The Natural History of Animals

POLLINATION OF FLOWERS BY ANIMALS—Structure of Flowers; Nature and
Results of Pollination. Flowers Pollinated by Insects and their Characteristics
-Orchids, Honeysuckles. Flowers Pollinated by Snails and Slugs-Golden
Saxifrage (Chrysosplenium). Flowers Pollinated by Humming-Birds and Sun-
Birds. Mammals as Agents of Pollination. Prevention of Self-Pollination

DEFENCES OF FLOWERS AGAINST UNBIDDEN GUESTS

DISPERSAL OF PLANTS BY ANIMALS

CHAPTER LXI.-ASSOCIATION OF ORGANISMS-COLONIAL

ANIMALS

COLONIAL ANIMALCULES (PROTOZOA)—Epistylis, Codosiga, Volvox, Protero-
spongia. Origin of Many-celled Animals (Metazoa) from Colonial Animalcules

COLONIAL SPONGes (Porifera)—Crumb-of-Bread Sponge (Halichondria panicea) 101

COLONIAL ZOOPHYTES (CŒLENTERATA)—Colonial Sea- Flowers (Anthozoa)—
Compound Corals, Sea-Pens (Pennatula). Colonial Hydroids (Hydrozoa)—
Hydroid Zoophytes; Aglaophenia-Compound Jelly-Fishes (Siphonophora)

COLONIAL MOSS-POLYPES (POLYZOA)

COLONIAL ASCIDIANS (UROCHORDA) — Botryllus, Salps (Salpa), Fire-Cylinder

(Pyrosoma)

CHAPTER LXII.-ASSOCIATION OF ORGANISMS-SOCIAL

BACKBONELESS ANIMALS (INVERTEBRATA)

Advantages of the Social or Gregarious Habit -

SOCIAL INSECTS (INSECTA)

ΙΟΙ

104

105

SOCIAL MEMBRANE-WINGED INSECTS (HYMENOPTERA)-Social Bees-Halictus,

Humble-Bees (Bombus), Honey-Bee (Apis mellifica). Social Wasps (Vespida)

-Vespa Germanica, Hornet (V. crabro). Ants-Polyrhachis, Ecophylla,

Wood-Ant (Formica rufa), Black Garden-Ant (Lasius niger), Foraging-Ants

(Eciton) -

SOCIAL NET-WINGED INSECTS (NEUROPTERA)-Termites or White-"Ants".
Yellow-necked Termite (Calotermes flavicollis), Light-shunning Termite (Termes
lucifugus), Warrior Termite (T. bellicosus)

SOCIAL FLIES (DIPTERA)-Social Larvæ of the Army-Worm (Sciara militaris)

107

108

120

127

CHAPTER LXIII.-ASSOCIATION OF ORGANISMS-SOCIAL

BACKBONED ANIMALS (VERTEBRATA)

SOCIAL FISHES (PISCES)-Herring (Clupea harengus), Salmon (Salmo salar), Eel

(Anguilla vulgaris), Predaceous Forms.

SOCIAL BIRDS (AVES)-Rook (Corvus frugilegus). Recognition Marks in Birds -

SOCIAL MAMMALS (MAMMALIA)-Beneficial Nature of the Habit in various forms.

Prairie-Marmot (Cynomys Ludovicianus) and its Allies. True Marmots

(Arctomys). Beaver (Castor). Recognition Marks and Odours of Mammals

128

129

134

CHAPTER LXIV.-ASSOCIATION OF ORGANISMS-COURTSHIP

AND MATING

THE LAW OF BEAUTY-Lion, Goat, Mandrill (Papio mormon), Red Deer (Cervus

elaphus), American Howling Monkeys (Mycetes)

145

COURTSHIP AND MATING OF BIRDS (Aves)

THE LAW OF BATTLE-Ostrich, Sand-Pipers, Ruffs, Chaffinches, &c.

146

THE LAW OF BEAUTY-Males of ordinary Farmyard Birds. Pheasants. Peacock

(Pavo cristatus). Scarlet Tragopan (Ceriornis satyrus). Singing Birds.

Bustards (Otis). Musk-Duck (Cairina)

148

COURTSHIP AND MATING OF REPTILES (REPTILIA)

THE LAW OF BATTLE-Chameleons. American Alligator (Alligator Mississippi-

ensis)

151

THE LAW OF BEAUTY-Throat-Pouch of Indian Lizard (Sitana). Scent-Glands

of Crocodiles, Snakes, and Lizards

152

COURTSHIP AND MATING OF AMPHIBIANS (AMPHIBIA)

THE LAW OF BATTLE-Frogs and Toads

152

THE LAW OF BEAUTY-Great Crested Newt (Molge cristatus), Edible Frog (Rana

esculenta) -

152

COURTSHIP AND MATING OF FISHES (PISCES)

THE LAW OF BATTLE-Salmon (Salmo salar), Three-spined Stickleback (Gaster-

osteus aculeatus)

154

THE LAW OF BEAUTY-Dragonet or Golden Skulpin (Callionymus lyra), an

Indian Flat-Fish (Arnoglossus macrolophus)

157

COURTSHIP AND MATING OF INSECTS (INSECTA)

THE LAW OF BATTLE-Beetles, Saw-Flies, &c.

159

THE LAW OF BEAUTY-Butterflies. Musical Organs. Assembling of Male Moths 160

THE FINDING OF MATES-Olfactory Organs, Eyes, Luminous Organs -

163

CHAPTER LXV.-ASSOCIATION OF ORGANISMS-MESS-

MATES OR COMMENSALS (COMMENSALISM)

FISHES (PISCES) AS MESSMATES-Fierasfers and Sea-Cucumbers. Perch-like

Fishes (Amphiprion) and Giant Sea-Anemones (Discosoma) of Australia.

Indian Rock-Perch (Minous inermis) and Encrusting Zoophyte (Stylactis

minoi)

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170

MOLLUSCS (MOLLUSCA) AS MESSMATES-Indian Sea-Snail (Pleurotoma symbiotes)

and Colonial Sea-Anemones (Epizoanthus). Bivalve Molluscs associated with

Sea-Urchins and Crustaceans

172

INSECTS (INSECTA) AS MESSMATES-Humble-Bees (Bombus) and Lodger-Bees

(Psithyrus). Ants and Aphides. Slave-making Ants. Ants'-Nest Insects

(Myrmecophilous Insects) and other Guests of Ants -

175

CRABS (BRACHYURA) AS MESSMATES-Buffoon-Crab (Dorippe facchino) and

Sea-Anemone (Cancrisocia expansa). Hermit-Crabs (Eupagurus, &c.) and

Cloak-Anemones (Adamsia), Hydroid Zoophytes (Hydractinia), and Colonial

Sea-Anemones (Epizoanthus). Sponge-Crabs (Dromida).

(Eupagurus) and Sponge (Suberites)

Hermit Crab

179

182

SIPHON-WORMS (GEPHYREA) AS MESSMATES-Aspidosiphon and Cup-Corals

184

CHAPTER LXVI.-ASSOCIATION OF ORGANISMS-PARASITES
Ectoparasites and Endoparasites. Origin of Parasitism, and Degeneration resulting
from the Habit. Fecundity of Parasites. Brood Parasitism