infantine suffering, is the mother's best hope, and should be her unshaken reliance. The time a child should be kept in a hot bath should seldom exceed two minutes; and, as the object is to unload some congested organ, or to relieve certain parts of their excess of blood by causing a rapid determination to the skin, the water should be hot enough to produce this effect as instantaneously as possible. When diarrhoea continues in despite of the hot bath, a little magnesia or a few grains of prepared chalk may be given two or three times a day until the excessive action is checked; or if unabated by these means, a few drops of tincture of kino is to be administered, as prescribed for diarrhoea. -See BATH, CONVULSIONS, DIARRHEA, SCARLET FEVER, &c.

towards the centre of the speculum. The reflecting telescope executed by Lord Rosse, in 1842, is fifty-six feet long, and its speculum is six feet in diameter. It is capable of being directed from the zenith to the horizon towards the south, and from the zenith to a position parallel to the earth's axis towards the north; it has also a movement in azimuth of about eight degrees on each side of the meridian. The Great Exhi bition contains a noble telescope by Mr. Ross, which is considered the largest ever constructed on the refractive principle. Telescopes are, generally speaking, expersive instruments; but a cheap telescope for observing heavenly bodies may be con structed as follows:-Procure from an optician a thirty-five inch object-glass (that is, TELESCOPE.-The telescope invented a convex glass which produces a focus of by Galileo consisted of one convex lens and the sun's rays at the distance of thirty-six one concave lens, the distance between them inches) and a one-inch eye-glass (that is, s being equal to the difference between the convex glass producing a focus at one inch focal lengths of the two lenses. This is the Employ a tin-plate worker to make two tin construction of what is called an opera tubes, one thirty inches long, and about in glass; and the Galilean telescope is now inch and a quarter in diameter; the other. used chiefly for viewing objects within a ten or twelve inches long, and its diameter theatre or an apartment, since, if conside- such that it will just slide comfortably inside rable magnifying power were given to it, the the larger. The inside of these tubes should extent of the field of view would be very be first painted, or lined with a dull black small. A simple telescope may also be con- At the end of the larger tube an ingenious structed by means of two convex lenses, workman will have no difficulty in securing which are placed at a distance from one the object-glass, so that not more than a another equal to the sum of their focal inch diameter of it shall be exposed, and st lengths. In order to afford a view of objects the end of the smaller tube the eye-glas in the same position as they appear to have must be fixed. When the open end of ot when seen by the naked eye, Mr. Dollond tube is inserted in the open end of the other, employed an eye-tube containing four lenses; so that the two glasses shall be about thirty whereas in the eye-piece invented by Huy-seven inches apart, a telescope will be found ghens, which is used in most astronomical telescopes, there are only two lenses, and objects are seen inverted. In reflecting telescopes, a speculum at one extremity of the tube serves the purpose of the objectglass in refracting telescopes, by forming an Image at its focus, and the image so formed is viewed by the eye through intermediate reflectors. The Newtonian reflecting telescopes have one concave speculum at the bottom of the tube; and the rays reflected from it fall in a convergent state upon a small plane mirror, placed so as to make an angle of forty-five degrees with the axis of the telescope. After the second reflection the rays unite and form an image, which is viewed through a Huyghenian eye-piece fixed in the side of the tube opposite the plane mirror, that is, near the open end of the tube. In the Gregorian reflecting telescopes the second reflection is given by a second concave mirror, the face of which is towards the observer. The telescope constructed by the late Sir Wm. Herschel differed from the Newtonian telescopes only in having no small mirror. The surface of the great speculum, which was four feet in diameter. had a small obliquity to the axis, so that the image formed by reflection from it fell near the lower side of the tube at its open end; at this place there was a sliding apparatus, which carried a tube containing the eye-glasses. The observer, in viewing, was situated at the open end of the tube, with his back to the object, and he looked directly

which will magnify the diameter of objects thirty-six times: or, in other words, will make the heavenly objects appear thirty-six times nearer. With such a telescope the satellites of Jupiter, the crescent of Venus, and the irregularities of the surface of the mo may be distinguished. It must be observed that with this instrument all objects w appear inverted; but with regard to celestial objects, this is of no importance. This tele scope will cost about four shillings; bat for twice that sum a very much superior o may be constructed by obtaining a large and better object-glass, of forty to fortyeight inches focal distance, the cost of which is three shillings and sixpence, retaining the one-inch eye-glass, and having the tu made to suit the additional greater length of focus and diameter of object-glass. The pos session of such a telescope may add greaty to the pleasure and instruction of those whe have any taste for the sublime and beautiful facts of astronomy.

TENANT. This term is here considered as the holder of lands or tenements. A tenant at will is a person who holds lands tenements at the will or pleasure of the lessor. This tenancy at will, however, is st the will of both parties, for either may determine the holding, and quit his connection with the other, at his own pleasure If, however, the landlord puts his tenant st will out after he has sown his land, the lessee may claim free ingress, egress, and regress to cut and carry away the profits.

unite the fractured or divided edges. In a bone, this takes from six to twelve weeks; but, in a tendon, it may be completed in from three to six. When it is a simple tear or fracture, the leg is doubled back on the thigh, stretching out the foot to the utmost length of the toes, and by means of a splint laid underneath, with detached bandages of tape, securing the limb in that position. When the injury has been inflicted by a knife or cutting instrument, though the treatment is the same as regards the position of the limb, yet, as the skin is also divided, and being loose, might get between the uniting tendon, it will be necessary-having put the leg in a proper situation-to gather up the skin on each side of the incision, and sew

are rather rough coated; but a few others are smooth. These, by being crossed with the bull-dog, have inherited undaunted courage in attacking the higher order of vermin, as the badger, &c. A small variety of terrier, with crooked legs, is also some times used for hunting rabbits in cover, and is extremely useful in woods; for the rabbits, as though sensible of the want of speed in their pursuers, retreat before them so slowly as to present a ready mark for the sportsman's aim.

TETANUS.-This disease, commonly called rigid spasm, or lock-jaw, is a violent contraction of the muscles of voluntary mo tion, attended with tension and extreme rigidity of the parts affected, and receiving particular names from the portion or part of the body affected; thus, when all the muscles of volition are affected in one invi sible spasm, the disease is called teta When the body is bent forward, by the spasm seizing only the anterior muscles: when it is bent backwards like a bow, the body resting on the heels and the top of the head, by the disease affecting the opposite class of muscles; or when it is drawn into an arch on the right or the left side, accordingly as each separate set of muscles are contracted. Besides these four, there is however, another form, and, as being more frequently met with, of more importance to the general public: and that is that form of tetanus affecting the muscles of the jaw and neck, which from their violent contraction firmly shutting the mouth, and contracting the gullet, has been named trismus, of locked jaw. In ordinary convulsions or spasms, the contractions and relaxations are alternate, with remissions of ease. whether attended with partial or complete insensibility. The peculiarity of tetanus however, is that the contraction of the muscles is kept up without any change or abatement; the muscular fibre being grasped in a dead lock of unmitigated intensity to the last, while the involuntary muscles, as those of respiration, are unim paired, and the intellect of the patient is as clear, and his sensation as acute, as in the soundest health. This disease is divided into the acute and chronic, and into that proceeding spontaneously or from poisons, and called idiopathic, and that the conse quences of wounds or injuries, greater of less, received by the body, when it is called

traumatic. As it is only intended to treat of locked jaw, or trismus, in this article, it will be sufficient to observe that the causes which generally induce this form of tetanus are of the traumatic order, and result from erysipelas, wounds of the head, lacerations of the scalp, punctures of the hands and feet, especially with rusty or jagged substances, bites from rabid animals, injuries from machinery, and sometimes from the extraction of a decayed tooth. It is a peculiarity of this fatal disease that the exciting cause is often as insignificant as the consequences are grave. Males are more subject to it than females, and, for one case of idiopathic locked jaw, there are five, the result of external injury.

Symptoms. These commence after the injury, from a quarter of an hour to three or four days, and sometimes as late as ten or twelve weeks, with a stiffness in the back of the head and neck, extending to the shoulders, and very materially impeding the motion of the head; this gradually extends to the throat, rendering talking irksome, and, finally, swallowing impossible. The pain and rigidity of the muscles of the throat runs down the breast, and darts sharp pains through the chest, into the back; the muscles of the neck now beginning to plunge and contract, and gradually increasing their tension, drawing the head backwards, at the same time that the lower jaw is drawn upwards till it becomes in such close approximation, that it is impossible to separate them; all the muscles of the threat, cheeks and neck, feeling like bars of wood in their rigid contraction.

The eyes are dilated, glaring and motionless in their sockets; the tongue, if it has not been protruded and caught in the teeth, has been drawn back into a roll at the base of the mouth; the forehead is dragged up into deep ridges, and the skin of the face is violently stretched up to the ears, where it is raised into wrinkles, giving a wild, distorted, and ghastly look to the countenance; as the last symptom is added to the series forming the disease, locked jaw is complete. Without proceeding further with the description of trismus, it will be enough to say that the disease is sometimes fatal in fifteen minutes, though the ordinary period may be taken as from four to eight days.

Treatment. When the disease proceeds from worms, or some internal irritationthe rarest exciting cause-aperient medicines of an active nature are to be given directly, and continued till the cause is expelled; when from splinters or bits of glass, or sharp substances, lodged in the flesh, incisions should be made, and the injured part well cleaned of all cause of irritation, and where a nerve has been injured, it should be divided as soon as possible. Where the constitution is robust, and the patient strong, bleeding should be adopted to a large extent, the hot bath and friction employed, and the muscular contraction overcome by the fumes of tobacco, or by opium, morphia, or aconite; but if the constitution is debilitated, the same result must

be effected by camphor, musk, ammonia, and stimulants of wine and brandy, with cold affusions on the head from a height. Besides these, and, in fact, nearly all the remedies of the pharmacopoeia, which have been employed with varying success, the wild hemp has of late years been used with more than usual advantage, and still more lately chloroform; but whatever the remedy administered, the dose requires to be very considerable to produce any effect.

TETTER.-A cutaneous disease, attended with heat, redness, and a partial inflammation of the skin, followed by a scaly eruption, appearing on different parts of the body, such as the hands, arms, chest, and head, in the form of indurated, opaque, yellowish-brown scales, or lamella of the epidermis or scarf skin, which go through a regular process of maturity, disquamation, disease is finally eradicated. or peeling off, and reproduction, till the many varieties of this disease, differing There are

somewhat in the size and colour of the

different

eruption, and the locality the disease affects: thus, ringworm, lepra, dandriff, and scaly tetter, all belong to one order, though to crude or indigestible food, long persisted in, genera of the same disease. Any and vitiating the healthy fluids of the body, may, and most frequently does, lead to this form of diseased cuticle; though, at the by dirt become contagious, and are propasame time, many of the varieties magnified gated by contact. The treatment is generally very simple; the warm bath, and friction, with any gentle aperient, persevered in for a few days, with a vegetable diet, lime-juice, In obstinate cases, but only in such, it may or acid fruits, will soon eradicate the disease. of medicine, at the same time avoiding all be necessary to adopt the following course fish diet, or salt provisions. Take of

Mix, and take a tablespoonful three times a day, and every night, at bed-time, one Plummer's pill.

THATCH.-A covering of straw, rushes, or reeds, as a substitute for tiles or slates for houses, barns, ricks, stacks, and sheds. First, is to be considered the mode of thatching hay-ricks and corn-stacks, as the simplest. The rick or stack having been formed into a proper shape, either with a roof slanting from a ridge, or conical, ending in a central point, the straw is prepared by moistening it, that it may more easily bend without breaking. It is then forked up in a loose heap, the straws lying in every direction, and somewhat matted. Portions are now drawn out from this heap in handfuls, which lays the straws again in a more parallel order; these are placed in a forked stick, which will hold several of these bundles or handfuls, and are thus carried to the thatcher on the top of the rick or stack. He seizes a handful, and bending one end into a kind of noose, he inserts this into the hay or straw near the bottom of the