2. tippet, rochet: ecclesiastical garments, the former a kind of cape, the latter a close-fitting vestment of linen.

3. Jerome: Saint Jerome (d. 420), one of the fathers of the Latin church, translated the Vulgate version of the Bible from Hebrew into Latin.

4. Ambrose Saint Ambrose (d. 397), Bishop of Milan and one of the fathers of the Latin church.

5. Cyril: Saint Cyril (d. 444), Archbishop of Alexandria and noted controversial theologian.

6. Austin: Saint Augustine (354-430), the most famous of the church fathers; he taught that unbaptized infants were damned.

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7. Origen: (d. 253), one of the Greek fathers of the church and a prolific theological writer; the reason for Lamb's statement that he hated all mothers" is not apparent.

8. Bishop Bull, etc.: George Bull (1634–1710), Bishop of St. David's. 9. Archbishop Parker: Matthew Parker (1504-1575), Archbishop of Canterbury.

10. Whitgift: John Whitgift (1530?-1604), Archbishop of Canterbury. II. "Brush'd with the hiss of rustling wings": Paradise Lost, i, 768. 12. "gives a very echo to the throne where Hope is seated": see Twelfth Night, II, iv, 21–22.

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13. the raven himself was hoarse, etc.: see Macbeth, I, v, 39–40.

14. "having been will always be": see Wordsworth's Ode on the Intimations of Immortality, 11. 182–183.

15. E. B.: Edward Burney (1760-1848), an illustrator and the brother of Frances Burney, the novelist.

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16. Ovid: Publius Ovidius Naso (43 B.C.-17 or 18 A.D.), one of the great Roman poets of the Augustan age; his subjects were usually amatory or mythological.

17. Pyramus and Thisbe: a pair of devoted and unfortunate lovers, whose story is told in Ovid's Metamorphoses.

18. Dido: the beautiful queen of Carthage, loved by Æneas, but later abandoned by him. Her story is told in part in Ovid's Heroides as well as in Book IV of the Æneid.

19. Hero and Leander: the beautiful priestess of Venus and her gallant lover, the central figures of a tragic love story told in Latin by Ovid and in English by Marlowe and Chapman.

20. Cayster: a river abounding in swans; see Iliad ii, 459 ff. (in Bryant's translation, 566 ff.).

21. Iris in Greek mythology the messenger of the gods or the personification of the rainbow. Iris dipt the woof" is in Paradise Lost,

22. Good-morrow to my Valentine, sings poor Ophelia: see Hamlet, IV, v, 46–51.

CHRIST'S HOSPITAL FIVE-AND-THIRTY YEARS AGO

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1. Christ's Hospital: a famous charity school for boys, founded in 1552 by Edward VI in the buildings formerly belonging to the dissolved order of Grey Friars.

2. eulogy on my old school: Recollections of Christ's Hospital, first published in the Gentleman's Magazine (1813) and reprinted with some changes in Lamb's Works (1818).

3. I remember L. at school: in this essay Lamb is not purely autobiographical, but purposely confuses Coleridge's experiences with his own.

4. crug: still current slang in Christ's Hospital.

5. piggins small wooden pails.

:

6. pitched leathern jack: a leather jug or bottle, covered with pitch to prevent leakage.

7. banyan days: vegetarian days.

8. double-refined: sugar.

9. caro equina: horseflesh.

10. crags: necks.

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II. griskin: the lean part of a loin of pork.

12. good old relative: Lamb's aunt, Sarah Lamb (d. 1797).

13. the Tishbite: Elijah (see I Kings xvii).

14. Calne in Wiltshire: Lamb is here writing as Coleridge, who actually came from Ottery St. Mary, Devonshire.

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15. Lions in the Tower: the lions, formerly one of the sights of the Tower of London, were transferred to the Zoölogical Gardens in 1831.

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16. H- etc. in Lamb's Key H's name is given as Hodges; Nevis and St. Kitts are islands in the West Indies; James Webb Tobin, the grandson of a rich sugar planter, died at Nevis in 1814.

17. Nero: a Roman emperor (54-68) whose name has become a synonym for a wantonly cruel tyrant.

18. leads the roof, covered with sheets of lead.

19. Caligula's minion: a horse which the mad Roman emperor, Caligula (37-41), fed on gilded oats and made chief consul.

20. waxing fat, and kicking: see Deuteronomy xxxii, 15.

21. ram's horn blast . . . Jericho: see Joshua vi.

22. Smithfield: where there was a horse and cattle market.

23. Perry: John Perry, mentioned in the Recollections, was steward from 1761 to 1785.

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24. grand paintings "by Verrio": the picture especially referred to represents James II receiving the members of Christ's Hospital; Verrio (1634–1707) was an Italian historical painter.

25. harpies: the creatures, part bird and part woman, who carried away or defiled the feast of the Trojans; see Eneid iii, 225 ff.

26. Trojan in the hall of Dido: Æneas tried to gain comfort by gazing on the Trojan scenes depicted in the temple being erected by Dido; Animum pictura pascit inani" - Eneid i, 464.

27. goul: usually spelled "ghoul "; an evil spirit that preys upon corpses. 28. " 'T was said

He ate strange flesh”: see Antony and Cleopatra, I, iv, 67–68. 29. the accursed thing: see Joshua vii, 13.

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30. young stork: it was once believed that young storks fed and tended the parent birds.

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31. auto da fe: execution of heretics by the Inquisition; the phrase literally means act of faith."

१९

32. "watchet weeds": blue clothes; the outer dress of the Christ's Hospital boys is a blue coat reaching to the heels, from which they have the name Blue-coat Boys."

33. disfigurements in Dante: see, for example, Canto 28 of the Inferno, where Dante describes the horrible mutilations and disfigurements by which the guilty are punished.

34. Howard: John Howard (1726-1790), the English prison reformer.

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35. Ultima Supplicia: extreme punishments.

36. lictor: the officer attending the highest Roman magistrates and executing sentence upon criminals.

37. San Benito: the robe worn by the victim of an auto da fé.

38. inhabitants on the two sides of the Pyrenees: the proverbially gay French and grave Spaniards.

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39. "like a dancer": see Antony and Cleopatra, III, xi, 35–36.

40. "'insolent Greece or haughty Rome" from Ben Jonson's (1573?— 1637) To the Memory of My Beloved, Master William Shakespeare, 1. 39. 41. Peter Wilkins, etc.: the first two are stories of travel and marvelous experiences; the last, the story of the rise of a Blue-coat boy through a rich marriage.

42. Rousseau and John Locke: Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) in Émile, and John Locke (1632-1704) in Some Thoughts concerning Education, advocated educational methods that should force the child less and take more account of his natural inclinations.

43. Phædrus: a writer of Latin fables in verse (first century A.D.).

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44. Helots to his young Spartans: Spartan parents exhibited to their sons drunken serfs (Helots) as deterrent examples.

45. Xenophon: (cir. 430-after 357 B.C.), the Greek essayist and historian, author of the Anabasis.

46. Plato (cir. 429-347 B.C.), the Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle.

47. the Samite: Pythagoras of Samos (sixth century B.C.), whose pupils were not to speak of his teachings until after they had listened for five years. 48. Goshen the home of the Israelites in Egypt. It was exempted from the plague of flies; see Genesis xlvii and Exodus viii, 22.

49. Gideon's miracle: see Judges vi, 37-38. Lamb's reference to Cowley in the note is to stanza 7 of the latter's Complaint.

50. "playing holiday”: see 1 Henry IV, I, ii, 227.

51. Ululantes: howling sufferers. - Tartarus: the infernal regions; see Eneid vi, 548 ff.

52. scrannel pipes:

Their lean and flashy songs

Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw.

Milton, Lycidas, 123-124

53. Garrick: David Garrick (1717–1779), probably the greatest English actor-manager, whose death "eclipsed the gayety of nations."

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54. Flaccus's quibble, etc.: Horace, Satires I, vii, 34-35 a play upon rex as King, a personal name, and as king, a monarch. — tristis severitas in vultu gloomy severity in his face (Andria V, ii, 16). — inspicere in patinas: look into your saucepans (Adelphœ III, iii, 74–75). — vis: force. The jests really are so thin as not to deserve extended commentary. 55. comet expounded: the appearance of a comet was formerly believed to forebode great disasters.

56. rabidus furor: mad rage.

57. forewarned: expressly forbidden.

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58. Coleridge, in his literary life: Biographia Literaria, chap. i.

59. author of the Country Spectator: Thomas Fanshaw Middleton; see the next paragraph of the essay.

60. First Grecian: the Grecians were the two picked students who each year were given scholarships to Cambridge on the understanding that they should enter the Church.

61. Dr. Te: Arthur William Trollope, who succeeded Boyer as Upper Grammar Master.

62. fasces: the bundle of rods bound about an ax and borne before Roman magistrates as the symbol of authority.

63. Cicero De Amicitia: Cicero's essay On Friendship.

64. Th

: Sir Edward Thornton, minister to Sweden, Denmark, and later to Portugal.

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65. regni novitas: infancy of power; see Eneid I, 563. Middleton was the first Bishop of Calcutta.

66. Jewel: John Jewel (1522–1571), Bishop of Salisbury and author of Apologia pro Ecclesia Anglicana.

67. Hooker: see note 13 to page 96. 68. poor S- ill-fated M

according to Lamb's Key, Scott, who

died in a madhouse, and Maunde, who was expelled from school.

69. Finding some of Edward's race, etc.: Matthew Prior's (1664–1721) Carmen Sæculare for 1700, stanza 8, has "Finding some of Stuart's race," etc. Lamb changes to Edward, as Christ's Hospital was founded by Edward VI.

70. fiery column . . . dark pillar: an allusion to Exodus xiii, 21-22. 71. Mirandula: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494), a brilliant scholar and philosopher of the Italian Renaissance.