostility of the Anti-Semites.

THE Bureau of Agriculture of the Philippines is organized with the following officers: F. Lamson-Scribner, Chief of Bureau; Seth Bohmanson, Chief Clerk; Harry H. Dell, Director of Animal Industry; A. P. Hayne, Director, Agricultural College and Experiment Station, Negros Occidental; A. J. Washburne, Manager of Stock Farm; Geo. M. Havice, Superintendent of Government Farm at San Raman, Mindanao; Wm. S. Lyon, in charge of Seed and Plant Introduction; Harry T. Edwards, Fiber Expert; Thomas Hanley, Expert in Tropical Agriculture; Wilfred J. Boudreau, in charge of Rice Investigations; James H. Shipley, Expert in Plant Culture; Zalmon K. Miller, Expert in Farm Management and Machinery; Thomas L. Richmond, Superintendent of Experiment Station in Manila.

UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS. THE president and fellows of IIarvard University have voted to fix the number of Austin

These

Teaching Fellowships at twenty-four. fellowships are not subject to application like other fellowships and scholarships, but are treated like assistantships and annual instructorships as regards the manner of appointment. Of the twenty-four fellowships, twenty are under the faculty of arts and sciences, and four under the faculty of medicine.

THE special course in agriculture, which has been given at the Scientific School of Yale University for twenty-five-years, has been discontinued on account of the retirement of Professor Brewer.

THE Prussian Ministry of Public Instruction is preparing a work on German education The book is to for the St. Louis Exposition. contain a complete account of German instruction in all its branches at the present time, and also an account of its historical development. There will be over a hundred contributors, the introduction being written by Professor Paulsen.

THE University of Edinburgh has received a gift by Dr. Henry Barnes, Carlisle, of MS. letters of Boerhaave.

MESSRS. W. R. RANSOM and E. C. Froelich have been appointed instructors in mathematics in Harvard University.

PAUL B. BIRD has been appointed instructor in marine engineering at Cornell University.

LEO R. A. SUPPAN, Ph.G., formerly of the Rolla School of Mines in Missouri, has been elected instructor in chemistry in the St. Louis College of Pharmacy. He thus becomes associated with the recently elected professor of chemistry, Dr. Charles E. Caspari.

MR. W. E. WILLIAMS, B.Sc., of the University College of North Wales, has been elected fellow of the University of Wales for 1904. He proposes as his subject of investigation, to be carried on at Glasgow University, 'The Effect of Magnetization on the Electrical Properties of Nickel Steel.'

MR. BERTRAM HOPKINSON, M.A., of Trinity College, has been elected professor of mechanism and applied mechanics at Cambridge, in place of Professor J. A. Ewing, resigned. Mr. Hopkinson is the son of the late Mr. John Hopkinson, the engineer.

+ Included in scientific schools. Included in college statistics. Included in college statistics.

stitutions of national repute. The figures have been obtained from the proper officials of the universities concerned, and are as accurate as statistics of this nature can be made. Changes are constantly taking place in the enrolment at most of these institutions, but they are not far-reaching enough to affect the general result.

According to the revised figures of last year, the nineteen universities enumerated ranked as follows:

Harvard, Columbia, Chicago, California, Michigan, Minnesota, Cornell, Illinois, Wisconsin, Northwestern, Yale, Pennsylvania, Nebraska, Syracuse, Indiana, Leland Stanford, Missouri, Princeton, Johns Hopkins. Comparing this with the present order, we shall find that there has been no change in the relative positions of the three largest universities, Harvard, Columbia and Chicago, but that Michigan has passed California, while Illinois has passed both Minnesota and Cornell. Wisconsin occupies the same position as last year, but Yale has passed Northwestern. Pennsylvania, Nebraska and Syracuse follow in the same order, Ohio State University, which is in

serted for the first time this year, preceding Indiana, Missouri, Princeton, Leland Stanford and Johns Hopkins in the order named. The fact must not be lost sight of that numbers are not necessarily a criterion of general excellence or high standards, features with which this article does not attempt to deal. However, the fact that a university like Johns Hopkins is included in the statistics will prove that mere numbers have not unduly influenced the selection of the institutions here tabulated.

As far as the changes in the enrolment of the different universities are concerned, Harvard shows a considerable net increase, due almost entirely to the expansion of the summer session from 945 in 1902 to 1,392 in 1903. This increase must be attributed. in large part to the Convention of the National Educational Association held in Boston early in July. Harvard's law school shows a gain of almost 100, thus eloquently demonstrating that increased standards of admission to the professional schools are not kept waiting long for merited recognition from the student body.

To be sure, the Harvard Medical School shows a loss of 65 as compared with last year, owing in part to the operation since 1901 of the requirement of a baccalaureate degree, or its equivalent, for admission, but we shall see below that this loss in the medical school enrolment may be due to other causes. Harvard College and the Lawrence Scientific School show a slight falling off over last year, while there has been a gain in the divinity school and the graduate faculties.

At Columbia also the increase in the total enrolment is due almost entirely to the growth of the summer session, the attendance at which increased from 643 in 1902 to 1,001 in 1903. The registration of the law school shows a falling off of 81, due to the requirements of the baccalaureate degree for admission for the first time this fall. The attendance at the school of medicine has decreased over 100, a loss that can in large part be attributed to increased standards for admission. With the opening of the present academic year, higher entrance requirements went into effect, whereby the minimum condition for admission to this faculty consists not, as heretofore, in the passing of examinations conducted by the regents of the university of the state in certain specified subjects, and the obtaining thereby of a medical student's certificate, but in the passing of an examination conducted either by the College Entrance Examination Board or by the Committee on Entrance Examinations of Columbia University. In every case the increase in requirements has had a gratifying effect on the quality of the first-year class. The graduate schools of Columbia University are growing very rapidly and show an increase of more than 100 over 1902. The extension students, of which there were 1,196 in 1902, have been omitted in this year's table, but even if the extension students were included, Columbia's

registration would not be as large as that of Harvard.

The figures of the University of Chicago point to a slight decrease in the total enrolment, most of which is due to a falling off in the college and the faculty of medicine. The summer session shows a loss of over 100, but, as is well known, the summer session at the University of Chicago does not bear the same relation to the remaining terms as it does at Harvard or Columbia and most of the other institutions here represented, being regarded as a regular semester fitting into the scheme of the entire year's work.

Of

The attendance at the University of Michigan has increased somewhat over last year, the largest gains being found in the scientific schools and the summer session. The faculties of law, dentistry and pharmacy all show a falling off. the 448 medical students, 66 are enrolled in the homeopathic division. In the case of the University of Michigan, as well as of several others, no accurate figures could be obtained for the number of summer session students who returned for work in the fall and who should be deducted under double registration. In all such cases the deduction is based upon a fair estimate.

The increase at the University of California is only slight, there being a loss in medicine and dentistry and in the college and scientific schools, which loss, however, is more than compensated for by slight gains in other departments.

In the case of the University of Illinois the gain of over 700 must be attributed chiefly to the fact that the Chicago College of Dental Surgery, formerly an independent institution, became a part of the university at the beginning of the year. However, there has been considerable gain in the scientific school and the department of agriculture, whereas the increase in the

The increase at the University of Minnesota is small and is to be found almost entirely in the department of agriculture. The slight decrease in the number of male college students is more than made up by the increase of the number of women enrolled in the college. The law school has remained stationary, the scientific schools show an increase, and the medical faculty, the departments of dentistry and pharmacy, the graduate schools and the summer session, show a falling off in attendance.

At Cornell there has been a slight increase in the total attendance, and the typhoid epidemic of last year has apparently not affected the attendance to any great degree. There has been a decrease in the college, the faculty of medicine and the graduate schools. The department of forestry has been abolished and the summer session shows a decrease over last year. In the case of Cornell, also, the total is not quite accurate, inasmuch as no exact figures were given with regard to double registration.

Wisconsin shows considerable gains all along the line, with the exception of the graduate schools and the law faculty, the total enrolment being more than 300 in excess of that of last year.

The attendance at Yale has also increased over last year, the gains appearing in the college, the Sheffield Scientific School and the department of forestry. The medical and the graduate schools have remained stationary, while the law school and the schools of art, music and divinity show a decrease in enrolment.

There has been a decrease in the attendance at Northwestern University, a considerable portion of which is to be found in the faculties of medicine and dentistry. This decrease in attendance at the medical school may be attributed to two causes,

standards of admission. The 100 students listed under 'Other Courses' are students in oratory. The college and the law school show an increase, while the graduate schools, the divinity school and the department of pharmacy have remained stationary.

Pennsylvania shows a slight increase in the net total enrolment, due almost entirely to gains in the college and scientific schools. Law and dentistry have fallen off, whereas medicine and the graduate schools have remained stationary. The 165 students appearing under 'Teachers College' are attending courses for teachers.

At the Universities of Nebraska and Indiana there has been a slight decrease; Leland Stanford, Jr., has remained virtually stationary; while Syracuse, Missouri, Princeton and Johns Hopkins show an increase over the attendance of last year.

Comparing the attendance in the various departments with the figures for last year, the most striking fact is the decided decrease in the schools of medicine all along the line. In a number of institutions increased requirements have had something to do with this loss, yet the higher standards of admission alone can not be held accountable. The question arises whether this loss may not be due to a circumstance to which Professor Brouardel, of Paris, points in a recent investigation. He claims that the superabundance of physicians going hand in hand with a shortage of patients must be attributed to a decrease in the number of illnesses, a decrease due to the application of modern methods of preventive medicine.* The increase in the cost of procuring a medical education no

* Cf. Walter B. James, 'The Old and the New Medicine,' Columbia University Quarterly, Vol. VI., No. 1, p. 13. At McGill University, Montreal, Canada, the enrolment in the medical school also shows a decrease.