VIII. Principal items of Revenue and | vincial revenue, 20,935l.; customs' duties Expenditure in British Colonies in the under imperial acts, 15,0017. Expendiyear 1842. ture:-Civil list, 13,050l.; pay and expense of legislature, 69917.; collection and protection of revenue, 32027.; parish and Madras schools, 12,4801.; college and grammar schools, 20251.; roads, 63731.; bye roads and bridges, 14,8537. Revenue: Gibraltar. Revenue - Wine duty, 27177.; spirit duty, 81017.; auction fees, 32071.; ground and house rents, 38361.; post rates and duties, 58067.; licences on taverns and wine-houses, 3153l. Expenditure:-Government, 50137.; post department, 50317.; police, 38897.; revenue department, 35271.; judicial, 2975l.; civil secretary's department, 18627. Malta. Revenue: Import duties, 81,6491.; tonnage dues, 46187.; quarantine dues, 38551.; post-office, 24311. Expenditure: - -Governor's establishment, 51771.; chief secretary's office, 31427.; courts of justice, 6575l.; interior police, 73741.; marine police and quarantine, 62407.; University and Lyceum, 26797.; primary schools, 6791.; charitable institutions, 41731.; pensions, 9920l.; alms to the poor, 30861.; hospitals and asylums, 90617. Canada. Revenue:-Customs, 238,7841.; excise, 27,6177.; territorial, 31,6487.; public works, 11,1601.; American Land Company, 10,000l. Expenditure:-Governorgeneral, 69371.; judicial establishment, 15,6667.; pensions and salaries of crown officers and contingencies, 22,716l.; chief secretary, provincial secretaries (east and west) and their offices, and registrar, 12,9817., &c. &c., making a total for civil establishments of 74,5661. which is provided for in the Union Act. The chief expenses provided by provincial enactments are,-Legislature, 14,4231.; interest on loans, 68,5541.; education, 20,4781.; rural police, 10,999l.; improving navigation, 11,0297.; hospitals and charities, 11,0647.; printing laws, &c., 95871.; roads and bridges, 49177.; public works, 179,2917.; emigration, 12,3887. Nova Scotia. Revenue: Customs, 30,9371.; excise, 35,0227.; rents, &c. of coal-mines, 43891. Expenditure:-Governor and civil establishment, exclusive of customs, 11,374l.; judicial, 5614l.; ecclesiastical, 7640l. ; custom-house, 10,0697.; legislature, 47071.; roads and bridges, 27,3191.; grammar schools, 10957.; common schools, 10951.; colleges, 12251. New Brunswick. Revenue :- - Pro Prince Edward's Island. Customs, 59317.; land assessment, 18967. ; parliamentary grant, 30701.; governor, judicial and civil establishments, 51167.; roads, bridges, &c., 53871. Newfoundland. Revenue :-Customs, 41,1197. Expenditure:- Civil departments, 24,611., including customs' establishment, 60381.; courts of law, 58371.; police, 37851.; legislature, 32551. Bermudas. Revenue:-Customs, 75821.; parliamentary-grant salaries, 40497. Expenditure:-Civil establishments, 10,718, including 29887. for the governor and his establishment. Honduras. The principal item of revenue is 47217. duty on wines, spirits, and cordials. St. Helena. Customs' revenue, 64417.; harbour dues, 25551.; and the total expense of the civil establishments is 14,0641. Revenue:- - Sea customs, Ceylon. 90,4761.; land customs, 10,305., principally bridge and ferry tolls; land rents, 43,3187.; licences for arrack and toddy farms, 44,7681., and for salt farms, 31,3221.; stamps, 17,5601.; postage, 51637. Expenditure:-Governor, 71007.; archdeacon of Colombo, 72071.; schools, 33187.; with other items in the civil department, 95,1277.; judicial establishment, 47,6031. ; revenue department, 49,784; military expenditure, part of which is defrayed by the imperial government, 97,000l. Cape of Good Hope. There are assessed taxes on servants, horses, carriages, a capitation and an income tax, which produce 76321.; stamps, 19,2887.; customs, 56,4851.; auctions, 11,6271.; post-office, 64541. The expense of the civil establishments was 17,817.; judicial, 10,7991.; revenue and magistracy, 22,5841.; church establishments, 80491.; post-office, 57691.; police, 58617. Sierra Leone. The customs' duties were 75841., and the greater part of the disbursements are paid out of parliamentary grants. The expenses of the liberated African department were upwards of 9000l. crown New South Wales. Revenue :-Sydney, Spirits imported, 107,9241., and 51557. on spirits distilled; tobacco duty, 41,2221.; duties ad valorem on foreign goods, 24,9441.; post-office, 17,2661.; auctions, 10,0941.; spirit licences, 15,2751.; assessments on stock beyond the limits of location, 15,3577. Port Philip revenue :Spirits, 41,510.; tobacco, 10,394l.: ad valorem duties, 72291.; spirit licences, 29231.; assessments on stock, 6107. In the Sydney district the proceeds of land sales were 11,3871.; quit-rents, 14,855l.; licences to depasture-stock on lands, 87821. In the district of Port Philip the sale of land produced 17,7287.; pasture licences, 77751. The cost of the civil establishments was 93,505l., which included 20,0531. for the surveyor-general's department; 12,000l., colonial engineer; 18,484., post-office. The judicial department cost 23,8127.; police, 77,8821.; | gaols, 10,2421.; clergy, 18,144., which included payments to the Established Church, Presbyterians, Wesleyans, and Roman Catholics; and 75681. was paid on account of the schools belonging to those religious denominations; and the sum of 12,8671. was contributed towards erecting their churches and chapels, and dwellings for their ministers. Bounties on immigration at Sydney, 143,413l.; at Port Philip, 99,492l. There were other disbursements on account of Port Philip amounting to 59,0077. Van Diemen's Land.-Revenue from Customs, 80,9691.; Post-office, 73211.; retail wine and spirit licences, 6550l.; quit rents, 34231.; land sales, 30,5187. Expenditure: Governor and judges, 53511.; Customs establishment, 50241.; Post-office, 60811.; police, 36,3951.; courts of law and their officers, 97751.; public works, roads, bridges, and public buildings, 20,571.; Church of England, 10,8641.; Church of Scotland, 26971.; Church of Rome, 18731.; Queen's Orphan Schools, 56831.; day-schools, 37751.; Wesleyan and Methodist missions, 5251. Western Australia.-The sum of 44931. was received on imported spirits, and there are other import duties and various licences. The total expense of the civil establishment was 97787., and the largest items were 17291. maintenance of a colonial vessel, and 16061. for the survey department. South Australia.-The sum of 36,6071. was received on account of drafts drawn on the home government; and the principal items of local revenue were, Customs' duties on spirits, 85027.; on tobacco, 35041.; licences, 2271.; land sales, 17,830l. The total expenses of the civil establishment amounted to 34,4107., which includes 17257., governor and judge; survey department, 34341.; Customs, 22791.; harbour department, 20197.; police, 85517. Jamaica. The principal items of receipt are given under the following heads:-Additional Duty Act, 18,2521.; Customs' Tonnage Act, 14,200l.; Import and Export Act, 127,821.; Land-tax Act, 19,9801.; Rum Duty Act, 43,2391.; Stamp Duty Act, 48001.; Sugar Duty Act for island consumption, 8596l.; and a similar duty on coffee, 7501.; Tea Duty Act, 12901.; tax on stock, wheels, hereditaments, rent, trade, dogs, &c. &c., 66,5871. Expenditure:-Revenue establishments, 35,4951.; clergy stipends, 11,500l.; curates' stipends, 15,963l.; police, 41,3997.; immigration, 33,3231.; public hospital, 11,3711.; roads and bridges, 10,1061.; military, 15,166.; judicature, 55,3337.; Assembly, 39691.; governor, his secretary and island agent, 12,0787., but in this sum the salaries of five quarters are included. The debt of the island was 613,2971. British Guiana. - Tax on income, 12,5581.; on produce, 47,9087.; wine and spirit duties, 14,2297.; import duty, 66,160l.; rum duty, 25,1897.; spirit retail licences, 15,039.; shop-tax, 1551l.; huckster licences, 32417.; colony crafttax, 10861. Expenditure:-Civil List, 36,6217.; police, 29,4577.; gaols, 89067.; colonial hospital, 9010l.; immigration, 39,624l.; penal settlement expenses, 7515l.; grants to the Established, Dutch, and Roman Catholic churches. Trinidad.-There are several kinds of import duties, and under the head "foreign duties on imports" the receipts were and spirit duty, 1495l.; tonnage duty, 39301; export duties, 13,7457.; fees of public offices, 41827.; spirit licences, 32001. The civil, judicial, ecclesiastical, and police establishments cost 33,8941. Other West India Islands.-It is not necessary to give details of the revenue and expenditure of each island. The revenue is principally derived from customs duties, licences, export duties on island produce, direct taxes, licences, and some other sources; and it is expended in defraying the cost of civil establishments, improvement of roads, and for churches, schools, &c. &c. 17,5071.; import duties, 88347.; wines | two or more masters, or of any two or more workmen, to lower or raise wages, or to increase or diminish the number of hours of work, or quantity of work to be done, was punishable at common law as a misdemeanor: and there were also thirty-five statutes in existence, most of them applying to particular trades, prohibiting combinations of workmen against masters. The act passed in 1824 (5 Geo. IV. c. 95) repealed all the statute and common law against combinations of masters and of workmen, provided a summary mode of conviction, and a punishment not exceeding two months' imprisonment for violent interference with workmen or masters, and for combinations for violent interference; and contained a proviso with regard to combinations for violent interference, that no law in force with regard to them should be altered or affected by the act. But all the common law against combinations being repealed by the act, this proviso was considered as of no force; and the act also went beyond the intentions of the framers in legalizing combinations unattended with violence for the purpose of controlling masters in the mode of carrying on their trades and manufactures, as well as peaceable combinations to procure advance of wages or reduction of hours of work. The act was passed after an inquiry into the subject by a committee presided over by Mr. Hume, which reported to the house the following among other resolutions : Mauritius. Revenue of Customs: Imports, 53,9681.; exports, 37,9021.; port collections, 14,3121.; direct taxes, 52691.; licences, 35,1367.; registration fees, 33,1627.; stamps, 52407.; canteens, 90701. Expenditure:-Civil List, 26,000l.; judicial, 32,0501.; ecclesiastical, 32731. The mother-country does not levy taxes or duties in any colony except for their use; but the colonies do not usually defray all the cost of their own establishments, and the sum of about 400,000l. a-year is annually voted by parliament for colonial establishments. The colonial revenues are expended in salaries, and in maintaining establishments which are often not only expensive, but sometimes nearly useless. The charges of collecting colonial revenues are frequently greater than the produce of the revenue. The sum of 166,0671. of the public money was voted by Parliament in 1838 for religious establishments in the colonies: of this sum 134,450l. was for the established church; church of Scotland 99671.; Roman Catholic church 14,7631.; Dutch church 68861.; besides 21751. to Jews, Baptists, and Wesleyans for religious purposes. But it is the drain upon the military resources of the mother-country which render the British colonies so heavy a burden. From 1839 to 1843 inclusive, the charges incurred on account of Canada in respect of the army, navy, ordnance, and commissariat, was 5,532,9571. (Parl. Paper, 304 Sess. 1844.) COMBINATION LAWS. The laws known by this name were repealed in 1824. Till then any combination of any : "That the masters have often united and combined to lower the rates of their workmen's wages, as well as to resist a demand for an increase, and to regulate their hours of working, and sometimes to discharge their workmen who would not consent to the conditions offered to them; which have been followed by suspension of work, riotous proceedings, and acts of violence. "That prosecutions have frequently been carried on under the statute and the common law against the workmen, and many of them have suffered different periods of imprisonment for combining and conspiring to raise their wages, or to resist their reduction, and to regulate their hours of working. "That several instances have been stated to the committee of prosecutions | lence or threats to make a workman leave against masters for combining to lower his hiring, or return work unfinished, or wages, and to regulate the hours of work- refuse to accept work, or belong to any ing; but no instance has been adduced of club, or contribute to any common fund, any master having been punished for that or pay any fine for not belonging to a club, offence. or contributing to a common fund, or refusing to conform to any rules made for advance of wages or lessening of the hours of work, or regulations of the mode of carrying on any business, and for any one using violence to make any master alter his mode of carrying on his business. "That it is the opinion of this committee that masters and workmen should be freed from such restrictions as regard the rate of wages and the hours of working, and be left at perfect liberty to make such agreements as they may mutually think proper. "That therefore the statute laws which interfere in these particulars between masters and workmen should be repealed; and also that the common law, under which a peaceable meeting of masters or workmen may be prosecuted as a conspiracy, should be altered." Immediately after the passing of this act a number of widely organized and formidable combinations arose in various trades and manufactures for the purpose of controlling the masters as to the way in which they should conduct their business; and the extent to which the act had repealed the common law being doubtful, and the act having clearly gone beyond the resolutions on which it was grounded in legalizing combinations, Mr. Huskisson, then President of the Board | of Trade, moved early in the session of 1825 for a committee to consider the effects of the act 5 Geo. IV. c. 95; and a committee was appointed with Mr. (afterwards Lord) Wallace, then VicePresident of the Board of Trade, for its chairman. This committee recommended the repeal of the act of the previous session, and the enactment of another; and in consequence of their recommendation the 6 Geo. IV. c. 129, was passed, which is the act now in force relative to combinations. This act repealed the 5 Geo. IV. c. 95, and all the statutes which that act had repealed. It relieved from all prosecution and punishment persons meeting solely to consult upon rate of wages or hours of work, or entering into any agreement, verbal or written, on these points. And it provided a punishment of not more than three months' imprisonment, with or without hard labour, for any one using vio By the act 6 Geo. IV. c. 129, therefore, combinations of masters and workmen to settle as to rate of wages and hours of labour are made legal and freed from all punishment; but the common law remains as it was as to combinations for otherwise controlling masters. By 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, assaults in pursuance of a combination to raise the rate of wages are made punishable by imprisonment and hard labour. A committee of the House of Commons sat in 1838, presided over by Sir Henry Parnell, to consider the effect of combinations of workmen; but nothing followed from this committee. COMMANDER. [CAPTAIN.] COMMANDERY, a species of benefice attached to certain foreign military Orders, usually conferred on knights who had done them some especial service. According to Furetière, these Commanderies were of different kinds and degrees, as the statutes of the different orders directed. The name of Commandery in the Order of St. Louis was given to the pension which the King of France formerly assigned to twenty-four commanders of that order, of whom eight received 4000, and sixteen 3000 livres each. The Order of Malta had commanderies of justice, which a knight obtained from long standing; and others of favour, of which the grand master had the power of disposal. In England, commanderies were the same amongst the Knights Hospitallers as preceptories had been among the Knights Templars: they were societies of those knights placed upon some of their estates in the country under the government of a commander, who were allowed proper maintenance out of the revenues under their care, and accounted | ing executors to persons deceased, a function resembling the granting of letters of administration in England. By 4 Geo. IV. c. 97, the functions of the provincial commissaries were vested in the sheriffs of the respective counties, who, before the passing of that act, were usually appointed the commissaries of their districts. By 11 Geo. IV. 1 Wm. IV. c. 69, the jurisdiction of the commissaries of Edinburgh, as above, was vested in the Court of Session. for the remainder to the grand prior at London. At the dissolution of religious houses, in the time of Henry VIII., there were more than fifty of these commanderies in England, subordinate to the great priory of St. John of Jerusalem. A few of these held productive estates, and had even the appearance of be ing separate corporations, so much so as to have a common seal; but, the greater part were little more than farms or granges. The Templars' term of preceptory was as frequently used to designate these establishments as the term commandery. (Furetière, Dictionnaire Universel; Tanner, Notitia Monastica, edit. 1787, pref. p. xvii.; Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum, last edit. vol. vi. pp. 786, 800.) COMMENDAM. [BENEFICE, p. 350.] COMMISSARY, an officer who is delegated by a bishop to act in a particular part of the diocese, to exercise jurisdiction similar in kind to that exercised by the chancellor of the diocese in the consistory court of the diocese. A commissary has, generally speaking, the authority of official principal and vicargeneral within his limits. An appeal lies from his decisions to the metropolitan. In some dioceses there is a commissary court for each archdeaconry. The commissarial courts were established for the convenience of the people in parts of the diocese remote from the consistory court. A commissary must be learned in the civil and ecclesiastical law, a master of arts or bachelor of law, not under the age of twenty-six, and he must subscribe the Thirty-nine articles (Canon 127). In Scotland the same classes of questions which in other parts of Europe were arrogated to the ecclesiastical judicatories came under the authority of the bishop's courts while the episcopal polity continued, and subsequently devolved on special judges, who were called commissaries. The four commissaries of Edinburgh_constituted the Supreme Commissary Court, which had jurisdiction in questions of divorce, and of declarations of the existence or non-existence of marriage. The district commissaries had the administrative authority of confirm COMMISSION. This word appears to be used generally to express the instrument by which authority is delegated by one person to another; and it is particularly used to express the instrument by which the crown gives authority to a person or persons to do any act. A commission, then, is a warrant or letter patent by which a person is empowered, or persons are empowered, to do any act, either ordinary or extraordinary. Some commissions in England issue from the king under the Great Seal, and others are only signed by the king. There was formerly a High Commission Court, but it was abolished by 16 Charles I. c. 11, and 13 Charles II. c. 2. An enumeration of some of the principal kinds of commissions will show the nature of the power thereby given, and the objects of it : Commissions of Oyer and Terminer, and Gaol Delivery. [ASSIZE.] Commission of Lunacy. [LUNACY.] Commission of the Peace. [JUSTICES OF THE PEACE.] Commissions, Naval and Military, and others. [COMMISSIONS, MILITARY.] COMMISSION. [AGENT; BROKER; FACTOR.] COMMISSION ECCLESIASTICAL. [ECCLESIASTICAL COMMISSION.] COMMISSION, in military affairs, is the document by which an officer is authorized to perform duty for the service of the state. In England in former times the regular mode of assembling an army, either to resist an invading enemy, or to accompany the king on a foreign expedition, was by sending a royal command to the chief barons and the spiritual lords, that they should meet at a given time and |