dwell in tents, amongst whom prayers and thanksgivings are not offered to the Father and Creator of all, in the name of the crucified Jesus." We learn from Irenæus, bishop of Lyons, about A.D. 178, that the light of the Gospel had, at that time, been received in Germany, France, Spain, and in Libya: and Tertullian, a few years later, declares that Parthia, Media, Armenia, the Getuli and Moors in Africa, all the borders of Spain, many nations of Gaul, those parts of Britain which were inaccessible to the Romans, the Sarmatians, Dacians, Germans, Scythians, and other nations and islands innumerable, were then subject to the dominion of Christ. "We are but of yesterday," he said; "yet we have filled your empire, your cities, your islands, your castles, your corporate towns, your assemblies, your very camps, your tribes, your companies, your palace, your senate, your forum; your temples alone are left to you." "We constitute," he elsewhere says, "almost the majority in every town."

In the succeeding century new nations were gathered within the fold of Christ. The assiduous labours of Origen converted many of the Arabs to Christianity. The Goths of Mysia and Thrace followed their example; and a number of pious missionaries successfully disseminated the Gospel throughout Gaul, and founded several Churches in Germany.

So great was the progress of religion, notwithstanding the violent and cruel persecutions to which it was continually exposed, that it became no less the interest than the duty of the first Christian emperor, Constantine the Great, to relieve the Church from persecution, to act as the defender of its faith, and to distinguish it ministers and members by marks of his favour and generosity.

CHAPTER III.

ON THE FAITH OF THE CHURCH.

A.D. 30-320.

UR Lord's promises to his disciples, that the Spirit of truth should lead them into all truth and abide with them for ever, that the gates of hell should not prevail against his Church, and that he would himself be always with his disciples,-imply that the faith revealed by Jesus Christ should, in every age, continue to purify and sanctify the hearts and lives of his real followers; and we may hence infer, that the belief which has, in all ages, been derived by the Church from holy Scripture; the great truths which Christians have always unanimously held to be essential to the Christian profession, which have supported them under the tortures of martyrdom, and transformed them from sin to righteousness,-that such doctrines are, without doubt, the very same which God himself revealed for the salvation of man.

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What, then, was the belief received by all Christians from the beginning? Let the martyr Irenæus, the friend of St. John's disciple Polycarp, reply: "The Church," he says, though disseminated throughout the whole world, even unto the ends of the earth, hath received from the apostles the belief in one God, the Father almighty, who made heaven and earth, and the seas and all that in them is; and in one Christ Jesus, the Son of God, who was made man for our salvation; and in the Holy Spirit, who, through the prophets, announced the dispensations (of God), the advent of the beloved Christ Jesus our Lord, his birth of a virgin, his suffering, resurrection from the dead, and bodily ascension into heaven, and

his coming (again) from the heavens in the glory of the Father, to gather together all things in one, and to raise up all flesh of mankind, in order that, according to the invisible Father's will, every knee of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth, may bow to Christ Jesus our Lord, our God, our Saviour, and our King, and every tongue confess unto him; and that he may exercise righteous judgment on all-may send spiritual wickedness, and the angels that transgressed and became apostate, and the impious, unrighteous, wicked, and blasphemous among men, into eternal fire; and bestow life and immortality and eternal glory on the righteous, the pious, and those who observe his commandments, and continue in his love, either from the beginning, or from the time of their repentance.

"This preaching, and this faith (as we have said), the Church, though disseminated throughout the whole world, guards as carefully as if she dwelt in one house; believes as if she had but one soul; and proclaims, teaches and delivers, as if she possessed but one mouth."

Such was the universal belief of Christians in the second century, as it still continues in the nineteenth. We here find the most plain assertions of the Godhead of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost; the incarnation and satisfaction of our Lord; the resurrection and future judgment; and the necessity of obedience and the love of God. That Christians worshipped our Lord Jesus Christ as God, is attested even by the heathen writer Pliny, A.D. 107. They affirmed," he says, "that the whole of their fault lay in this, that they were wont to meet together on a stated day, before it was light, and sing among themselves, alternately, an hymn to Christ as God."

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The condemnation of heresies in these ages affords an additional illustration of the belief of the

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Church. When Theodotus and Artemon, heretics, taught at Rome that our Lord Jesus Christ was not God, but a mere man, they were expelled from communion by Victor, bishop of Rome, and by the Roman Church; and they were universally rejected and abhorred by all Christians. When Paul of

Samosata, bishop of Antioch, endeavoured to revive this error, a council or meeting of seventy bishops, from all parts of the East, assembled at Antioch, A.D. 270, and expelled him from the Church. In their epistle, addressed to all the bishops, priests, and deacons, throughout the whole world, and still extant, they declared that "he refused to confess with them that the Son of God came down from heaven;" that he said, "that Jesus Christ is of the earth; and that he had thus "abjured the faith, and gloried in the accursed heresy of Artemon." Nothing can more plainly shew the belief of the Church. The error of Praxeas, Noëtus, and Sabellius, in the third century, who affirmed that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, are but one person, thus virtually denying that the Son, or the Holy Ghost, could have been "sent" by the Father,1 or come from," "be with," or "intercede with,"4 the Father, were also universally rejected by the Church, as contrary to the Christian faith. The belief of Christians in the incarnation and real bodily existence of Jesus Christ was manifested in their opposition to the Gnostics and Manichæans, who held that our Lord's body was not real, but a mere phantom, and that he did not die on the cross: errors destructive at once of the truth of the Gospel-history, of the atonement of Christ, and of the great miracle of his resurrection from the dead.

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or

Few things, perhaps, can more remarkably ex

John v. 23. 3 John i. 1.

2 John xv. 26, xvi. 28.
Heb. vii. 25.

emplify the tendency of the human heart to evil, than those subterfuges which it devises in order to avoid obedience to the will of a pure and all-wise God. For what are heresies, but so many efforts to escape from the obligation of an unreserved submission of our understandings and wills to the revelations of infinite and unfathomable Wisdom, under the pretence of a more strict conformity with the doctrine of revelation itself? All the various heresies which have arisen have alleged the word of God as a sanction for their errors: that sacred and unchangeable truth has been distorted and perverted, in order that the pride of man may be released from the hated necessity of obeying from the heart that form of doctrine which descended from the God of truth, and which ought to be received with childlike humility and affection by every rational and responsible being. Hence it is that so many new interpretations are invented,-that the Scriptures themselves are corrupted or mutilated,-that one part of God's word is wilfully forgotten, while another is unduly exalted and exclusively dwelt on. Hence conclusions are drawn from particular passages of Scripture, which are in direct contradiction to the general spirit and object of the word of God. And whence does all this proceed, except from the sinful heart of man, and from the temptations of that Spirit of pride and falsehood, that ancient enemy of mankind, who seeks in this way to make the Gospel itself subservient to the destruction of human souls? To such men the words of Scripture are peculiarly addressed, "What hast thou to do to declare my statutes, or that thou shouldst take my covenant in thy mouth; seeing thou hatest instruction, and castest my words behind thee?" or, in the words of our Saviour, "Why call ye me Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I say?" The awful condem