7,621 other cattle, 26,932 sheep, and 9,253 swine; 15 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 2 of machinery, 8 of saddlery and harness, 2 breweries, and 6 flour mills. Capital, Naperville. the occupation of Orleans by the German troops in 1870 the bishop obtained a mitigation of many of the harsh measures of the military commanders. At the end of the war his people sent him as their representative to the national assembly. There he showed himself favorable to a constitutional monarchy under the reunited house of Bourbon, and advocated a perfect system of education for France, as well as the traditional right of his country to protect the holy see. His principal works are: Exposition des principales vérités de la foi catholique (2 vols., 1832); Méthode générale de catéchisme (2 vols., 1841); Élémens de rhétorique sacrée (1841); L'Éducation (3 vols., 1855-'7); Œuvres choisies (4 vols., 1861); and Histoire de N. S. Jésus-Christ (1872). DUPATY, Charles Marguerite Jean Baptiste Mercier, a French jurist, born in La Rochelle, May 9, 1746, died in Paris, Sept. 17, 1788. In 1768 he became advocate general at the parliament of Bordeaux, strongly defended the privileges of the French parliaments against the encroachments of the crown, and was imprisoned. He wrote Réflexions historiques sur le droit criminel, and Lettres sur la procédure criminelle de France (1788), containing views subsequently embodied in the Code Napoléon. DUPANLOUP, Félix Antoine Philippe, a French prelate, born at St. Félix, Savoy, Jan. 3, 1802. He was brought up in the house of his uncle, a country priest, and in his eighth year was placed at school in Paris. He was ordained | priest in 1825, and attached for three years as catechist to the parish of the Assumption. In 1827 he was appointed confessor to the young duke of Bordeaux (now the count de Chambord), in 1828 catechist to the Orleans princes, and in 1830 chaplain to the dau- | phiness, duchess d'Angoulême, daughter of Louis XVI. In 1834 he opened the course of conferences or dogmatic lectures in the cathe- | dral. In 1837 he was appointed superior of the diocesan seminary, and also named vicar general of Paris. Under Archbishop Affre he resigned that office, and in 1849 was nominated to the see of Orleans. In this new career he gave full scope to his plans of Christian education. He opened a school in his own residence, in which he acted as professor, and endeavored in all the establishments under his control to raise the standard of DUPERREY, Louis Isidor, a French naval offiinstruction to the highest degree of excel- cer, born in Paris, Oct. 21, 1786, died Sept. lence. At that period a great rivalry existed 10, 1865. He entered the navy in 1802, bebetween the university lyceums or colleges came an ensign in 1811, and was sent in that and the schools unauthorized by government. year to make a hydrographic survey of the Bishop Dupanloup's efforts and success met coast of Tuscany, which he accomplished in with no favor from the administration. It spite of the English cruisers and the hostility was also at that time that the controversy of the inhabitants. From 1817 to 1820 he about the classics arose, growing out of the was with Freycinet on his voyage of discovery, publication of Abbé Gaume's Ver rongeur, in in which he had charge of the hydrographic which the use of pagan authors in Christian explorations and charts. On his return to schools was denounced. The Univers and its France he was promoted to lieutenant, and in editor, Veuillot, advocated Gaume's views, and 1822 he commanded an expedition for scientific a large portion of the French bishops and observation in Oceania and on the coast of clergy coincided in them. Bishop Dupanloup South America. During a voyage of 32 months was supported by the remaining members of he made investigations in hydrography, magthe episcopate. The pope, however, interfered netism, and meteorology, and on the figure of and made peace between the parties. In the earth, and collected many thousands of 1848 Dupanloup was instrumental in having specimens illustrative of zoology and botany. the first French expeditionary corps sent to He published a large number of scientific treathe Papal States; and during the whole pe- tises and many maps and charts. His most riod of Napoleon's power he was the fore-important researches were in terrestrial magmost defender of the temporal independence of the holy see. In 1863, in conjunction with eight other bishops, he issued an address to the French electors, which drew on him the censure of the minister of public worship. Bishop Dupanloup published in November, 1869, a pastoral letter, giving his own private opinion concerning the question of papal infallibility; and a public correspondence on the subject between, him and Archbishop Manning excited much attention before the assembling of the council. In Rome, like Archbishop Darboy, he maintained a firm but respectful opposition; and, like him, he was among the first to accept the decree of infallibility when it came. During netism, and he determined accurately the positions of the magnetic poles and the figure of the magnetic equator. DUPERRON, Jacques Davy, a French cardinal, born in St. Lô, Normandy, Nov. 15, 1556, died in Paris, Sept. 5, 1618. He received his edu cation in Switzerland, whither his father, who had given up the practice of medicine to become a Protestant minister, had removed to escape persecution. At the age of 20 he went to Paris, where he abjured Protestantism. Brought to the notice of Henry III., he was appointed reader to the king. Although a layman, he was selected to preach before the king and court; and some of his sermons won him so much praise that he took orders. On the death of Mary Stuart he was chosen to pronounce her eulogy, in which he spoke so harshly of Queen Elizabeth that the king thought it necessary to disavow his sentiments. Toward the end of the reign of Henry III. he became the confidant of the cardinal de Bourbon, and he has been accused of selling his secrets to Henry IV. He acquired the favor of the latter monarch, who created him in 1591 bishop of Evreux; and he was the chief agent in inducing Henry to abandon the reformed religion. After the taking of Paris he went to Rome and persuaded the pope to remove the interdict which had been placed upon France. In 1600 he was successful in a theological disputation, held before the court at Fontainebleau, over Duplessis-Mornay. In 1604 he was sent to Rome with the title of chargé des affaires of France, and the same year received a cardinal's hat from Clement VIII. He contributed greatly to the election of Leo XI. in 1605, and in the same year to that of Paul V., so that French influence was retained at the papal court. For these services he was made archbishop of Sens and grand almoner to the king. The principal controversial works of Duperron were collected and published in Paris in 1622 (3 vols. folio). He wrote also a number of hymns, ballads, and poetical satires, a poem entitled L'Ombre de l'amiral de Joyeuse, and translated into French verse a portion of the Eneid and some of the odes of Horace. DU PETIT-THOUARS, Abel Aubert, a French naval officer, born Aug. 3, 1793, died March 17, 1864. He entered the navy in 1804, and was rapidly promoted. From 1837 to 1839 he was engaged in circumnavigating the globe as commander of the ship Vénus. He was afterward made rear admiral and put in command of the fleet in the Pacific. He proposed to his government the establishment of a protectorate over the Society islands; and in 1842, when three French Catholic missionaries were expelled from Tahiti at the instigation of the English missionaries there, he visited that island, demanded reparation, and with the aid of some chiefs placed the island under a French protectorate. In the same year he established a French protectorate over the Marquesas islands; and in 1843, when the English missionary and consul Pritchard persuaded the natives of Tahiti to rise against the French, he drove Pritchard from the island and took possession in the name of France of the whole Society group. At the demand of the English government Du Petit-Thouars was then recalled, and on his return declined the ovations offered him by the opponents of the government. In 1846 he was made vice admiral, and in 1849 elected to the legislative assembly from the department of Maine-et-Loire. He wrote Voyage autour du monde (10 vols., with 180 illustrations, Paris, 1840-'49). DUPIN. I. André Marie Jean Jacques, a French lawyer and politician, born at Varzy, Feb. 1, | 1783, died Nov. 10, 1865. He was early distinguished as a learned lawyer and an able speaker. A member of the chamber of deputies in 1815, he opposed the motion to proclaim the son of Napoleon I. emperor after his father's second abdication. The same year, in conjunction with Berryer, he was appointed counsel for Marshal Ney, and, gaining great popularity by his defence, was chosen to defend many political offenders. Among his most famous speeches were those in behalf of Béranger in 1821, and of the Journal des Débats on the eve of the revolution of 1830. Having become a member of the chamber of deputies, it was in great part through his exertions in that body that the duke of Orleans secured the crown, and he became a member of Louis Philippe's first cabinet. From 1832 to 1840 he was president of the chamber of deputies, and from 1849 to 1851 of the legislative assembly. He made some show of opposition to the government of Louis Napoleon, was taken unawares by the coup d'état of Dec. 2, but declined all participation or responsibility in the parliamentary resistance, and retained his office of attorney general. This, however, he resigned on the publication of the imperial decrees of 1852 confiscating the Orleans property; in 1857 he was reinstated. His writings, mainly on legal subjects, are numerous. His bons mots were renowned. II. Pierre Charles François, baron, brother of the preceding, born at Varzy, Oct. 6, 1784, died in Paris in January, 1873. He entered the navy as an engineer, and was actively employed in France and the Ionian islands. In 1812 a series of scientific papers attracted the attention of the academy of sciences. During 1814 and 1815 he evinced liberal opinions, but finally adhered to the Bourbons. In 1816 he visited Great Britain, to examine the general resources of the United Kingdom. The results of his travels, continued for more than four years, appeared in his Voyages dans la Grande Bretagne (6 vols., Paris, 1820-'24), and his Force commerciale de la Grande Bretagne (1826). He caused gratuitous lectures on the application of science to industry, for the benefit of workmen and artisans, to be established in the conservatoire des arts et métiers at Paris, and was appointed professor of geometry in that institution. His services were rewarded with a barony. In 1825 and 1826 he instituted a private inquiry into the intellectual and productive resources of France, the results of which he embodied in his Situation progressive de la France depuis 1814. In 1828 he was elected to the chamber of deputies. He adhered to the government of Louis Philippe, and was made a peer in 1837; but he nevertheless continued his regular course of public lectures. After the revolution of 1848 he was elected to the constituent and legislative assemblies, acted with the majority, and on the overthrow of the republic became a supporter of the imperial government. He wrote numerous works besides those mentioned, relating mainly to statistics and political economy. He left a fortune of 10,000,000 francs. DUPLEIX, Joseph François, marquis, a French soldier and statesman, born at Landrecies, Jan. 1, 1697, died in Paris, Nov. 10, 1764. In 1720 he was sent as an agent to Pondicherry, and in 1730 was appointed director of Chandernagore, and during an administration of ten years acquired an immense fortune and changed that insignificant town into a flourishing city. In 1742 he became governor general of the French possessions in India, and through his energy and executive ability raised them to a degree of prosperity until then unknown. When Labourdonnais captured Madras in 1746, Dupleix refused to accede to the terms of capitulation, kept possession of the city, and sent Labourdonnais to France under a charge of treason. Letters of nobility were conferred upon him the same year. In 1748 he defended Pondicherry against Admiral Boscawen, who attacked it with a fleet of 30 vessels and a land force, and forced him to raise the siege. Peace having been concluded at Aix-la-Chapelle, Dupleix turned his attention toward territorial acquisition by political intrigue. On the death of the Nizam ul-Mulk, sultan of the Deccan, he supported the claim of Mirzapha Jung to the throne, and gained in return large possessions, covering 200 leagues of coast. Other acquisitions followed, which were confirmed by the Great Mogul, and France seemed about to obtain paramount power in India. The English, alarmed by these French successes, increased their forces under Lawrence and Clive. Dupleix submitted a plan of operations designed to open the way to Delhi, but the French company rejected it. He was recalled to France in 1754, and spent the rest of his life in a vain endeavor to obtain from the government some reimbursement of the fortune which he had spent in attempting to establish French supremacy in India. DUPLESSIS-MORNAY. See MORNAY. DUPLIN, a S. E. county of North Carolina, watered by the north branch of Cape Fear river; area, 670 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 15,542, of whom 6,766 were colored. It has a level surface; the soil is generally sandy, but there are fertile tracts in the valleys of the streams. The Wilmington and Weldon railroad intersects it. The county contains several pitchpine forests. The chief productions in 1870 were 291,633 bushels of Indian corn, 135,581 of sweet potatoes, 1,785 bales of cotton, and 155,599 lbs. of rice. There were 1,176 horses, 3,100 milch cows, 5,620 other cattle, 5,698 sheep, and 20,767 swine; 5 flour mills, 2 saw mills, and 7 manufactories of tar and turpentine. Capital, Kenansville. DUPONCEAU, Peter Stephen, an American lawyer and scholar, born in the Isle of Ré, France, June 3, 1760, died in Philadelphia, April 1, 1844. After studying at colleges in St. Jean d'Angély and Bressuire he went to Paris in 1775, and engaged in translating English books. He was secretary to Baron Steuben, with whom he came to the United States, and on Feb. 18, 1778, was made captain by brevet in the American service. He accompanied Steuben in all his movements until the close of the campaign of 1779, when the army went into winter quarters in Philadelphia. Here Duponceau was threatened with a pulmonary disease, which for some time prevented him from performing active duty. Toward the close of 1780 he went with Steuben to the south, but renewed ill health forced him to return to Philadelphia early the next summer. Robert R. Livingston, secretary of foreign affairs, gave him a place in his office in October, 1781, which he held until June 4, 1783. He was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1785, and acquired an extensive practice in the courts of Pennsylvania and also in those of the United States, including the supreme court. Jefferson tendered him the office of chief justice of Louisiana, which he declined. In addition to the duties of his profession he devoted much attention to philology. As chairman of the committee of history, moral science, and general literature of the American philosophical society, in 1819 he made a report on the "Structure of the Indian Languages," which at once gave him a high position in this department of knowledge. In May, 1835, he received from the French institute, for a "Memoir on the Indian Languages of North America," the linguistic prize founded by the count de Volney. In 1838 he published "A Dissertation on the Nature and Character of the Chinese System of Writing," in which he held that the written language was lexigraphic, representing sounds and not ideas. He published several essays, letters, and reviews, and expended several thousand dollars, in an unsuccessful effort to introduce into the United States the production and manufacture of silk. His remaining writings comprise an extensive range of subjects; among which are original treatises on points of law; translations from the Latin, German, and French on similar subjects; various treatises on philology; and numerous contributions to American history, including a translation of "A Description of New Sweden," by Thomas Campanius Holm. DUPONT, Jacques Charles, a French politician, known as Dupont de l'Eure, born in Neubourg, Normandy, Feb. 27, 1767, died in Paris, March 3, 1855. First an attorney at the parliament of Normandy, he became a magistrate, and in 1811 president of the high court of Rouen, which post he held till 1818. He commenced his political career in 1798 in the council of 500, was a member of the legislative corps in 1813, and deputy to the chamber from his native department in 1814. He was constantly reelected from 1817 to 1848, and won the esteem of both friends and opponents. On the revolution of 1830 he accepted the ministry of justice, but left the office after a few months to resume his seat among the lib eral opposition in the chamber of deputies. In February, 1848, he was elected president of the provisional government, but old age interfered with his activity. He was elected to the constituent assembly, and in 1849 retired to private life. whelming Austrian force at Pozzolo on the banks of the Mincio. He won new laurels in 1805 and 1806 during the campaigns in Austria and Prussia, and in 1807, by a bold movement against the Russian imperial guard, decided the victory of Friedland. Sent to Spain in command of the army which was to conquer Andalusia, he was successful at first, but was surrounded in the Sierra Morena by a Spanish army under Castaños, and surrendered with his whole force, July 22, 1808. For this act, known as the capitulation of Baylen, Dupont was by imperial decree degraded from his rank and sent to the fort of Joux in the Jura. The fall of the empire restored him to liberty, and his supposed hatred of the emperor led to his appointment as minister of war, and the cancelling of all the proceedings against him; but he was soon dismissed from that office. After the second restoration he was appointed member of the privy council. His native department elected him several times to the chamber of deputies. He published pamphlets on the recruiting system and the campaign of Austria, and observations on Montgaillard's Histoire de France. DU PONT, Samuel Francis, an American naval officer, grandson of Du Pont de Nemours, born at Bergen Point, N. J., Sept. 27, 1803, died in Philadelphia, June 23, 1865. He entered the navy as midshipman Dec. 19, 1815, was promoted lieutenant in 1826, and commander in 1843. Ordered in 1845 to the Pacific in command of the frigate Congress, Commodore Stockton's flag ship, he reached Monterey (1846) just as the Mexican war began. Transferred at once to the command of the sloop of war Cyane, he did much active and gallant service on the California coast. At the capture of Mazatlan under Commodore Shubrick, in November, 1847, he headed the line of boats which entered the main harbor, and in February, 1848, landed at San José with a force of sailors and marines, marched three miles under fire, and defeated a large body of Mexicans, relieving Lieut. Heywood's little garrison, closely besieged and about to sur- DU PONT DE NEMOURS, Pierre Samuel, a French render. He became captain in 1856, and was economist and statesman, born in Paris, Dec. sent on special duty to China in 1857, in com- 14, 1739, died near Wilmington, Delaware, mand of the steam frigate Minnesota, return- Aug. 6, 1817. Two pamphlets on the finances, ing in 1859, after a cruise to Japan, India, and published at the age of 23, gained him the acArabia. Placed in command of the Philadel- quaintance and regard of the celebrated Quesphia navy yard Jan. 1, 1861, he rendered im- nay. Of all the economists, Du Pont did most portant services at the breaking out of the civil to give currency to the doctrines of the school. war. He was appointed flag officer in the fol- His work, De l'exportation et de l'importation lowing September, and assigned to the com- des grains (1764), caused Turgot to seek his acmand of the South Atlantic blockading squad-quaintance, and they became intimate friends. ron. On Nov. 7 he attacked and captured, During the next eight years Du Pont published after a severe battle of four hours, the forts at among other books Physiocratie, an analysis Hilton Head and Bay Point, defending Port of Quesnay's system (1768), and Le commerce Royal harbor, S. C. His squadron, led by the de la compagnie des Indes (1769); he also flag ship Wabash, steamed thrice in an elliptic edited the Journal de l'agriculture, du comcourse between the forts, firing at each in turn; merce et des finances, and from 1768 the Ephéthis skilful disposition saved his wooden ships mérides du citoyen, the organ of the school. from material injury. In August, 1862, he Upon the suppression of the latter in 1772, Du became rear admiral upon the creation of Pont, who had received various titles and decthis rank in the United States navy. On April orations from foreign princes, was invited to 7, 1863, Admiral Du Pont made a very gallant Poland by King Stanislas Augustus, and made though necessarily unsuccessful attack with secretary of the council of public education, ironclads upon Fort Sumter. He was relieved and governor of his nephew, Prince Adam from his command in the following July. He Czartoryski. When Turgot became comptroldied of disease originated by his cruise in the ler general (1774), Du Pont was recalled to East Indies. During the intervals of more France, and took part in all the reform meathan 25 years of sea service, Admiral Du Pont sures of that minister, particularly in financial was constantly employed on important profes- matters, most of the principles upon which the sional duties. He was the author of a treatise French treasury is now conducted being deon the use of floating batteries for coast de- rived from the measures which Du Pont atfence, which has been republished and highly tempted to carry out at that time. He also commended in England. prepared the scheme for provincial administration recommended to the king by Turgot. Upon Turgot's disgrace (1776), Du Pont was banished from Paris, and busied himself with agricultural and literary pursuits, reappearing in print with a translation of a part of Ariosto's Orlando furioso (1781), and after Turgot's death with a memoir of his friend (1782). Re DUPONT DE L'ÉTANG, Pierre, count, a French general, born at Chabannais, Angoumois, July 14. 1765, died Feb. 16, 1838. Appointed brigadier general in 1793 and general of division in 1797, he joined Bonaparte on the 18th Brumaire, contributed to the victory of Marengo, and at the close of 1800 defeated an over DUPORT, James, an English scholar, born in Cambridge in 1606, died July 17, 1679. He received his early education at Westminster school. In 1622 he entered Trinity college, Cambridge, and devoted himself especially to the study of Greek. He graduated in 1627, and was immediately elected fellow. In 1630 he was ordained to the ministry, in 1639 became regius professor of Greek in the university, and in 1641 was made prebendary of Lincoln and archdeacon of Stow. During the commonwealth he was one of the few who were not expelled from the university; but in 1654 he was displaced from his professorship, although he continued his labors as fellow and tutor. On the restoration Duport was appointed king's chaplain. He was made D. D. in 1660, dean of Peterborough in 1664, master of Magdalen college in 1668, and vice chancellor of the university in 1669. Among his numerous publications are a Greek poetical version of the book of Job (1637), also of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon, with Latin translations (1646); Gnomologia Homeri (1660); translation into Greek of the "Book of Common Prayer" (1665); the Psalms of David in Greek hexameters (1666); and "Lectures on Theophrastus's Characters" (1712). called to public life by Vergennes, he negotia- | two years afterward. In addition to numerted with the English envoy, Dr. James Hutton, ous pamphlets on financial and political subthe treaty of 1782, which recognized the in- jects, Du Pont also published De l'origine et dependence of the United States, and later the des progrès d'une science nouvelle (1767); De commercial treaty of 1786 with Great Britain. l'administration des chemins (1767); ObjecFor these services he was made councillor of tions et réponses sur le commerce des grains et state and inspector general of agriculture and des farines (1769); Observations sur les effets commerce. In 1787 he was secretary of the de la liberté du commerce des grains (1770); assembly of notables, and instigated and drew Table synoptique des principes de l'économie up the famous memorial upon abuses which politique (1775); Idées sur les secours à donCalonne laid before it. On the fall of this min- ner aux pauvres malades dans une grande ville ister the personal interference of Louis XVI. (1786); Notice sur la vie de M. Poivre (1786); saved him from another banishment. Mem- Analyse historique de la législation des grains ber of the states general from Nemours in depuis 1692 (1789). 1789, and later of the constituent assembly, of which he was twice president, he was a steadfast advocate of constitutional monarchy and opposed the extreme revolutionists. For his opposition to the issue of assignats he was mobbed on leaving the assembly, and his life was with difficulty saved by the national guard. Upon the dissolution of the constituent assembly he exerted himself to resist the excesses of the revolution, but was marked for destruction after the 10th of August, 1792, when he went armed to the palace with his son to defend the king. He succeeded in escaping to the country after being hidden in the observatory for several weeks by the astronomer Lalande, and while in concealment wrote his Philosophie de l'univers. Finally arrested and imprisoned in La Force, the death of Robespierre saved him from the guillotine. As soon as he was liberated he renewed his struggle against the Jacobins, and helped to organize the unsuccessful revolt of the sections. He was elected member of the council of ancients from Loiret, and became president of the council on the success of the reactionary party in the elections of 1797. When the republicans broke up the councils with Augereau's troops, Du Pont's house and property were destroyed by the mob, and he narrowly escaped transportation to Cayenne. In 1799 he emigrated with his family to America, where he was received with much consideration. Returning to France in 1802, he declined the various appointments which Napoleon offered him, but as a friend of both countries was instrumental in bringing about the treaty of 1803 by which Louisiana was sold to the United States. During the empire he published a work on the bank of France (1806), and Mémoires sur différents sujets d'histoire naturelle (1807), and wrote many papers for the institute of France and other learned societies of which he was a member. His plan of national education for the United States, prepared at the request of Jefferson, and published in 1812, though not carried out in the country for which it was intended, has been partly adopted in France. Upon the fall of Napoleon (1814), Du Pont was secretary of the provisional government, and at the restoration became councillor of state. On Napoleon's return from Elba he rejoined his sons in America, where he died DUPRAT, Antoine, a French cardinal and statesman, born at Issoire, Jan. 17, 1463, died July 8, 1535. He was successively bailiff of Montferrand, government advocate at Toulouse, member of the council of state, and president of the parliament of Paris. On the accession of Francis I., in 1515, he became chancellor and prime minister. In a conference with the pope at Bologna he conceded the abolition of the pragmatic sanction, and secured for the king the power of appointing the French bishops. His wife dying in 1516, he took orders, and was made archbishop of Sens, and finally a cardinal. The great object of his administration was to centralize all power in the hands of the king. To this end he sought to lessen the consequence of the constable duke de Bourbon by setting up the adverse claim of the queen mother Louise of Savoy to his great inheritance, thus driving him into an alliance with Charles V., and securing at his death in 1527 the confiscation of all his possessions in favor of Francis I. For the same purpose Duprat attacked the powers and privileges |