Teeth of which has 14:11-52, strong, conical, and pointed teeth in the Mammals. vigour of its age, begins soon after to lose them, and in old individuals none remain in the upper jaw, and not more than eight or ten are preserved in the lower jaw; those at the anterior part of the jaws last longest, and their summits are received in cavities in the upper jaw, or the gum covering it, when the mouth is shut.

The most formidable dentition is that of the predaceous Grampus (Phocoena orca), whose laniariform teeth are as large in proportion to the length of the jaws as in the crocodile; they are in number 1-50; all fixed in deep and distinct sockets, separated by interspaces which admit of the close interlocking of the upper and lower teeth when the mouth is closed; the longest and largest teeth are at the middle of the series, and they gradually decrease in size as they approach the ends, especially the posterior one; the shortness of the anterior teeth is in great part due to the wearing down of the sharp summits, which are best preserved in the small posterior teeth; the position of the bruising and piercing teeth being the reverse of what commonly obtains.

The tooth continues to expand below the enamelled crown to the middle of the fang, which is three times the length, or more, of the crown; it then gradually diminishes to a truncated base, more or less excavated, according to the age of the tooth. The expanded ventricose fang is subcompressed and flattened at the sides. A worn tooth of an old Grampus much resembles the canine of the Ursus spelaus; but the long ventricose fang of that is flattened only on one side, is convex at the other, and the pulp cavity is obliterated long ere the crown is worn down; the base of the enamel is more evenly eircular, less oblique from the convex to the concave side of the crown; the fang in the Grampus is marked by many wavy transverse lines of growth.

In the common Dolphin the number of teeth amount to 190, arranged in equal numbers above and below, and there is a pair of teeth in the premaxillaries which are toothless in the other Cetacea. They have slender, sharp, conical, slightly incurved crowns, and diminish in size to the two extremes of the dental series; the acute apices are longer preserved than in the foregoing species.

The teeth of the common Porpoise (Phocoena vulgaris) are arranged in equal number on each side of both upper and lower jaws, and are from 80 to 92 in number; the crown is slightly expanded and compressed, and the fully-formed fang is recurved and enlarged at its extremity.

The Gangetic Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) differs from the rest of the Delphinida scarcely less in the form of its teeth than in that of the jaws. Both the upper and lower maxillary bones are much elongated and compressed; the symphysis of the lower jaw is coextensive with the long dental series, and the teeth rise so close to it, that those of one side touch the others by their bases, except at the posterior part of the jaw. The lateral series of teeth are similarly approximated in the upper jaw at the median line of union, which line is compelled, by the alternate position of the teeth, to take a wavy course.

There are thirty teeth on each side of the upper jaw, and thirty-two on each side of the lower jaw. In the young animal they are all slender, compressed, straight, and sharp pointed, the anterior being longer than the posterior ones, and recurved. Contrary to the rule in ordinary Dolphins, the anterior teeth retain their prehensile structure, while the posterior ones soon have their summits worn down to their broad bases.

The most remarkable change that occurs in the progress of growth is the antero-posterior expansion, as well as elongation of the implanted base of the tooth, which likewise has its outer surface augmented by longitudinal folds or indentations, analogous to, but weaker than, those in the base of the teeth of the Sauroid fishes. Sometimes the posterior tooth of the Platanista has the base divided into two short fangs-the sole example of such a structure which I have met with in the existing carnivorous Cetacea.

at no period entirely enclosed in a bony cell; in which respect the Cetacea offer an interesting analogy to true fishes. The Cetacea permanently represent that early embryonic stage when no cervical constriction divides the large head from the trunk, and when the rudimental limbs offer no outward marks of joints or digits; they likewise retain a preponderating proportion of brain, and manifest for a long period, and on a magnified scale, the first stages in the development of teeth.

When, by the increasing depth of the jaw, and the reciprocal elongation of the tooth, its base or fang becomes supported by bone (fig. 64, 6), a longer time than usual elapses before the alveolus is completed by the development of transverse partitions between the outer and inner walls of the open groove; and in the meanwhile the teeth are lodged, like those of the Ichthyosauri, in a common and continuous bony channel. In the Delphinide the teeth are successively developed from before backwards, and pass through all their stages of growth in that order of position-the anterior ones having their fangs and alveoli completed, whilst the posterior teeth are lodged in a common groove, or may be supported at the back part of the series by the gum only, as at a. When the formation of the entire series of teeth approaches its completion, the Dolphin resembles the Alligator in having the anterior teeth lodged in sockets, and the posterior teeth in an alveolar groove. In the Cachalot the large middle teeth of the series are the last to have the fang solidified. The conversion of the last remnant of the pulp produces the irregular bone-like deposit in the centre of the tooth, and closes up the lower aperture-one or two minute canals for the nutrient vessels being usually left. The mass of this fourth central substance is greatest in the Cachalot (fig. 63, o), in which the process sometimes commences at an independent centre, and proceeds centrifugally, as in ordinary ossification, giving rise to the detached stalactitic masses occasionally found loose in the unclosed pulp-cavity of large teeth.

Teeth of

Mammals.

The remains of a gigantic animal discovered in a tertiary forma- Zeurocon tion in the State of Louisiana, and originally interpreted to belong to the class of reptiles with the name of Basilosaurus, having presented, in both portions of upper and lower jaws, teeth implanted by a double fang in deep sockets, the writer demonstrated from this character, and the microscopic structure of the teeth, both the mammalian nature and cetaceous affinities of the species, and proposed for it the name of Zeuglodon, or yoke-tooth.2 The crowns of the large posterior teeth are sub-compressed and conical, with an obtuse apex. The upper part of the crown has its anterior and posterior margins strongly serrated (fig. 65). The crown is contracted from

Develop

gent.

Section of Jaw and Teeth of a Dolphin (Delphinus delphis). The primitive seat of the development of the tooth-matrix in the vascular membrane or gum (fig. 64, a) lining an open groove on the alveolar border of the maxillary bones (b), is maintained much longer in the Cetacea than in the highest organized Mammalia; a greater proportion of the tooth is also developed before the matrix sinks into, or is surrounded by a bony alveolus; and, with the exception of the rudimental tusks in the Narwhal, is

Teeth of

The teeth of a species of this genus were figured by SCILLA in his Mammals. work De Corporibus Marinis, 40, 1747, tab. xii. fig. 1. They have been ascribed, since the above-cited memoir on Zeuglodon appeared, by Mr. Grateloup, to a genus called Squalodon, and by Dr. Gibbs to a genus called Dorudon. The mode of completion of the teeth in this extinct Cetacean is different from, and conforms to, a higher type than that of any of the existing carnivorous genera of the order. It is evident that the pulp which, from the form and structure of the crown, was originally simple, becomes afterwards divided into two parts, and that its calcification then proceeds towards two distinct centres, which are each separately surrounded by concentric striæ of growth. The cavitas pulpi, which is very small in the crown of the tooth, becomes contracted as the fangs descend, and is almost obliterated near their extremities.

Order Sirenia.

Halicore

The summits of the crown of the teeth of the Zeuglodon were sheathed with enamel. Their base exhibits an investment of a thin layer of cement, which augments in thickness where it surrounds the fangs.

Dr Carus figures a fragment of the under jaw of the Zeuglodon (see fig. 65), in which a worn-out deciduous molar appears to be displaced and succeeded vertically by a premolar; this would imply an affinity to the Sirenia. In the Sirenia, whose dentition will next be described, the two-fanged structure is fully established in the Manatee, whilst the Dugong presents a near resemblance to the Zeuglodon in the composition and the intimate structure of the molar teeth. The vertebræ of the Zeuglodon resemble those of the carnivorous Cetacea. The size of the extinct animal is estimated at near seventy feet; it accordingly affords a very interesting addition to the history of the dental system in the Cetaceous order, and makes the typical group approach by another step nearer to the Dugongs and Manatees, which are more essentially related to the Pachyderms.

Two marks of inferiority in the dental system of the carnivorous Cetacea, which they have in common with many of the order Bruta, viz.-uniformity of shape in the whole series of teeth, and no succession and displacement by a second or permanent set, disappear when we commence the examination of the dentition of those apodal Pachyderms, which have been called by Cuvier the Herbivorous Cetacea. In the Dugong (Halicore), for example, we find incisors distinguished by their configuration as well as position from the molars, and the incisive tusk is deciduous, displaced vertically, and succeeded by a permanent tusk; both these characters are shown in fig. 67. Of the incisors of the Dugong, only the superior ones project

Fig. 67
Section of Jaws and Teeth of a Dugong (Halicore indicus.)

from the gum in the male sex, and neither upper nor lower ones are visible in the female. The superior incisors (2) are two in number in both sexes. In the male they are moderately long, substriedral, slightly and equally curved, of the same diameter from the base to near the apex, which is obliquely bevelled off to a sharp edge, like the scalpriform teeth of the Rodentia. Only the extremity of this tusk projects from the jaw, at least seven-eighths of its extent being lodged in the socket, the parietes of which are entire, and the exterior of the great intermaxillary bones presents an unbroken surface. In the female Dugong the growth of the permanent incisive tusks of the upper jaw is arrested before they cut the gum, and they remain throughout life concealed in the premaxillary bones; the tusk in this sex is solid, is about an inch shorter and less bent than that of the male; it is also irregularly cylindrical, longitudinally indented, and it gradually diminishes to an obtuse rugged point; the base is suddenly expanded, bent obliquely outwards, and presents a shallow excavation. The deciduous incisors of the upper jaw (fig. 67, i d) are much smaller than the permanent tusks of the female, and are loosely inserted by one extremity in conical sockets immediately anterior to those of the permanent tusks (fig. 67), adhering by their

opposite ends to their tegumentary gum, which presents no outward Teeth of indication of their presence. Not more than twenty-four molar teeth Mammals. are developed in the Australian Dugong (Halicore Australis), or more than twenty molar teeth in the Malayan Dugong, viz.-in the latter, five on each side of both upper and lower jaws (fig. 67, 1-5), but these are never simultaneously in use, the first being shed before the last has cut the gum.

The period when the molar series can be viewed in its most complete state in the Dugong is that represented in fig. 67. The molar teeth increase very regularly in size; the fang of the first (1) and of the second (2) is soon completed and solidified; that of the third (3) is more elongated, and retains its basal cavity longer, but it becomes at length contracted to a point, solidified, partially absorbed, and the tooth is then shed; the crown presents a regular oval shape in transverse section. The fourth molar, when fully formed, resembles a slightly bent cylinder with a nearly smooth outer surface; the crown is flat, or slightly depressed at the centre. The opposite extremity of the tooth is excavated by a regular conical cavity, lodging the remains of the pulp. With age, however, the fang contracts, takes on an irregularly fluted and tuberculate surface, and is at last closed at its extremity. The matrix of the last molar tooth (5) expands as the crown is forming, and manifests a tendency to divide into two fangs; but having acquired the size and form exhibited in fig. 67, b, in transverse section, the pulp is maintained in a wide basal pulp-cavity, to supply the waste of the crown according to that pattern.

The molar teeth of the Dugong consist of a large body of dentine (fig. 8, d), a small central part of osteo-dentine, and a thick external investment of cement (c). The communications between the tubes of the cement and those of the dentine are clearly discernible in several parts of the circumference of the latter substance, and the whole system of tubes adapted to circulate the plasma of the blood through the solid tissues of the tooth is, perhaps, in no existing mammal better seen than in the molar of the Dugong. The smail portion of osteo-dentine in the centre of the tooth is permeated by a few vascular canals, which are derived from the remains of the pulp. In the female Dugong the whole of the smaller extremity of the tusk is surrounded by a thin coat of true enamel, which is covered by a thinner stratum of cement. In the male's tusk the enamel, though it may originally have capped the extremity, as in the female's, yet, in the body of the tusk, it is laid only upon the anterior convex, and on the lateral surfaces, but not upon the posterior concave side of the tusk; which is thickly coated with cement.

This side, accordingly, is worn away obliquely when the tusk comes into use, whilst the enamel maintains a sharp chisel-like edge upon the anterior part of the protruded end of the tusk.

The presence of abortive teeth concealed in the sockets of the deflected part of the lower jaw of the Dugong (fig. 67, a, id) offers an interesting analogy with the rudimental dentition of the upper jaw in the Cachalot, and of both jaws in the foetal Whales. The arrested growth and concealment of the upper tusks in the female Dugong, and the persistent pulp-cavity and projection of the corresponding tusks in the male, are equally interesting repetitions of the phenomena manifested on a larger scale in the singular dental system of the Narwhal; but the habitual abrasion to which the tusks of the male Dugong are subject prevents their closer resemblance to the male Narwhal's tusk in regard to length. The simple implantation of the molar teeth and their composition are paralleled in the teeth of the Cachalot; their difference of form, and the more complex shape of the hindmost tooth, are repetitions of characters which were present in the dentition of the extinct Zeuglodon.

The co-existence of incisive tusks with molar teeth, and the suc cessive displacement of the smaller and more simple anterior ones by the advance of larger and more complex grinders into the field of attrition, already seem to sketch out peculiarities of dentition, which become established and attain their maximum in the Proboscidian family (Elephants and Mastodons) of the Ungulate order.

The transition from the cetaceous to the more normal type of pachydermal dentition is 3. effected by the Manatee (Manatus), especially by

the modification of the molar series.

The deflected anterior extremities of the inter

maxillary bones each supFig. es. Lower Jaw and Teeth of a Young Manatee. port a single deciduous. tusk in the young Manatee (fig. 69, i); but this is not succeeded by a permanent one in either sex. Six depressions for rudimental teeth

2 Proceedings of the Zoolog. Society, 1838, D. 41.

Manatus

Order Marsupi alia.

Thyla

cinus.

in the lower jaw seven molars are usually in use in the adult. The first (figs. 68 and 69, 1) in both jaws is small and simple. Beyond the second, the crowns in the upper jaw are square, and support two transverse ridges with tri-tuberculate summits, having also an anterior and posterior basal ridge; each tooth is implanted by three diverging roots, one on the inner and two on the outer side; they increase in size very gradually, from the foremost to the last.

The crowns of the four or five anterior molars of the lower jaw resemble those above, but the rest have a large posterior tubercle; they are all implanted by two fangs, which enlarge as they descend, and bifurcate at the extremity; the crowns are of moderate height, and project only a few lines above the sockets.

The molars consist of a body of dentine, a coronal covering of enamel, and a general investment of cement, very thin upon the crown, and a little thicker upon the fangs.

All the grinding teeth of the Manatee belong to the true molar series, in so far as that none are displaced by vertical successors; but the first molar (fig. 68, 1) is small, conical, and simple, and is separated by a brief interval from the first of the two-ridged molars (2 e). In this respect the Manatee manifests, like the Dugong, a cetaceous character, and the more strongly, inasmuch as the number of molars successively developed from before backwards is greater. The anterior teeth are, however, displaced before the posterior ones are developed, although they have no vertical successors; which circumstance is also characteristic of the Elephant, and the shape, the structure, and the mode of implantation of the molars of the Manatee, accord with the pachydermal type, and herein more especially with the teeth of the Dinotherium and Tapir.

In the Marsupial order, the typical number of the teeth in the molar series is seven on each side of both jaws, the first three of which displace as many milk teeth, and are "premolars" (fig. 76, p 1, 2, 3), the other four are true "molars," (fig. 76, m 1-4). Incisors (fig. 71, i) are present in all the species, but are variable in number, in some genera exceeding that of the Mammalian type. Canines (fig. 71, e) are large in the Dasyures, are feebly represented in the Phalangers and Petaurists, are absent in the lower jaw of the Potoroos and Koala, and in both jaws of the Kangaroos and Wombats.

3.3

1.1

3.3. 44 ; pm 44

3.3

m

The Dasyures and Thylacine offer the carnivorous type of the dental system, but differ from the corresponding group of the placental Mammalia, in having the molars of a more uniform and simple structure, and the incisors in greater number; the dental formula of the Dog-headed Opposum, Thalycinus, isDog-headed Opposur 4.4; c 1.1. -46. The canine teeth are long, strong, curved, and pointed, like those of the dog tribe; the points of the lower canines are received in hollows of the premaxillary palatal plate when the mouth is closed, and do not project, as in the carnivorous placentals, beyond the mar gins of the maxillary bones. The premolars (p) present a simple compressed conical crown, with a posterior tubercle, which is most developed on the hindmost. The true molars (m) in the upper jaw are unequally triangular, the last being much smaller than the rest; the exterior part of the crown (fig. 70, a, b) is raised into one large pointed middle cusp and two smaller cusps; a small strong obtuse lobe (c) Fig. 70. projects from the inner side of the crown. The Penultimate Upper molars of the lower jaw are compressed and triMolar of the Thy- cuspidate; the middle cusp being the longest, especially in the two last molars, which resemble closely the carnassial teeth (dents carnassières) of the dog and cat.

lacine.

Fig. 71.

Dentition of the Ursine Dasyure. Nat. size.

length and simple structure, and are arranged in a regular semicircle. The six incisors of the lower jaw (fig. 71, i) are similarly arranged, but have thicker crowns than the upper ones. The canines (fig. 71, c) present the same, or even a greater relative development, than in the Thylacine; in an extinct species of Dasyurus, they had the same form and relative proportions as in the Leopard. The premolars (p 2 and 3) answer to the two last in the Opossum, and have simple crowns. The upper true molars (m) have triangular crowns; the first presents four sharp cusps; the second and third each five; the fourth, which is the smallest, only three. In the lower jaw, the last molar is nearly of equal size with the penultimate one, and is bristled with four ousps, the external one being the longest. The second and third molars have five cusps, three on the inner and two on the outer side; the first molar has four cusps. The carnivorous character of the above dentition is most strongly marked in the Ursine Dasyure, or Devil of the Tasmanian colonists, the largest existing species of the genus.

Fig. 72.

A carnivorous Australian marsupial, of the size of a Lion, Thylacoleo now extinct, which the writer determined under the name of Thylacoleo carnifex, in 1848, has a true carnassial tooth, upwards of an inch and a half in fore and aft extent, and one inch in height; consisting wholly of the "blade" in the lower jaw (fig. 72), and with the addition of a very feeble depressed tubercle in the upper jaw. On the occasion of a visit to London by M. Paul Gervais, at the period when the supposed marsupial character of the Pterodon or Hynodon (fig. 111) of the miocene deposits of Auvergne, Gard, and Vaucluse were under discussion, Lower Carnassial Tooth, viewed from above, of the writer took the opporthe Thylacoleo. tunity to point out to that able comparative anatomist and palæontologist, certain characters deducible from the foramen caroticum and foramen lacrymale, bearing on this question, and illustrated those conclusions by reference to the then unique carnivorous fossil which had a short time before been transmitted from Australia. M. Gervais accordingly enters the genus Thylacoleo in the geographical table of fossil mammalia, of the "Zoologie and Paléontologie Française," and in his remarks on those of Australia (Nouvelle Hollande), he writes, "Les depôts pliocenes ou pleistocenes ont fourni des Grand Kangaroos, un grand Wombat, divers autres espèces congenérès de celles d'à present, les genres de Diprotodon et Nototherium, qui étaient aussi des Marsupiaux, mais dont les allues et la taille approchaient de celles de nos grands pachydermes Diluviens, et le Dasyurien, plus grand que le Lion, que M. Owen nomme Thylacoleo" (p. 192). In some of the smaller species of the carnivorous group, as the Phascogale Phascogale, the canines lose their great relative size, and the molar teeth present a surface more cuspidated than sectorial; there is also an increased number of teeth, and as a consequence of their equable development, they have fewer and shorter interspaces. The genus Phascogale is characterized by

1.1

3.3. 4.4 m - 46. 3.3 4.4

P In this dental formula may be discerned a step in the transition from the Dasyures to the Opposums, not only in the increased number of spurious molars, but also in the shape and proportions of the incisors.

Teeth of The general character of the dentition of these small predatory Mammals. Marsupials approximates to the insectivorus type, as will be exemplified in the Shrew, Hedgehog, etc., among the placental Mammalia, and corresponds with the food and habits of the species, which thus lead from the predaceous, or flesh-feeding, to the Entomophegous tribes. The interval is further diminished by a lost Marsupial genus, which forms one of the ancient Mammalia that have rendered the oolitic formations at Stonesfield so famous. This genus, which the writer has called Phascolotherium,1 presents the same numerical dental formula as in Phascogale, viz.

Phascolotherium.

crowns of the premolars (p) and molars (m) is shewn in the specimens Teeth of of the larger species (Amphitherium Broderipii), in the museum at Mammals. York, their implantation of the jaw, each by two long slender roots, as indicated in m 1 and 2, is demonstrated by one of the specimens of the smaller species (Amphitherium Prevosti) in the museum at Oxford.

The singular animal on which this genus was founded, has but ChopUS two toes on each fore foot; its dental formula is44; c; P 3.3. m 1.4 = 46.

3.3

1.1

3.3

4.4

All the teeth are of small size; the upper incisors are conical, the lower ones truncated, and the hindmost is notched; the canines are conical and compressed; the upper one is simple and remote from the incisors; the lower one is near the incisors, and is notched anteriorly; the premolars are separated by intervals, as in Myrmecobius; they are tricuspid, except the first in the upper jaw, which resembles the canine. Each true molar consists of two triangular prisms, those of the upper jaw being broader than those below, and with their base turned outwards, contrary to those in the lower jaw. The genus would seem by its dentition to rank between Myrmecobius and Perameles. Its digital characters are anomalous and unique among the Marsupialia, but are evidently a degeneration from the Saltatorial or Bandicoot type.

The dental formula of the genus Didelphys is

55 1.1 3.3

4.4 4.4

; c Pm : 50 (Fig. 76).

Didelphy's

Myrn ecobius.

Amphitherium.

Fig. 73.

Lower Jaw and Teeth of the Phascolothere. Nat. size, in outline. The transition from the false (p 1, 2, 3) to the true (m 1, 2, 3, 4) molars, is more gradual; the latter are more compressed than in the Opossum; the five larger teeth present each a large middle cusp, with a smaller one in front and behind it, and with a basal ridge, which, projecting a little beyond both the anterior and posterior smaller cusps, gives a quinque-cuspid character to the crown of the tooth.

The Myrmecobius (fig. 74) is characterised by the following remarkable dental formula:

3.3

9

8.3

- 54. 6.6

i13; c 11; p 33; m 6.6 From this formula it will be seen that the number of true and false molars, eighteen in both jaws, exceeds that of any other known existing Marsupial. The molars (m 1, 6) present a distinct multicuspid structure, and both the true and false ones possess two separate fangs, as in other Marsupials. The inferior molars are directed obliquely inwards, and the whole dental series describes slight sigmoid curve. The premolars (p 1, 2, 3) present the usual compressed triangular form, with the apex slightly recurved, and the base more or less obscurely notched before and behind. The canines (c) are very little longer than the false molars. The incisors (2) are minute, slightly compressed, and pointed; they are separated from each other and the canines by wide intervals.

Lower Jaw and Teeth of the Amphitherium. Twice nat. size.

and separated by intervals, as in the existing Marsupial genus Myrmecobius; the canine (c) had a similar form. The shape of the

The Opossums resemble in their dentition the Bandicoots more than the Dasyures; but they closely resemble the latter in the tuberculous structure of the molars, the two middle incisors of the upper jaw are more produced than the others, from which they are also separated by a short interspace.

adapted for the destruction of living prey, but the molars have a conThe canines still exhibit a superior development in both jaws formation different from that which characterizes the true flesh-feeders, and the Opossums consequently subsist on a mixed diet, or prey upon the lower organized animals.

The smaller species of Didelphys, which are the most numerous, fulfil in South America the office of the insectivorous Shrews of the old continent. The larger Opossums resemble in their habits, as in their dentition, the carnivorous Dasyures, and prey upon the smaller quadrupeds and birds; but they have a more omnivorous diet, feeding on reptiles and insects, and even fruits. One large species (Did. Cancrivora) prowls about the sea-shore, and lives, as its name implies, on crabs and other crustaceous animals. Another species, the Yapock, frequents the fresh water, and preys almost exclusively on fish. It has all the habits of the Otter; and, in consequence of the Ill. Its dentition, however, does not differ from that of the ordinary modifications of its feet, forms the type of the sub-genus Chironectes, Opossums.

The dental formula of the genus Tarsipes has not been accu- Tarsipes rately determined; the molars soon begin to fall; the small canines are also deciduous; the two procumbent incisors of the lower jaw remain the longest. The inferior incisors are opposed to six minute incisors above, which are succeeded by a small canine and some small molars; but these are reduced in some, perhaps old individuals, to a single tooth on each side.

The Phalangers, being provided with hinder hands and prehensile Phalantails, are strictly arboreal animals, and have a close external resem- gista. blance to the Opossums, by which name they are generally known in Australia and the islands of the Indian Archipelago, where alone they have hitherto been found. They differ from the Opossums chiefly in their dentition, and in accordance with this difference, their diet is more decidedly of a vegetable kind.

The absence of anomalous or functionless premolars, and of Phascoinferior canines, appears to be constant in this genus, the dental larctos. formula of which, in other respects resembles that of Phalangista; it is