The is kept in a state to follow down after the | ground. The sense of touch is very acute, as shrinking nucleus; little by little they accom- is shown by the quickness with which they plish in each locality a work that would other-retire into the ground when touched, or at the wise be accomplished by sudden and terrible jar produced by an approaching footstep; the paroxysms overspreading the whole earth.— sense is believed to be most acute toward Earthquake-proof Buildings. The views of the head, especially in the first segment. Mallet as to the nature of the movement of eyes are wanting. The mouth is near the anthe surface of the earth during an earthquake terior extremity of the body, without teeth, shock have enabled him to define certain prin- with two somewhat prominent lips; the pharciples according to which buildings may be ynx is simple, short, and muscular, the œsophconstructed so that they shall be able to resist agus narrow, the stomach very muscular, and any shock that is likely to visit them. These the intestine short, straight, constricted by the principles have been already applied by Mallet muscular septa, and opening at the posterior and Stevenson in the construction of light- extremity of the body. The blood is red, and houses for the Japanese government, and by the circulation is complete and closed; the Mr. W. Lloyd in the construction of the new several pairs of simple, transverse canals, sitcustom house at Valparaiso. uated above the stomach, whose pulsations may be distinctly seen, may be considered the heart. The dorsal vessel lies upon the intestinal canal enveloped in the hepatic tissue. The blood, though red, is quite different from that of the vertebrates; according to Siebold, it contains colorless, spherical, unequal-sized granular globules; these, Quatrefages says, are not part of the blood, but belong to the fluid of the general cavity; the latter maintains that the coloring matter is in simple solution. There is no apparent external organ of respiration, and the peculiar canals in the abdominal EARTHS, the oxides of the metals aluminum, glucinum, thorinum, zirconium, lanthanum, erbium, and yttrium, called alumina, glucina, &c. They are often called the earths proper, to distinguish them from the alkaline earths, baryta, strontia, lime, and magnesia, the oxides of the metals barium, strontium, calcium, and magnesium. Before the decomposition of some of them by Sir Humphry Davy they were thought to be elements. Silica was formerly regarded as an earth; but on account of its forming definite compounds with the earths in which they act the part of bases, it must be classed as an acid. The earths generally exist in nature in combination with silica; although in the varieties of corundum, such as the gems sapphire, ruby, oriental topaz, and oriental amethyst, alumina exists principally as oxide, the Indian sapphire having the composition AlO3, 97.5 per cent.; magnesia, 19; silica, 8 per cent.; and the Indian ruby containing barely more than 1 per cent. of silica. In feldspar alumina is found combined with silica, sometimes with silicate of soda, but more frequently with silicate of potash. The gem hyacinth is composed of silicate of zircon. The silicate of glucina is found in the beryl and erbium. Associated yttrium is found, combined with silica, in the mineral gadolinite. Earth Worm (Lumbricus terrestris). cavity are regarded by some as internal branchiæ or aquiferous vessels. The structure of these organs is little understood; but in all genera of the division there are at the commencement of the intestine very tortuous canals, opening generally on the ventral surface; these canals are lined with ciliæ, which have an undulatory movement always in one direction; they never contain air, according to EARTH WORM (lumbricus terrestris, Linn.), Siebold, but circulate an aqueous respiratory an articulate animal belonging to the abranchi- fluid by means of the ciliæ; even the terresate division of the class of annelids. (See trial earth worms can live only in damp earth, ANNELIDA.) This well known worm has a from which they obtain the necessary aqueous long, cylindrical, contractile body, divided into fluid. In the lumbricus these canals are surmany apparent rings (sometimes 150) by trans- rounded by a distinct vascular network; they verse wrinklings; the internal surface of the appear to end in loops, and their external orimuscular envelope sends off annular septa, di- fices have not been satisfactorily ascertained. viding the cavity of the body into as many The most probable opinion is that the respirachambers as there are segments, the partitions tion is carried on principally by the general having openings which allow the passage of integument, and partly by the vascular system the contents of the general cavity from one on the walls of the intestine; the ciliated chamber to the others. Each segment is pro- canals described by Siebold are believed by vided with seta or bristles, beginning at the Quatrefages to be organs for the secretion of 14th ring from the head, four on each side, the mucus which invests the body; but Dr. united in pairs, forming eight longitudinal Williams, in his "Report on the British Annerows, of which four are lateral and four in-lida" (1851), considers them as utero-ovaria. ferior; they are short and rough, and are used as fulcra during creeping or climbing in the The lumbrici reproduce by sexual organs; their eggs are spherical and present nothing remarkable; the sexes are united in the same individual. During the breeding season, from six to nine of the segments (from the 26th to the 37th, as generally described) are developed into a kind of collar, nearly surrounding the body, by which these animals seize each other during coition; its component glandular follicles secrete a whitish viscid fluid, probably used for the formation of their cocoons or egg cases. According to Dufour, these cocoons have a long narrow neck, each, in the largest species, containing from one to six eggs; the statement of Montègre that the young are born alive seems to be confirmed by the observations of Dr. Williams, who says that they escape from the egg before leaving the body of the parent. It seems certain from the experiments of Dufour (Annales des sciences naturelles, t. v. p. 17, and t. xiv. p. 216, 1st series) that the earth worm reproduces by means of eggs; he describes them as an inch in length, of a corneo-membraneous consistence, deposited in the earth at a depth of from 6 in. to 6 ft., in localities where the soil is neither inundated nor too dry, isolated, and each egg containing one or two young. Earth worms live in moist earth, in which they make galleries in all directions, swallowing the earth as they proceed; their food is principally soft and decaying vegetables, as may be proved by any one who chooses to watch a garden walk by the light of a lantern on a damp evening, when they may be seen creeping out of their holes, elongating their first tactile segment, feeling in all directions for food, and, seizing upon any suitable substance that presents itself with their projected proboscis, retiring backward into the ground; their constant presence in situations where there is decaying vegetable matter proves that their food is principally derived from such substances; they also, as Montègre observed, feed on animal matters; it seems more reasonable to believe, with De Blainville, that they swallow earth for the purpose of making progress in their galleries, than that they do this to extract humus or any other natritious substance from it. They seek each other chiefly at night and in the latter part of spring, though some species have been noticed together at all times of the day, and during all EAR TRUMPET, an instrument intended to the warm months; it is well known that they aid the hearing of persons partially deaf, alare most abundant on the surface of the ground though sometimes used by ordinary persons to during and after nocturnal rains. It has long intensify distant sounds. We have no means been believed that this animal possesses a re- of ascertaining at what period or by whom ear markable power of reproducing parts lost by trumpets were invented. The practice of putaccident or design, even to the extent of form-ting the hand to the ear in a trumpet shape ing perfect individuals from separated portions; probably first suggested it, and from occasional the experiments of Dugès prove that very im- allusions to the use of the trumpet in old wriportant parts may be reproduced, and it may ters it would seem to have been of very early easily be believed that in a worm divided into origin. The earliest form of which we have two, the anterior portion might produce an any knowledge was a rude imitation on an anus by the simple contraction of the wound; exaggerated scale of the form of the external but that the posterior portion should be able ear; but as this was found inconvenient from to reproduce cerebral ganglia, mouth, stomach, the difficulty of retaining it in place, a form cardiac and sexual organs, cannot be admitted; more nearly resembling a speaking trumpet the anterior may survive a long time, but the was substituted. This was modified by bend posterior division gradually dries up and dies. Though occasionally marring the beauty of the garden walks by little hillocks of earth, they not only do not injure vegetation, but are useful in permitting air and water to penetrate the ground through the channels which they pierce in every direction, manuring the fields, and throwing up fine dirt around the roots of grass; a field in which no worms exist can be safely put down as of little value to the agriculturist; they are most active in spring, when most needed, and retire during winter deep into the ground; according to Mr. Darwin, they perform under ground that which the plough and the spade do on the surface, and have covered a field manured with marl, in the course of 80 years, with a bed of earth 13 inches thick. Worms also furnish food for birds, moles, frogs, and other small animals, and are used as bait for many kinds of fish. The rapid ascent and descent of worms in the ground are easily understood from the action of their numerous setæ; they have often been seen high up on perpendicular surfaces, and in situations which they could not have reached without climbing perpendicularly. In their movements they display great muscular force, each seta being moved by its appropriate system of muscles, and being capable of penetrating a deal board; in ascending perpendicular surfaces of glass or other impenetrable material, they must retain their hold by means of the tenacious mucus with which their skin is covered.-There is no question that many species have been confounded under L. terrestris (Linn.). The largest European species is called L. gigas, and is 18 in. long, and as large as the little finger; other common and smaller species are L. anatomicus and L. trapezoides. Whether all the American species are distinct has not been sufficiently demonstrated. Those who wish to pursue this subject into its details are referred to the writings of Dufour, Dugès, Milne-Edwards, Blanchard, and especially Quatrefages in the Annales des sciences naturelles since 1828; to the article "Annelids," in the "Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology;" to the report of Dr. Williams, above quoted; and to Siebold's "Comparative Anatomy." ing the tube and applying the mouth, turned forward and given an elliptical form, close against the ear. Another modification was a flat tube passing over the head and applied to each ear, while in front and immediately over the forehead was an opening to receive the sound. One inventor, having observed that in listening intently people, opened their mouths, contrived a sort of plectrum or vibrating body to be held between the teeth, and thus to convey sounds by the Eustachian tube. After the introduction of caoutchouc and gutta percha into the arts, a long tube of one or other of these materials, with a bell-shaped trumpet at the end, took the place of the metallic trumpet, and for many purposes is very convenient. In England in some of the churches pews are constructed with tubes to conduct the sound, opening in convenient positions for the ear of the listener. Among the more recent inventions for facilitating hearing are the auricle, a small tube of silver with a semi-globular expansion, intended to be inserted into the meatus of the ear; and the tympanum, a small thin disk of rubber, having a silver wire passing through it to transmit the sound wave. In a few cases the latter has been of considerable service. In total deafness such means are of no advantage. EARWIG, an orthopterous insect, of the family cursoria or runners, which also includes the cockroach; it belongs to the genus forficula (Linn.). All the six feet are formed for running; the wings are four, the upper pair very short, coriaceous like the elytra of coleoptera, without veins, enclosing the under wings, which are folded both longitudinally and transversely; the mouth is formed for mastication; the body is long and somewhat flattened, and armed at the hinder end with a pair of curved blades shutting like scissors or nippers; there are three joints to the tarsus; the antennæ are filiform. These insects undergo a partial metamorphosis. They seem to form the connecting link between coleoptera and orthoptera, resembling the former in their elytra, and the latter in the shape of the wings and mouth, and the metamorphosis; for these reasons most English entomologists adopt for them the order dermaptera of Mr. Kirby and Dr. Leach, considering them coleoptera with Earwig.-1. Forficula. 2. Lithobius. the metamorphosis and caudal appendages of orthoptera. They are common in moist earth, under stones, in decayed wood, and in similar damp and dark places; they are considered in Europe injurious to peaches, pears, apples, to greenhouse plants, and to pinks, dahlias, and other favorites of the flower garden. The full-grown insect, including its caudal forceps, is not quite an inch long, and its width is one sixth of an inch; the color is light brown. Being nocturnal, they creep in the daytime into any crevice or hole, and this has given rise to the popular belief that they enter the human ear; they might attempt this, but the waxy bitter secretion of the ear would probably prevent their entrance; there are no well authenticated instances of their doing this, and no harm could result if they did, as the drum of the ear would arrest them, and a drop or two of oil would soon destroy them by stopping up their respiratory trachea. The common way of catching them in England is by hanging up any convenient vessel or tube for them to crawl into in the morning, from which they are shaken and killed. In the larvæ there are no wings or elytra, but the skin is changed several times; the nymph differs little from the perfect insect; in both these conditions they are voracious, even devouring each other. In this country there are several species, rather uncommon, and never injurious to vegetation.-The many-footed creeping animal erroneously called earwig in America (genus lithobius) is not an insect, but a myriapodous crustacean, equally innocent of entering the human ear. EASDALE, or Eisdale, an island on the W. coast of Argyleshire, Scotland, in the frith of Lorn, nearly adjoining the island of Seil, about m. long and of nearly the same width, noted for its slate quarries, which have been worked for nearly two centuries, and furnish annually more than 4,000,000 slates. The island consists entirely of slate, and has been so much cut away that a large part of it is now even with or below the level of the sea. EASEMENT, a privilege which the owner of one tenement, called the dominant tenement, has in respect to another, called the servient tenement, by which he may require the owner of the latter to permit something to be done thereon, or to refrain from doing something, which otherwise as owner he would be entitled to do. It must be defined and limited in extent, and it must in some way be for the benefit of the dominant tenement, and not for some general benefit to the owner. Among the principal easements are rights of way, the right to carry water or to obtain light or air over the adjoining lands, the right to support of land or buildings by adjacent land or buildings, the right to have party walls and fences kept in repair, &c. In general, they must be created by deed or established by prescription, though every man has a natural right to the support of his land by the adjacent land of another, but not to the support of the artificial structures he may rear upon the land. Easements are lost by release, by abandonment, or by the dominant and servient tenements becoming united in the same ownership. Public rights over the lands of private individuals, for purposes of travel and the like, are often spoken of as public easements. EAST (Anglo-Saxon, East; the corresponding word in many other languages having a similar etymological significance), the quarter in which the heavenly bodies rise. Due east is the direction toward the east precisely at right angles to each meridian line; the reverse direction is due west. An object is said to bear due east when it is seen exactly in this direction, but it is said to be due east when it is on the same parallel of latitude as the observer. An object that is due east will in northern latitudes bear N. of E., unless it be very near the observer, because a line perpendicular to a meridian in any latitude, if continued in one direction as a great circle, would depart from the parallel of latitude and intersect the equator at a distance of one fourth of a circle. A column of smoke, for example, over New York city, could it be seen at Nauvoo, would bear 539 N. of E., and smoke rising from Nauvoo would bear from New York 53° N. of W. The bearing is the direction in which a great circle from the observer through the object starts from the observer; while the course or actual direction is the direction of a line to the object cutting every meridian at the same angle. EAST BATON ROUGE, a S. E. parish of Louisiana, bounded E. by the Amite river and W. by the Mississippi; area, about 450 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 17,816, of whom 11,343 were colored. The surface is level in the north and gently undulating in the south; the soil is moderately fertile. There are extensive forests of live oak, cypress, and magnolia. The chief productions in 1870 were 185,133 bushels of Indian corn, 3,163 of Irish and 32,075 of sweet potatoes, 8,967 bales of cotton, 833 hogsheads of sugar, and 59,497 gallons of molasses. There were 1,296 horses, 1,275 mules and asses, 3,203 milch cows, 5,936 other cattle, 3,470 sheep, and 7,819 swine; 1 manufactory of agricultural implements, 1 of boots and shoes, 2 of carriages, 1 of barrels and casks, 1 of cotton goods, 1 of gas, 10 of molasses and sugar, 1 of Woollens, and 1 saw mill. Capital, Baton Rouge. EAST BIRMINGHAM, Pa. See BIRMINGHAM. EASTBURN. I. James Wallis, an American author, born in England in 1797, died at sea, Dec. 2, 1819. He graduated at Columbia college, New York, in 1816, and studied theology under Bishop Griswold at Bristol, R. I., with a view of taking orders in the Protestant Episcopal church. While thus employed he undertook a new metrical version of the Psalms, which he did not live to complete. In conjunction with Robert C. Sands he published in 1818 "Yamoyden," a romantic poem founded on the history of King Philip, the sachem of the Pequots. He also wrote several fugitive poems, some of which are very gracefully versified. In 1818 he was ordained, and was about to take charge of a parish in Accomac, Va. He sailed for Santa Cruz to restore his health, II. but died a few days after embarking. Manton, an American bishop, brother of the preceding, born in Leeds, England, Feb. 9, 1801, died in Boston, Sept. 11, 1872. He came to America with his parents while a child, graduated at Columbia college in 1817, studied at the Episcopal theological seminary in New York, and was ordained deacon in 1822, and priest in 1825. He was for five years assistant minister in Christ church, and in 1827 became rector of the church of the Ascension, New York. At the close of 1842 he was consecrated assistant bishop of the diocese of Massachusetts; and in February, 1843, on the death of Bishop Griswold, he became bishop of the diocese. His principal works were: "Four Lectures on Hebrew, Latin, and English Poetry" (1825); two essays in a volume entitled "Essays and Dissertations in Biblical Literature" (1829); "Lectures on the Epistle to the Philippians" (1833); "Oration on the Semicentennial Anniversary of Columbia College' (1837); and many sermons and pastoral charges. He also edited, with notes, "Thornton's Family Prayers" (1836). He bequeathed his property to the domestic missions in Massachusetts, to the Episcopal theological seminary in Massachusetts, to the American Bible society, and for other benevolent objects. EAST BRIDGEWATER. See BRIDGEWATER. EASTER (Germ. Ostern, old Saxon oster, 08ten, rising), the Christian passover and festival of the resurrection of Christ. The English ⚫ name is probably derived from that of the Teutonic goddess of spring, Ostera or Eostre, whose festival occurred about the same time of the year as the celebration of Easter. The Hebrew-Greek word nácxa has passed into the name given to this feast by most Christian nations. The French call it Pâques, the Scotch Pasch, the Dutch, Paschen, the Danes Paaske, and the Swedes Påsk. St. Paul calls Christ "our Pasch;" and both the eastern and western churches from the beginning distinguished a twofold event in the Easter commemoration, the slaying of "the Lamb of God" and his resurrection; hence the terms in their liturgies, pascha crucifixionis and pascha resurrectionis. And the distinction between the day on which Christ died and that on which he rose again had not a little to do with the Easter controversy in the early church, originating in a difference of custom with regard to the day of the week and the day of the month on which Easter should be celebrated. As the Christians held that Christ, the true paschal lamb, had been slain on the very day when the Jews in celebration of their passover immolated the figurative lamb, so, both in the West and in the East, those who believed the Christian passover to be a commemoration of Christ's death adhered to the custom of holding the Easter festivity on the day prescribed for the Jewish pasch. Now, as the Jews celebrated their passover on the 14th day of the first month, that is to say, In the lunar month of which the 14th day either falls on or next follows the day of the vernal equinox, all Christians who persisted in following this custom in the celebration of Easter came to be called quartodecimans or "fourteenth-day men," or, still more opprobriously, Judaizing Christians. The great majority of Christian churches, attaching most importance to the day of Christ's resurrection, which was the first day of the week (hence called the Lord's day, our Sunday), held to Easter's being celebrated on that day, and on the Sunday which followed the 14th day of the moon of March, the day on which Christ suffered. This question, one of custom and local discipline in the beginning, had given so much trouble that about 158 Polycarp, disciple of St. John the Evangelist and bishop of Smyrna, went to Rome to consult with Pope Anicetus on the means of healing the difference. the council held in Rome on this occasion, the western or present manner of celebrating Easter was affirmed; but Polycarp departed with the full friendship of the pope and in the communion of the church of Rome. Gradually, however, the question of the Easter celebration from one of discipline became one of dogma. In 182 a priest called Blastus made himself very obnoxious in Rome by endeavoring to have the Jewish rule of celebrating Easter on the 14th day of the moon of March adopted as a rule of faith. The discussion throughout the Christian world had become so angry that Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus, appealed to Victor, bishop of Rome, asking to have this matter decided once and for all. Councils were at once assembled in Gaul, Pontus, Osroene, Achaia, and other countries, as well as in Rome. The result was a decision fixing the feast of Easter, or the resurrection, on the Sunday immediately following the 14th day of the March moon. Polycrates refused to acquiesce in this decision, because it involved an abandonment of the customs of his fathers. The decree of excommunication pronounced against the quartodecimans by the council of Rome was held in abeyance, at the prayer of Irenæus of Lyons; and a schism was thus averted. After this the contending parties agreed to maintain their respective customs and practices in this respect without censuring one another. Constantine had the subject brought before the council of Nice, in 325. The question was fully discussed, and finally settled for the whole church by adopting the rule which makes Easter day to be always the first Sunday after the full moon which happens upon or next after March 21; and if the full moon happen on a Sunday, Easter day is the Sunday after. By this arrangement Easter may come as early as March 22, or as late as April 25. In France the year began with Easter from the 12th century till 1564, for which year Charles IX. fixed Jan. 1 as the first day. This sacred festival has been termed the queen of festivals; it has been observed from the very beginning, and is celebrated in every part of the Christian world with great solemnity and devotion. Formerly the churches were ornamented with large wax candles, and the Christians saluted each other with a kiss and the words "Christ is risen," to which the response was made, "He is risen indeed." This custom is still retained in the Greek church, particularly in Russia. The day before Easter Sunday, or Holy Saturday, has ever been set apart as a day for specially solemnizing baptism. Courts of justice were closed, alms were distributed, slaves were freed, and. the people gave themselves up to enjoyment and feasting. In nearly all Christian countries the recurrence of Easter has been celebrated with various ceremonies and popular sports and observances. Among the best known is the custom of making presents of colored eggs, called pasch or pace eggs, which were often elaborately ornamented; and in a royal roll of the time of Edward I., preserved in the tower, appears an entry of 18d. for 400 eggs to be used for this purpose. Colored eggs were used by children at Easter in a sort of game which consists in testing the strength of the egg shells, and this practice is still continued in most Christian countries. In some parts of Ireland the legend is current that the sun dances in the sky on Easter Sunday morning. This was once a prevailing superstition in England also, which Sir Thomas Browne, in his "Inquiry into Vulgar Errors," thought it not superfluous to declare unfounded. The game of ball was a favorite Easter sport, in which municipal corporations formerly engaged with due parade and dignity; and at Bury St. Edmund's within a few years the game was kept up with great spirit by twelve old women. In the northern counties of England the men parade the streets on Easter Sunday, and claim the privilege of lifting every woman three times from the ground, receiving in payment a kiss or a silver sixpence. The same is done by the women to the men on the next day. EASTER ISLAND, an island in the eastern part of the Pacific, lat. 27° 6' S., lon. 109° 17′ W., distant about 2,300 m. from the coast of South America. From its solitary position it has been but seldom visited. It was discovered in 1722 by Roggeween, a Dutch navigator, and was visited in 1774 and described by Cook. It is about 11 m. long and 6 broad, and contains three extinct volcanoes of large size, rising to the height of 1,200 ft. above the sea. The land in the valleys is fertile and well cultivated; but the island is deficient in water. The natives, who number about 1,000, are tall and robust, with regular features and dark complexion. They belong to the Polynesian race, and until lately were fiercely hostile to the whites. In 1865 some French missionaries landed among them, and, though at first treated with great rudeness, finally succeeded in converting them to Christianity, which is now professed by the entire population.-The remarkable feature of the island is that it con |