These provinces comprehend 107 bailiwics of very various dimensions and population.

The sea-coast of Hanover, particularly towards the mouth of the Elbe, is fertile but flat, and preserved by broad dykes and ditches similar to those of Holland. Here, indeed, is no elevation that can be called mountainous. But southward the celebrated Hartz range extends from the territories of Goshar to the frontier. It is covered with wood, and amply enriched with minerals. The silver mines were discovered so early as 968, and are supposed to have been the first opened in Europe. Iron, copper, lead, zine, vitriol, and sulphur, are wrought to a great extent. The whole rests upon a bed of granite, which shoots up through the highest of the mountains. Of these, the Brocken, or Blocksberg, consisting entirely of granite, rises to the height of 3500 feet above the sea: a number of huge masses, near its summit, have given rise to a conjecture that it had lost part of its height in consequence of some violent convulsion. The iron mines yield a revenue to the government (1. e. one tenth of the produce), amounting to £115,000 per annum.

The admirer of the majesty of nature will find ample gratification in the scenery of the Hartz; the want of corn fields being compensated by the beauty and extent of the forests, by the bold and picturesque form of the rocks, and the immensity of the view from the top of the Blocksberg. Tradition makes this mountain the resort of all the witches of the north; and the Spectre of Brocken, though a phenomenon perfectly natural, is calculated to strike the ignorant peasant with terror, and even to excite surprise in the philosopher. See HARTZ.

Hanover is watered by the Elbe, the Weser (flowing through the heart of the country), the Ilmenau, the Oste, the Ocker, the Leine, the Hunta, and the Ems. It has some small fresh water lakes, as the Dummersee, in Diepholtz, about twelve miles in circuit; the Steinhudermeer, in the province of Kalenburg, about four miles long and two broad; and the Dollart, at the mouth of the Ems (rather an estuary than a lake), twelve miles across. Its canals are all of short course. The Bremen Canal, designed to unite the Hamme, the Oste, and the Schwinge, 15 scarcely completed; nor the Treckschuit Canal,

intended to connect Witmund with Aurich. The Pappenburg Canal is only navigable from the Ems.

Its climate greatly resembles that of the eastern shores of England, but in the south the cold is severe on the mountains, and the country ill adapted to corn. In the valleys both the soil and the climate are more favorable, and all kinds of grain arrive at maturity.

Agriculture is in a very backward state in Hanover; the feudal tenures having as yet been an insuperable bar to improvement.

The chief vegetable productions are grain of all kinds, which she exports; peas, potatoes, flax, hemp, tobacco and madder; wood, which is largely used for fuel, as well as for architectural purposes; pitch, and tar. The rotation of crops usually followed is first a fallow, on which the land is cultivated for potatoes, peas, or flax; then winter corn, either rye or wheat, but chiefly the former, and to them succeeds summer corn, either barley or oats. The increase of grain is not estimated to exceed four for one of the quantity sown. The breeding and fattening of cattle is confined to particular portions. By the latest enumeration, but before some of the last additions of territory, there were 224,500 horses; 675,926 head of horned cattle; 1,540,794 sheep and lambs; 15,728 goats and kids: 176,974 swine; and 1498 asses and mules. The heath land, especially in the province of Luneburg, is largely used for rearing bees. The hives are transported in waggons, at the commencement of the spring, to the more southern countries, where the flowers bloom early, and are afterwards brought back when the heath flowers are fit for them. Large numbers of geese are also kept by the bauers on the moist situations, and their flesh is salted for winter consumption. These two sources of wax, honey, and feathers, yield the principal disposable produce of some provinces.

The manufactures of Hanover are numerous, but of inconsiderable size; few except linen, linen yarn, and domestic utensils, affording a surplus beyond the consumption. Hauseleinwand, or household linen, is made in almost every family: a second sort, called lowentleinen, is also common; the finer liners are only made in some of the cities to a small extent,

and almost wholly consumed by the richer families. Sailcloth and hempen linen is made in East Friesland and the duchy of Bremen, and is chiefly exported. Spinning is, indeed, the constant employ of females in the villages during the long winter nights. Stockings, whether of linen, cotton, or worsted, are usually made at home; and, in some parts, much oil is made from linseed. Pottery and paper is made in many parts. In the cities, woollen cloths, silk and cotton goods, hosiery, hats, soap, and leather, are also manufactured. The principal branches of trade that employ capital are the breweries of Hanover, Embeck, and Goslar, and the corn distilleries of the different cities.

Embden, the chief port of Hanover, has a small export trade in hops, rape-seed, oil-cake, fruit, hams, &c.; and, in fruitful years, some corn is exported. The imports consist of tea, coffee, sugar, indigo, tobacco, wine, and superior manufactured articles. The great roads to the fairs of Leipsic and Frankfort, passing through Hanover, create a pretty large commission trade, and give employment to many barges, waggons, horses, and men. On the whole, the exports and imports are said to nearly balance, and the amount to be about £500,000 sterling. This is also about the amount of the national revenue and the hereditary estates of the king yield another £500,000. The imposts consist of a land-tax, post, carriage, and horse duties; duties on the products of the mines and forests, on salt, coals, turf, mills, and fisheries. Part of the public revenue supports the schools and the university of Gottingen, but the far greater part is devoted to military purposes; Hanover having ten garrison towns, and a force of about 20,000 regular troops. Every soldier may demand his discharge and a pension after twenty years' service: the number of these pensioners is at present considerable; but they are liable to do militia duty. Manufacturing establishments connected with the army are, one of small arms at Hertzberg; one of gunpowder at Hersen, near Hameln; and a cannon foundry in Hanover. The only naval force of Hanover is a brig of war, moored off the city of Stade, to enforce the tolls which all merchant vessels passing up the Elbe are bound to pay, and which amounts to about £5000 sterling annually. The public debt was contracted chiefly in the war of 1756; it never was considerable; and, the sovereign having discharged his part of the capital, the residue due by the states does not exceed £2,000,000. The whole executive government is in the king; and the aristocracy has immense weight; but a legislative assembly of 102 deputies is obtaining an increase of power and consideration. The king is of age at eighteen; during a minority the states of the kingdom are guardians; and the succession is only in the male line. Should this fail in the present family, that of the duke of Brunswick will succeed. At the diet of the empire Hano ver now occupies the fifth rank, and has four votes in the general assembly.

The legal system is very complicated, being a compound of the old Roman law, the constitution of the empire, and all kinds of provincial customs. Many inferior judges and magistrates

are appointed by the proprietors of estates; and some of those nominated by the king are rather by his prerogative as owner of some estates than as the monarch. Some of these jurisdictions have the power of life and death, but the latter is rarely inflicted. A court of appeal at Zell has extensive power, and it is intended to increase its authority. Its decisions are highly esteemed for their equity.

In Hanover there is an equal establishment of Lutherans, Catholics, and Reformed; the smaller sects of Menonites, Hernhuthers, and others, enjoying full protection. The Lutherans amount to about 1,050,000; the Catholics to 160,000; the Reformed to 90,000; the remainder comprise Jews and the smaller Christian sects. The Lutheran church is regulated by superintendents in Hanover, Stade, Osnabrüch, Hildesheim, Aurich, and Hohnstein. The Catholics have bishops at Osnabrüch, Hildesheim, and Regersburg; and the provinces of Meppen and Eimsbuhren are under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Prussian bishop of Münster. In some of the consistories the Lutherans and Reformed are united. Schools are established in every village; others, somewhat more comprehensive, are provided in the small towns; and in the more populous places are academies, or high-schools, for the educationof those farther advanced. There are also seminaries at Hanover and Luneburg for educating the children of rank of both sexes, from eight to fifteen years of age. One of these, called the Georgianum, has a provision on a liberal footing for forty boys, who are educated either for a military or a civil profession. The schools of a higher order are well organised; and the university of Gottingen is universally esteemed in Europe. See GOTTINGEN.

Hanover has the Leipsigen and the Convention standards of money. The public accounts are kept in the latter. The gold coin called Georgs d'or is five rix dollars eight groschen in convention money; or, in Leipsigen money, four rix dollars sixteen groschen. The other gold coin, the gold-gulden, is two rix dollars six groschen in convention, two dollars two groschen in Leipsigen money.

The long ineasure is the rood of eight ells, of two feet; the foot being twelve inches. Six Hanoverian are equal to five Brabant ells. Land is measured by huren and morgens. The hufe is thirty morgens, the morgen 120 ruthen, equal to 24-844 Paris feet. The morgen by which woodland is measured contains 160 ruthen. The liquid measure is the eimen, of 3136 cubic inches, or the anker of 1.960 cubic inches. The latter makes sixteen stübchens, or thirty-two kannen-sixty-four quartiere, or 128 nosel. The weights in common use are ships-pounds, liespounds, hundreds, and customary pounds. The ships-pound is equal to twenty lies-pounds; the hundred is 110 lies-pounds. The lies-pound is divided into two marks, the mark into eight ounces, the ounce into two loths, the loth into four quentins. The local weights and measures vary.

In respect to manners, the Hanoverians are said to possess all the frankness and simplicity of their ancestors; and the higher classes speak

a very pure idiom of the Teutonic language. In the towns, and particularly in the capital, a successful imitation of English habits is observed; but the nobility have too strong prejudices of birth to tolerate much of this. In some places, the descendants of the Wendsor Vandals preserved for a long time the use of the Sclavonic language. The only order of knighthood is the Guelphic, instituted by his present majesty in

1814.

The elector of Hanover is descended from the ancient family of the Guelphs, dukes and electors of Bavaria, one of whom, Henry the Lion, in 1140, married Maude, eldest daughter of king Henry II. of England. Their son William succeeded to Brunswick Luneburg, and his son Otho was created duke thereof. The dominions descended in a direct line to Ernest, who divided them upon his death, in 1546, into two branches, that of Brunswick Luneburg Wolfenbuttel, and Brunswick Luneburg Zell. The possessor of the latter, Ernest Augustus, was head of the college of German princes, and married Sophia, daughter of Frederick elector Palatine and king of Bohemia, by Elizabeth, daughter of James I. king of Great Britain. Sophia being the next protestant heir to the house of Stuart, the parliament fixed the crown upon her on queen Anne's demise; and George Lewis, her eldest son, became king of Great Britain in consequence; since which the electors of Hanover have filled the British throne. Hanover has been of course involved in the wars of Great Britain, and in that of 1756 her territory was all along the scene of operations. This war cost her nearly 80,000 men, or a tenth of her population: but her troops acquired high repute.

During the first war with revolutionary France, the neutrality of Hanover was maintained; but in 1801 that country was taken possession of by Prussia; and in 1803 the first act of Buonaparte was to overrun it, and carry off the public property. In 1806 Hanover was ceded by the French to the Prussians; but, on war breaking out between these nations, the electorate was again occupied by Buonaparte. Part of it was then annexed to the kingdom of Westphalia, and at the end of 1810 Buonaparte declared the country along the coast annexed to France. On the expulsion of the French from Germany, in October 1813, the whole electorate was restored; but the title, in 1815, was changed for that of king of Hanover.

HANOVER, the capital of the foregoing kingdom, and of the principality of Calenberg, is situated in a sandy district on the Leine, a navigable river which joins the Weser. It is in the form of a half-moon, separated by the river into two parts, called the Old and New Town. The general appearance is imposing: the towns, formerly surrounded with walls and ditches, having the ramparts levelled, and laid out into an esplanade and streets, where a very elegant monument has been erected to Leibnitz. Outside of the walls is the Gartengemeinde, consisting of a mixture of houses and gardens. On entering the streets, the town has an antiquated aspect, particularly what is called the

Old Town. The materials for building are generally brick, with wooden frame-work. Some houses have the bricks used for the doors and windows only. Inscriptions, denoting the date of building, and containing passages from the Psalms, which formerly appeared on the houses, are now for the most part erased, and improvements are going on with great spirit. The population, which in 1811 was only 21,000, is now nearly 25,000. The New Town, which stands on the right side of the river, is built in good style; and the houses in the new street, called George Strass, facing the rampart, are separated from it by iron chains, suspended on stone pillars.

The elector's palace is a large edifice of late erection, having been destroyed by fire, and rebuilt in 1791. It is receiving improvements, and will be rendered an elegant modern edifice. The public library, founded by Leibnitz, is also a good building, containing a fine collection of books. There are five Lutheran churches; the Calvinists and Catholics have each their chapels; and the Jews a synagogue. The charitable institutions are an orphan-house, two hospitals, and two poor-houses. For education there is a gymnasium, a female school of industry, and several elementary schools. The Georgianum is a school erected in 1796, for the education of forty sons of Hanoverian nobles, admitted at the age of ten, and paying a small sum on their entrance; after which their education is gratuitous. The other objects of curiosity are the mews, the church of the castle, the gardens of the baroness Deken and of count Walmoden, the wood of Ellenztied, and the Lutheran burial-ground; but, above all, Herrenhausen, a country mansion of the royal family, at some distance from the town. The approach is by a long avenue of lime trees, and the building, though by no means elegant, is respectable, and the grounds laid out with perfect uniformity; the water-works are good, and the garden contains a very superior botanical collection.

HANOVER, a county of Virginia, United States, bounded north-east by Spottsylvania, Caroline, and King William counties, east by New Kent, south by Henrico, south-west by Goochland county, and west by Louisa county; distant from Washington 103 miles. Population 15,082.

HANOVER, a post town of Grafton county, New Hampshire, United States, on the east side of the Connecticut; fifty-three north-west of Concord, 102 W. N. W. of Portsmouth, and 115 north-west of Boston: from Washington 495. Population 2135. Dartmouth College is situated in the south-west part of this township, about half a mile east of the river, on a beautiful plain, where there is a handsome village with two congregational meeting-houses; and a handsome bridge across the river, connecting the town with Norwich. Dartmouth College was founded by Dr. Eleazer Wheelock, and chartered by royal grant in 1769. The funds, which were originally created by charitable individuals, have been increased by grants from the legislatures of New Hampshire and Vermont; and afford, at present, an increasing annual income of about 1600 dollars.

HANOVER, or M'Allister's Town, a post town in York county, Pennsylvania, between Cadorus Creek and a branch of the Little Conewago. It is seven miles north of the Maryland line, eighteen miles south-west of York, and 106 west by south of Philadelphia.

HANOVER, NEW, an island in the Pacific, seen by Carteret in 1767, and said by him to be about thirty miles in length. It presents a flat surface to the north-west, and has a chain of high central mountains extending towards the south-east. The passage between this and New Ireland is full of reefs and islets. The south-west part is situated in long. 148° 27' E., lat. 2° 49′ S.

HANRIOT, or HENRIT (Francis), one of the bloody revolutionary leaders of France under the despotism of Robespierre. He was born about 1761 at Nanterre; and, after having been a menial servant and a custom-house officer, in which situations he is said to have behaved with dishonesty, he became a police spy. Attaching himself to the jacobins, he first distinguished himself in directing the massacres which took place in the prisons of Paris September 2nd, 1792; and, continuing his cruel career, was appointed commander of the national guards. Supported by Murat, on the 2nd of June, 1793, he surrounded the Convention with an armed force, and obliged the members to return, and pass decrees of accusation against the Girondists. He acted on all occasions as a faithful partizan of Robespierre, whom, when accused, he in vain endeavoured to support, and was arrested and suffered with his chief by the well-merited axe of the guillotine, July 29th, 1794. He displayed on the scaffold a fearlessness worthy of a better cause.

HANS. See HANSE.

HANSBACH, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leitmeritz, with manufactures of paper, cotton, &c. Twelve miles north of Kamnitz.

HANSE, an ancient name for a society or company of merchants; particularly that of certain cities in Germany, &c., hence called Hanse Towns. The word is Teutonic; and signifies alliance, confederacy, or association. Some derive it from the German words am-see, that is on the sea; as the first Hanse Towns were all situated on the sea-coast: whence they are said to have been first called am-zee-stenen, i. e. cities on the sea; and afterwards, by abbreviation, hansee, and hanse. The Hanse Towns, or the Hanseatic Society, were several maritime cities of Germany, who entered into a league for the mutual protection of their commerce. Bremen and Amsterdam were the first two that formed it; whose trade received such advantage by their fitting out two men of war in each to convoy their ships, that more cities continually entered into the league: even kings and princes made treaties with them, and were often glad of their assistance and protection; by which means they grew so powerful, both by sea and land, that they raised armies as well as navies, enjoyed countries in sovereignty, and made peace or war, though always in defence of their trade, as if they had been a united state or commonwealth.-At this time also many cities, though they had no great interest in trade, or intercourse with the ocean, came into their alliance for the preservation of

their liberties; so that, in 1200, we find no less than seventy-two cities in the list of he Hanse Towns; particularly Bremen, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Dort, Bruges, Ostend, Dunkirk, Middleburgh, Calais, Rouen, Rochelle, Bourdeaux, St. Malo, Bayonne, Bilboa, Lisbon, Seville, Cadiz, Carthagena, Barcelona, Marseilles, Leghorn, Naples, Messina, London, Lubec, Rostock, Stralsund, Stetin, Wismar, Konigsberg, Dantzic, Elbing, and Marienburg. The alliance was now so powerful, that their ships of war were often hired by other princes to assist them against their enemies. They not only awed, but often defeated, all that opposed their commerce; and, particularly in 1358, they took such revenge of the Danish fleet in the Sound, for having interrupted their commerce, that Waldemar III. king of Denmark, for the sake of peace, gave them up all Schonen for sixteen years; by which they commanded the passage of the Sound in their own right.-In 1428 they made war on Erick IX. king of Denmark with 250 sail, carrying on board 12,000 men. These so ravaged the coast of Jutland, that the king was glad to make peace with them. Many privileges were bestowed upon the Hanse Towns by Louis XI., Charles VIII., Louis XII., and Francis I. kings of France; as well as by the emperor Charles V., who had various loans of money from them; and by king Henry III., who also incorporated them into a trading body, in acknowledgment for money which they advanced to him, as well as for the services they did him by their naval force in 1206.

These towns exercised a jurisdiction among themselves; for which purpose they were divided into four colleges or provinces, distinguished by the names of their four principal cities, viz. Lubec, Cologne, Brunswick, and Dantzic, wherein were held their courts of judicature. They had a common stock or treasury at Lubec, and power to call an assembly as often as necessary. They kept warehouses for the sale of their merchandise in London, Bruges, Antwerp, Bergen in Norway, Revel in Livonia, and Novogorod in Muscovy; which were exported to most parts of Europe, in English, Dutch, and Flemish bottoms. One of their principal magazines was at London, where a society of German merchants was formed, called the Steel-yard Company. To this company great privileges were granted by Edward I., but revoked by act of parliament in 1552, in the reign of Edward VI., on a complaint of the English merchants that this company had so engrossed the cloth trade, that in 1551 they had exported 50,000 pieces, while all the English together had shipped off but 1100. Queen Mary I., who ascended the throne the year following, having resolved to marry Philip the emperor's son, suspended the execution of the act for three years: but after that term, whether by reason of some new statute, or in pursuance of that of king Edward, the privileges of the company were no longer regarded, and all efforts of the Hanse Towns to recover this loss were in vain. Another accident that happened to their mortification was while queen Elizabeth was at war with the Spaniards. Sir Francis Drake happening to meet sixty ships in the Tagus, loaded with corn,

belonging to the Hanse Towns, took out all the corn as contraband goods which they were forbid to carry by their original patent. The Hanse Towns having complained of this to the diet of the empire, the queen sent an ambassador thither to declare her reasons. The king of Poland likewise interested himself in the affair, because the city of Dantzic was under his protection. At last, though the queen strove hard to preserve the commerce of the English in Germany, the emperor excluded the English company of merchant adventurers, who had considerable factories at Stade, Embden, Bremen, Hamburg, and Elbing, from all trade in the empire. In short, the Hanse Towns, in Germany in particular, were not only in so flourishing, but in so formidable a state, from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries, that they gave umbrage to all the neighbouring princes, who threatened a strong confederacy against them; and, as the first step towards it, commanded all the cities within their dominion or jurisdiction to withdraw from the Hanse, or union. This immediately separated all the cities of England, France, and Italy, from them. The Towns, on the other hand, prudently put themselves under the protection of the empire; and, as the cities just now mentioned had withdrawn from them, so they withdrew from several more, and made a decree among themselves, that none should be admitted into their society but such as stood within the limits of the German empire, or were dependent thereon; except Dantzic, which continued a member, though it only had been summoned formerly to the imperial diet. By these means they maintained their confederacy for the protection of their trade, as it was begun, without being any more envied by their neighbours. Hereby like wise they were reduced to Lubec, Bremen, Hamburgh, and Dantzic; in the first of which they kept their register, and held assemblies once in three years at least. Their proceedings now became insignificant: Lubec, Hamburgh, and Bremen, continued cities of the German empire; but in 1810 they were seized by Buonaparte to effect what he called the continental system.

On the overthrow of his power, in 1814, these towns were restored to liberty, and admitted as members of the Germanic diet; and, under the name of Hanse Towns, they maintain a kind of commercial treaty with each other, and have recently erected a court of appeal at Lubec.

HANT, for has not, or have not.

That roguish leer of your's makes a pretty woman's heart ake you ha'nt that simper about the mouth for nothing.

Addison.

HANTCHONG, a first rate city of China in the south of the fertile province of Chen-si but surrounded by forests. Its chief articles of trade are cinnabar, musk, wax, and honey. It stands in long. 106° 44' E., and lat. 32° 59′ N.

HANTS, a county of Nova Scotia, containing the townships of Falmouth, Newport, and Windsor. It is about twenty miles square and partly unsettled, but well watered throughout.

HANWAY (Jonas), was born at Portsmouth in Hampshire, on the 12th of August 1712. His father, Mr. Thomas Hanway, was an officer in the naval service. At the age of seventeen he

was sent to Lisbon, and was bound apprentice to a merchant in that city in June 1729. His early life was marked with that attention to business, and love of regularity, which afterwards distinguished his character. On the expiration of his apprenticeship he entered into business at Lisbon as a merchant, but not long after returned to London. He afterwards connected himself as a partner in Mr. Dingley's house in St. Petersburgh; where he arrived on the 10th of June 1743. The trade of the English over the Caspian Sea into Persia at this period had been entrusted to the care of Mr. Elton, who had injudiciously engaged in the service of Nadir Shah, to build ships on the Caspian after the European manner. This had alarmed the merchants in the Russian trade, who resolved to send one of their body into Persia. On this occasion Mr. Hanway offered his service, which was accepted. He set out on the 10th of September; and after experiencing various dangers in that kingdom, during twelve months, returned to St. Petersburgh, January 1st, 1745, without being able to establish the intended trade by the Caspian; partly through the jealousy of the Russian court on account of Elton's connexions with the Persians, and partly by the Persian revolutions. He now settled at St. Petersburgh; where he remained five years, and interested himself greatly in the concerns of the merchants who had engaged in the Caspian trade: but, having a desire to see his native country, he left St. Petersburgh on the 9th of July 1750. In 1753 he published An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea; with a Journal of Travels from London through Russia into Persia; and back again through Russia, Germany, and Holland: to which are added, the Revolutions of Persia during the present century, with the particular History of the great Usurper Nadir Kouli: 4 vols. 4to. In 1754 he published A Letter to Mr. John Spranger, on his excellent Proposal for Paving, Cleansing, and Lighting the Streets of Westminster, &c. 8vo. A few years afterwards many of Mr. Hanway's ideas, thrown out in this pamphlet, were adopted. In 1756 he printed A Journal of Eight Days' Journey from Portsmouth to Kingston upon Thames, with an Essay on Tea; which was reprinted in 2 vols. 8vo., in 1757. At this juncture, Great Britain being on the eve of a war with France, he published Thoughts on the Duty of a good Citizen with Regard to War and Invasion, in a Letter from a Citizen to his Friend, 8vo. About the same time several gentlemen formed a plan, which was matured and perfected by Mr. Hanway, for providing the navy with sailors, by furnishing poor children with necessaries to equip them for the service of their country. Mr. Hanway published three pamphlets on this subject, and the treasurer of the society, accompanied by Mr. Hanway, having waited on the king, the society received £1000 from his majesty, £400 from the prince of Wales, and £200 from the princess dowager. This excellent institution was the favorite object of Mr. Hanway's care, and continued to flourish under his auspices. In 1758 he became an advocate for the Magdalen Charity, and published A Letter to Robert Dingley, esq., being a propo