tical law, deposition is the act of depriving clergyman by a competent tribunal of his clerical orders, in punishment of some offence, and to prevent his acting in his clerical character. DEPPING, Georges Bernard, a miscellaneous writer, born at Münster in Westphalia, May 11, 1784, died in Paris, Sept. 5, 1853. He went to Paris in 1803, and during the rest of his life was engaged in writing books on a variety of subjects and preparing articles for various periodicals and cyclopædias. Among his works were two juvenile books which obtained great popularity, and were translated into several languages: Les soirées d'hiver, ou entretiens d'un père avec ses enfants sur le génie, les mœurs et l'industrie des divers peuples de la terre (2 vols., 3d ed., 1832), and Merveilles et beautés de la nature en France (2 vols., 1835). He assisted MalteBrun in his geographical works, and wrote descriptive sketches of Switzerland, Greece, England, and other countries. His most important historical works are: Histoire générale de l'Espagne (2 vols., 1811); Histoire des expéditions maritimes des Normands et de leur établissement en France au dixième siècle (1826); Histoire du commerce entre le Levant et l'Europe, depuis les croisades jusqu'à la fon province, and president of the king's council, in which latter capacity in 1701 he acted as colonial governor. He was also colonel of the forces of the city and county of New York, and treasurer of the provinces of New York and New Jersey. He was the intimate friend of William Penn, and of the colonial governor, the earl of Bellamont. The mansion erected by him in Pearl street in 1695, which was at one time the headquarters of General Washington, remained standing till 1856. III. Arent Schuyler, a loyalist officer, grandson of the preceding, born in New York, June 27, 1736, died at Dumfries, Scotland, in November, 1832. He entered the 8th or king's regiment of foot in 1755, served in various parts of North America under his uncle, Col. Peter Schuyler, and commanded at Detroit, Michilimackinaç, and various places in Upper Canada, during the American revolutionary war. It was through his efforts that the Indians were allied with the British during the war. Having risen to the rank of colonel, and commanded his regiment for many years, he retired to Dumfries. He was on terms of friendship with Burns, who addressed to him one of his fugitive pieces, and with whom he once carried on a poetical controversy in the columns of the "Dumfries Jour-dation des colonies d'Amérique (2 vols., 1832); nal." At his death he had held the king's commission upward of 77 years, and was probably at the time the oldest officer in the service. IV. John Watts, an American military and historical writer, born in New York, March 9, 1821. He was commissioned as brevet major general by the New York legislature, and has published "Life of Gen. Torstensen" (1855), "The Dutch at the North Pole and the Dutch in Maine" (1857), "Early Settlement of Acadia by the Dutch" (1858), "The Dutch Battle of the Baltic" (1858), "History of Carausius" (1858), "The Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Netherlanders" (1859), "Winter Campaigns the Test of Generalship" (1862), "Practical Strategy" DEPTFORD, a town and naval arsenal in (1863), "Secession in Switzerland and the Kent and Surrey, England, on the right bank United States compared" (1864), and "Deci- of the Thames, at the mouth of the Ravenssive Conflicts of the late Civil War" (1868). bourne, on the Croydon and Greenwich railDEPOSITION, in law, the testimony of a wit-ways, and at the junction of the Croydon and ness reduced to writing in due form of law, taken by virtue of a commission or other authority of a competent tribunal. When taken by commission, depositions are usually in answer to questions upon the examination in chief, and upon cross-examination, prepared and submitted to the court from which the commission issues. In other cases they are taken by consent of counsel or in due course of law, the privilege of cross-examination being always preserved, except in some cases where depositions of matters within the knowledge of persons of great age are allowed to be taken for the purpose of perpetuating their testimony, and in cases where immediate death by violence is expected. This must, when possible, be sworn to and signed by the witness. In the United States, compulsory process is usually allowed to procure this evidence.-In ecclesias Les Juifs dans le moyen âge (1834); and Histoire de la Normandie sous le règne de Guillaume le Conquérant et de ses successeurs (2 vols., 1835). Several of these have been translated into other languages. He also wrote several books of travel, made various translations, edited the Romancero castellano and other works, contributed to the Biographie universelle and the Encyclopédie portative, and published an autobiography in German entitled Erinnerungen aus dem Leben eines Deutschen in Paris. An account of his life and works, by Alfred Maury, was published in Paris in 1854. Surrey canals, 3 m. S. E. of London bridge, and contiguous to Greenwich; pop. about 40,000. It contains a royal naval school incorporated in 1840, and two ancient hospitals for decayed pilots and shipmasters or their widows. Its principal feature was formerly the dockyard, established by Henry VIII., enclosing an area of 31 acres, with three slips for ships of the line on the river front, two for smaller vessels opening into a basin 260 by 220 ft., and two dry docks, one communicating with the basin, and the other, a double dock, with the Thames. This famous yard, in which Peter the Great worked as a shipwright, and near which Queen Elizabeth visited Sir Francis Drake on board the Pelican, was closed in 1869. The victualling yard for the royal navy, which adjoins it, is still open, and contains sheep and cattle pens, slaughter houses, salting establishments, an extensive mill, bakeries, an immense brewery, and cooper shops. There are several private dockyards in the town, and manufactories of some extent, including large engine and boiler works. The retail trade is considerable, and the market gardens are famous. The workhouse stands on the site of Sayes court, the mansion of John Evelyn, in which Peter the Great resided, and the once beautiful grounds are covered in part by the victualling yard. Ile and philosophy, made translations from Lessing and Richter, and was among the first in England to interpret Kant, Fichte, and Schelling. In 1813 an irritation of the stomach, the consequence of his early sufferings, returned with a violence which yielded to no remedies but opium. From this time he became a regular and confirmed opium eater, taking sometimes as much as 320 grains a day. It had been the aim of his whole life to construct one single work, to which he proposed giving_the_title DE QUINCEY, Thomas, an English author, of an unfinished work of Spinoza, De Emenknown as the "English Opium Eater," born datione Humani Intellectus. The studies of at Greenhay, a suburb of Manchester, Aug. 15, many years had laid the foundation, but he 1786, died in Edinburgh, Dec. 8, 1859. He was could not command the efforts to rear the suthe fifth child of a merchant who at his death perstructure. In what he terms his state of in 1793 left to his family a fortune of £1,600 imbecility he turned his attention for amusea year. His childhood was chiefly passed in ment to political economy. He welcomed rural seclusion, with three sisters for play- the treatise of Ricardo as the first profound mates. He was sent to various schools, and work on the subject, and it roused him to an early distinguished himself by proficiency in activity which enabled him to draw up his Greek. After vainly entreating his guardian to "Prolegomena to all Future Systems of Politsend him to the university, he ran away from ical Economy." Yet opium paralyzed his ef school in 1802, and wandered about the coun- forts to complete even that short work. try until he reached London, where he suffer- failed to accomplish the preface; the arrangeed terribly from exposure and hunger. Long ments for its publication were countermanded, afterward he wrote sketches of his life at this and it first appeared in the "London Magaperiod; how much of these is true, how much zine," in 1824, under the title of "Templars' fiction, it is impossible to say. According to Dialogues." It is one of the most thorough his own account, he had in vain resorted to a as well as briefest exhibitions of the Ricardian Jew for an advance of money on the strength theory of value. After two unsuccessful trials, of his expectations, when at length an opening he overcame his besetting habit, though it cost was made for reconciliation with his friends; him a long and terrible struggle. In 1821 he went and he attended school and visited in different to London, and, as collaborator in the "London parts of England and Ireland till he went to Magazine," became at once associated with Oxford in December, 1803, where he remained Charles Lamb, Hazlitt, Allan Cunningham, till 1808. He first resorted to opium on a visit Hood, Cary, and other writers. His "Confesto London in the autumn of 1804, to dull the sions of an English Opium Eater" appeared in pains of rheumatism, and afterward took it ha- that periodical in 1821, and in a volume in bitually. He says that for ten years he "lived 1822, and immediately obtained for him a on the earth the life of a demiurgus, and kept high reputation. He contributed frequently the keys of paradise." It was his custom at this to British periodicals, chiefly to "Blackwood's time to drink laudanum either on a Tuesday or Magazine," "Tait's Edinburgh Magazine," and Saturday night once in three weeks. On Tues- the North British Review," furnishing autoday night he went to the opera, where in the biographical sketches, literary reminiscences, elaborate harmony and scenic display he saw miscellaneous essays, and historical, philosophunfolded the whole of his past life, with its ical, and critical discussions. He also furnished passions exalted, spiritualized, and sublimed; several articles to the “ Encyclopædia Britannot as if recalled by an act of memory, but as nica," including the memoirs of Shakespeare if present and incarnated in the music. On and Pope. All his works show a wide range Saturday night he used to wander through the of learning and speculation, a delicate and submarkets of London, and listen to the consulta- tle critical faculty, and a felicitous selection of tions of family parties on their ways and means, words. He divides them into three classes: making himself familiar with their wishes, dif- 1, papers whose chief purpose is to interest and ficulties, and opinions. In 1809 he took the amuse; 2, speculative, critical, and philosophicottage at Grasmere which Wordsworth had cal essays; 3, prose-poetry. His highest and occupied before him, and lived there constant- most peculiar merit is in this third class, the ly till 1819. Among his associates were Words- best examples of which are his "Confessions" worth and Coleridge at Grasmere, Southey and "Suspiria de Profundis." In 1843 he reat Keswick, Charles Lloyd at Brathay, and moved to Lasswade, a village about 12 miles Wilson at Elleray. He afterward passed much from Edinburgh. Here he returned to some of his time in London, Bath, and Edinburgh; of his earlier studies, and produced a volume his most intimate friend in London being for entitled "The Logic of Political Economy." many years the celebrated peripatetic known The first collective edition of his works was as "Walking Stewart." He was occupied es- issued in Boston (21 vols., 1851-'9); it probapecially with the study of German literature bly included a few things not written by him. A selection from this American edition, with notes by the author, was commenced in Great Britain, of which nine volumes had appeared at the time of his death. DERA GHAZEE KHAN, a large town of the Punjanb, British India, 4 m. from the right bank of the Indus, and 40 m. W. by S. of Mooltan; pop. about 25,000, half Hindoos and half Mohammedans. It has 125 Hindoo temples and 160 mosques, and a bazaar with 1,600 shops; also manufactories of silk, cotton, and mixed fabrics, and coarse cutlery. Being at the intersection of two great routes of travel, it has considerable trade. DERAYEH, or Derbidjeh, a town of Arabia, in Nedjed, lat. 24° 30' N., lon. 46° 38' E., 385 m. E. of Medina. It lies in a fertile and well watered valley at the foot of Mount Khur, and in the earlier part of this century was famous as the capital and stronghold of the Wahabees. It was then strongly fortified in the oriental style, and contained 40,000 inhabitants, 30 mosques, and 30 schools. In 1819 it was taken and destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha in the war for the suppression of the Wahabees. Although that sect is again dominant in Nedjed, Derayeh remains a mass of ruins and its environs are uncultivated, as it is considered unlucky to rebuild or reinstate a city so completely overthrown; and their seat of government is now Riad, about 10 m. S. E. DERBEND, or Derbent, a fortified town of Russia in Daghestan, on the W. shore of the Caspian Derbend. sea, lat. 42° 3' N., lon. 48° 15' E.; pop. in 1867, 15,739, consisting of Mohammedans, Armenians, and Jews. The city rises from the harbor on the side of a wooded mountain, in the form of a quadrangle, and the summit is crowned by a citadel. The inhabitants manufacture silk, woollen, and cotton stuffs, and cultivate the vine and saffron. It is partly covered by walls, now dilapidated, but which were formerly of great strength, and also enclosed the defile known to the ancients as Albanian gates. From the iron gates of these walls it has its name, signifying "closed gates." Near Derbend commences the famous wall which extends westward for nearly 120 m. through Tabasseran, and formerly served as a defence to Persia against the northern barbarians. Its builder is unknown, some having attributed it to Alexander, others to Chosroes I. In 728 Derbend was taken from the Khazars by the Arabs, and in 1220 by the Mongols. In 1589 the Turks captured part of the town, but were again expelled. It was captured by Russia in 1722, restored to Persia in 1735, and taken again in 1795 by the Russians, who have kept it since. DERBY, a town of New Haven co., Conn., on the Housatonic river, at its junction with the Naugatuck, 9 m. W. of New Haven; pop. in 1870, 8,020. The Housatonic and the New Haven and Derby railroads intersect here. The town has a fine landing on the E. side of the Housatonic, just below the junction of the Naugatuck, admitting vessels drawing 10 ft. of water, and was formerly extensively engaged in the West India trade and in ship building. It contains the villages of Ansonia and Birmingham. (See ANSONIA, and BIRMINGHAM.) DERBY, a parliamentary borough and the county town of Derbyshire, England, on the Derwent, and on the Midland railway, at its junction with several branch lines, 127 m. by rail N. N. W. of London; pop. in 1871, 49,793. It is the principal depot of the Midland railway company, with a station 1,050 ft. long. The town hall is a fine building with carvings in relief and a high clock tower. The church of All Saints is a splendid edifice, built in the reign of Henry VII. in rich Gothic style. St. Alkmund's church has a Gothic spire 205 ft. high. St. Peter's is the oldest and St. Andrew's the newest of the churches. There are 44 places of worship, of which 17 belong to the established church. There is a philosophical society founded by Dr. Erasmus Darwin, with a well stocked museum, a mechanics' institute, an athenæum, an infirmary, a county asylum, and a county prison. The free grammar school is one of the oldest in England. A fine arboretum of 16 acres, laid out in 1840 by Loudon, and presented to the city by Joseph Strutt, is a popular resort. There is also a new park of six acres, the gift of another citizen. Manufactures are carried on to a considerable extent, including silk, hosiery, lace, iron and brass work, carriages, harness, shot, and porcelain. The first silk mill in England was built here in 1718, | and there are now 25 establishments of the kind. The marbles and spars found in the vicinity are wrought into ornaments. Derby gives the title of earl to the Stanley family. DERBY. I. Edward Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th earl of, and Baron Stanley, a British statesman, born at Knowsley Park, Lancashire, March 29, 1799, died there, Oct. 23, 1869. He was educated at Eton and at Christchurch, Oxford, and was distinguished at the university for his classical attainments, gaining the prize for Latin verse in 1819. In 1821 he entered parliament as member for Stockbridge, and soon took rank among the ablest debaters and most prominent leaders of the whig opposition to the ministry of the earl of Liverpool. He was elected member for Preston, Lancashire, in 1826, and on March 11, 1827, took office as under secretary for the colonies in Canning's administration, which office he continued to hold in the Goderich cabinet until its dissolution in January, 1828. During the three years of the Wellington government he figured among the prominent orators and statesmen in the house of commons. On the formation of the reform cabinet of Lord Grey in 1830, he was appointed chief secretary for Ireland, with a seat in the cabinet. He failed of reelection from Preston, and represented the borough of Windsor from 1830 to 1832, when he was returned by one of the divisions of Lancashire. In the great struggle of 1832'3, which resulted in the passage of the reform bill, the church temporalities bill, and the bill to establish national education in Ireland, Mr. Stanley took a brilliant and effective part, and was the strongest antagonist of O'Connell in his agitation for a repeal of the union. In 1833 he exchanged the office of chief secretary for Ireland for that of secretary of state for the colonies, being nominated to this post with the special object of carrying the abolition of slavery in the West Indies, which was effected under his auspices. In the following year, on the succession of his father to the earldom, he became known by the courtesy title of Lord Stanley, and in the same year retired from the cabinet in consequence of his nonconcurrence with the ministerial proposition to appropriate the surplus funds of the Irish church establishment for secular education. In the brief administration of Sir Robert Peel (December, 1834, to April, 1835), Lord Stanley refused to take office, and long before the close of Lord Melbourne's administration he and his followers were found voting steadily with the conservative opposition, as avowed members of that party. In 1841 the whigs went out of office, and Sir Robert Peel formed a cabinet in which Lord Stanley occupied a seat as colonial secretary. In 1844, while his father was still living, he was summoned by writ to the house of lords as Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe, and assumed the leadership of the conservative party in that body. When Sir Robert Peel resolved in 1845 to adopt a free-trade policy, and remove prohibitive duties on foreign grain and breadstuffs, Lord Stanley left the cabinet and became the leader of the protectionist opposition. When, in December, 1845, Sir Robert tendered his resignation to the queen, Lord Stanley was invited by her majesty, at the instance of Lord John Russell, to form a protectionist cabinet, but he declined. During the six years of Lord John Russell's tenure of the premiership, Lord Stanley added to his already high fame as an orator and a statesman by his course as leader of the opposition in the house of lords. His speech on the Irish poor laws in 1849, that on the affairs of Greece in 1850, and his explanation of the reasons why he declined the premiership in February, 1851, when Lord John Russell's ministry were defeated in the house of commons on Mr. Locke King's motion for an extension of the franchise, are among the most remarkable of his forensic efforts. On the death of his father, June 30, 1851, he succeeded to the earldom and the vast ancestral estates of his family in England and Ireland. On Feb. 20, 1852, Lord John Russell having sustained another defeat on the militia bill, Lord Derby was again called to construct a cabinet, and succeeded in performing the task; but failing to obtain the support of parliament for his financial measures, he resigned in December of the same year. On the fall of the coalition ministry of Lord Aberdeen in 1855, he refused an invitation to form a new cabinet; but on the resignation of Lord Palmerston in 1858, he took the seals once more as first lord of the treasury. Being defeated on a measure of parliamentary reform, he dissolved parliament; but the new house of commons passed a vote of want of confidence in June, 1859, and he was consequently forced to resign. For seven years he remained out of office, and during that period devoted much time to the study of the classics. His translation of Homer's Iliad in blank verse, published in 1864, is one of the best versions of the great epic. He became prime minister a third time on the fall of the liberal ministry of Lord Russell in June, 1866, and under his administration the reform bill of 1867, establishing household suffrage, was passed. The new parliament, chosen on the issue of the disestablishment of the church in Ireland, was found to be strongly opposed to the government, and in February, 1868, Lord Derby resigned. A statue in his honor was erected at Preston in 1873. II. Edward Henry Smith-Stanley, 15th earl, son of the preceding, born at Knowsley Park, July 21, 1826. He was educated at Rugby, and at Trinity college, Cambridge, where he took a first class in classics in 1848. Having been unsuccessful as a candidate for parliament from Lancashire in March, 1848, he set out on a tour of the United States, Canada, and the West Indies, and during his absence was returned from Lynn Regis, which he continued to represent until he succeeded to the peerage. After his return in 1850 he made an able speech in the house of commons on the condition and administration of the sugar colonies. He next made a visit to the East, and while in India, in March, 1852, was appointed under secretary for foreign affairs in his father's first administration. In 1853 he submitted a plan for the reform of the administration of India, more thorough than that contemplated by the existing ministry, and foreshadowing that adopted in 1858. Though he was a conspicuous member of the conservative party, Lord Palmerston offered him a place in the cabinet in 1855, which he declined. He became secretary for the colonies in the second Derby cabinet in 1858, and on the resignation of Lord Ellenborough in May became president of the board of control, with the title of her majesty's commissioner for the affairs of India. The transfer of the management of Indian affairs from the East India company to the officers of the crown was effected under his direction, and he became the first secretary of state for India. In the third administration of Lord Derby, in 1866, he became secretary of state for foreign affairs, and conducted with marked success the negotiations for the settlement of the Luxemburg difficulty. He went out of office on the accession of Mr. Gladstone in December, 1868, and on April 1, 1869, was installed lord rector of the university of Glasgow. On the death of his father in October, 1869, he took his seat in the house of lords, of which he became one of the most influential members. In 1870 he married the dowager marchioness of Salisbury, and on Feb. 20, 1874, resumed the direction of foreign affairs as a member of Mr. Disraeli's cabinet. DERBYSHIRE, a central county of England, bordering on Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Staffordshire, and Cheshire; length 56 m., greatest breadth 34 m.; area, 1,030 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 380,558. Capital, Derby. The county is level or moderately hilly, abounding in fine scenery, fertile, well cultivated, and rich in minerals. It is watered by the Derwent, Trent, Dove, Wye, Erewash, and Rother. The S. and E. parts produce wheat, barley, and other kinds of grain; the N. part, where the surface is more hilly and the climate colder, is occupied chiefly by oat fields and pastures. The elevated region called the High peak or Derbyshire highlands, consisting of a succession of bleak hills, some of which rise nearly 2,000 ft. above the sea, interspersed with narrow valleys, is famous for its romantic scenery. The climate is rather cold and moist, thick fogs and even hoar frost not being uncommon in summer. Dairy husbandry is carried on in nearly all parts of the county, and among the hills small sheep and a breed of light, slender horses are reared. Among the minerals are coal, iron, lead, zinc, copper, gypsum, black and variegated marble, fluor spar, small crystals called Derbyshire diamonds, chalcedony, jasper, and a few onyxes. The VOL. VI.-3 coal field covers a large area, and belongs to the same great field which extends over part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and part of Nottinghamshire. Mining is an important interest, and there are extensive founderies and forges in the large towns. The lead mines have been worked on lease from time immemorial, and are the subjects of several very ancient and peculiar laws. The county is traversed by a large number of canals and railways. The manufactures are important, and comprise cotton, silk, calico, cambric, fustian, muslin, tape, candle wicks, machinery, agricultural implements, leather, hats, paper, and porcelain. The first cotton mill was built by Richard Arkwright at Cromford in 1771, and the county was also the cradle of the silk and woollen manufactures of the kingdom. In the mountain district are numerous tepid mineral springs, which are resorted to by invalids, especially those of Buxton and Matlock. There are in the county numerous remains of the circles and cromlechs of the druids, various relics of the Roman domination, such as roads and baths, and ruins of many medieval castles, abbeys, and monasteries. DERBYSHIRE SPAR, a variety of fluor spar found in Derbyshire, England, which is distinguished by its fine shades of purple, blue, red, and yellow. These, together with the soundness of the stone, render it well adapted for ornamental purposes. The manufacture of cups, tables, vases, inkstands, and other objects, is extensively carried on in several towns of the county, as at Derby, Buxton, Castleton, and Bakewell. The stone takes a high polish for one so soft; but the property which renders it easy to be worked makes it liable to be soon defaced by scratches. It is found near Castleton in fissures in the limestone rocks. DERFFLINGER, Georg von (originally DÖRFLING), a German soldier, born in Bohemia in March, 1606, died Feb. 4, 1695. At the age of 14 he fought in the Protestant army at the battle of Prague, and some ten years later entered the Swedish army as an officer under Gustavus Adolphus. His conduct in the Swedish victory at Leipsic, 1642, gained him the rank of major general. Afterward he entered the service of the elector of Brandenburg as lieutenant general, and distinguished himself against the Poles, Swedes, and French. In 1670 he became field marshal, and in 1674 baron of the German empire; routed the Swedes near Rathenau, June 15, 1675, and at Fehrbellin three days afterward, and secured the greater portion of Pomerania for the elector. In 1678 he was made military governor of lower Pomerania; and in the winter campaign of 1678-'9 he caused 9,000 soldiers and 30 guns to cross the ice on sleds as far as Tilsit, and routed the Swedes near the latter city. DERG, Lough (red lake), a lake in the county Donegal, Ireland, about 7 m. E. S. E. of Donegal, 3 m. long, and 24 m. wide at the broadest part. It is enclosed on all sides except the |