and men generally. The remains of the offi- | cers killed were buried at Put-in Bay island, on the anniversary of the battle in 1858, when the corner stone of a monument was laid.

ERIE CANAL. See CANAL.

ERIES (properly Eriké), a tribe of Indians of the same family as the Hurons, Iroquois, and Susquehannas. They seem in early times to have dwelt near the Niagara river and Lake Erie, but were driven inland by enemies in the west. They took no part in the war between the Iroquois and Hurons, but after the overthrow of the latter were attacked by the former about 1653. Being brave and expert bowmen and able to raise 2,000 warriors, they took up arms, invaded the Seneca country, and gained several victories, so that the Iroquois cantons sought the aid of the French and agreed to receive missionaries. An Iroquois army of 1,800 men in 1656 invaded the Erie territory, and, though the Eries sought to make peace, attacked one of their palisaded forts, to which they had fled. After a desperate resistance the fort fell, most of the Eries were put to death, and the remnant of the tribe was incorporated with the Senecas. Their locality at this time cannot be positively identified; it abounded in wild cats, whence they were called Chats by the French; and it was near oil springs. One of their towns was called Kentaienton.

ERIGENA, John Scotus, a scholastic philosopher, born near the beginning of the 9th century, in one of the British isles, probably Ireland. It is probable that he died about 880, but whether in France or England is uncertain. The most learned doctor and extraordinary thinker of his time, his life is best explained by supposing him to have been educated in Ireland, where a colony of philosophers had preserved almost intact, during the tumults of barbaric invasion, the traditions of the Alexandrian school of philosophy, elsewhere completely lost. Several writers agree in declaring that he travelled to Athens and acquired a knowledge of the Greek and oriental languages. Some old annalists identified him with John, abbot of Etheling, assassinated in 895, from which confusion Erigena enjoyed in some localities the honor of saintship. He went to the court of Charles the Bald of France before 847, was placed at the head of the school of the palace, and engaged in the religious discussions of his time concerning grace and the eucharist, and in philosophical speculations. The king imposed upon him the task of translating into Latin the Greek works of the pseudo Dionysius the Areopagite, and of composing a treatise against the doctrines of Godeschalcus or Fulgentius about predestination. He affirmed the eucharist to be a remembrance or commemoration of the sacrifice upon the cross; and in answering those who annihilated the freedom of the will, he elevated the moral nature of man to the exclusion of the efficacy of grace. His views were condemned by the councils of Valencia in 855 and Langres in 859, and Pope

Nicholas I. demanded his disgrace of Charles the Bald. From this point information concerning his career is entirely wanting. Many of his works are lost, including the treatises De Corpore et Sanguine Domini, De Visione Dei, excepting an unimportant fragment, and De Egressu et Regressu Animæ ad Deum. His most important work remains, De Divisione Nature, which was first published at Oxford in 1681, and was republished in 1838, with notes by Schlüter, at Münster in Germany. An abstract of it is given in Sharon Turner's "History of the Anglo-Saxons." It contains all his philosophy, in the form of a dialogue between master and pupil upon the universe, nature, and what is termed that grand universality of being which embraces at once God and man. The human intelligence, according to him, is inhabited by emanations from the divine intelligence; our ideas are pure theophanies, or manifestations of the Creator in his creature. He divides nature into four categories: 1, God, who possesses and diffuses life; 2, the first causes or eternal ideas by which he accomplishes his work; 3, the sensible world of the creation, of which man is the summit; 4, God as he shall be at last when the perfected world, its destiny being accomplished, shall return to him. Several of his theological works were refuted by contemporaries; but the pantheistic consequences of his philosophical system were not formally condemned until the council of Paris in the 13th century. After the barbarous ages which followed the northern invasions, Erigena rose suddenly to the heights of metaphysics, undertook to reduce the Christian faith to a scientific system, and founded the philosophy of the middle ages. He was intimate with the ideas of Plotinus, Proclus, and the Greek fathers, and has been ranked as at once the last of the Neo-Platonists and the first of the scholastics.

The

ERIVAN. I. A Transcaucasian government of Russia, bounded by Georgia, Persia, and Turkish Armenia; area, 10,577 sq. m.; pop. in 1867, 435,658, of whom about 120,000 are nomadic and gypsy tribes, who are all Mohammedans, while the rest are Armenians. The principal river is the Aras or Araxes. principal mountain is Mt. Ararat in the south. The country is rich in salt, gold, silver, and other minerals. II. A fortified city, capital of the government, on the Zenghi, an affluent of the Aras, 35 m. N. by E. of Mt. Ararat, and 116 m. S. by W. of Tiflis; pop. in 1867, 14,342. It is the seat of the Armenian catholicos, the head of the entire Armenian church, who resides in the monastery of Etchmiadzin in the vicinity. It has a beautiful mosque, a large bazaar, a cannon foundery, and manufactories of morocco leather and of cotton fabrics. It is strongly fortified, is a station for caravans from Tiflis and Erzerum, and has considerable trade with Turkey, Persia, and Russia. It is thought to have been founded by an Armenian king in the 1st century of our era, and formerly occupied a site nearly a mile dis

tant from its present one, to which it was transferred in 1635. In the vicinity, on a lofty rock, is an immense oval citadel, and the remnants of ruined cities are found in the surrounding plain. In the 16th century it became the residence of the Persian kings of the Sufi dynasty. Several times besieged and captured

Erivan.

by the Turks, it returned under Persian domination about the middle of the 18th century. The Russians were repulsed from it in 1808, but took it in 1827, and their general Paskevitch received the surname of Erivanski. It was confirmed to the Russians by treaty in 1828. ERLANGEN, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of Middle Franconia, on the river Regnitz, the railway from Bamberg to Nuremberg, and the Ludwig's canal, 11 m. N. N. W. of Nuremberg; pop. in 1871, 12,511. It has a university, opened in 1748, which is the only Protestant institution of the kind in Bavaria. It was attended in 1873-'4 by 445 students, and has faculties of theology, medicine, &c., a museum of natural history, a botanic garden, and a library of about 120,000 volumes. There are an insane asylum, a Protestant gymnasium, and other schools. Erlangen is renowned among German towns for its pleasant and cheerful appearance. It is divided into an old and a new town. The latter is well built, and owes its origin chiefly to French Huguenots, to whom it was assigned as a residence by Margrave Christian Ernest in 1686, after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. In remembrance of this prince, the new town is frequently called Christian Erlangen. The town has manufactories of hosiery and gloves, and many breweries. A monument, designed by Schwanthaler, in honor of Margrave Frederick of Baireuth, adorns the public square.

ERLAU (Hung. Eger), a town of Hungary, capital of the county of Heves, in a deep and charming valley, on the river Erlau, an affluent

of the Theiss, 66 m. N. E. of Pesth; pop. in 1870, 19,150, chiefly Roman Catholics and Magyars. It has weekly fairs, linen and cloth manufactories, and an important trade in wine, Erlau wine being the best red wine of Hungary. There are two warm springs here, much resorted to for diseases of the skin. The town

has four suburbs and many stately public buildings. The cathedral, the archiepiscopal palace, several churches, and the hospital founded by Komáromy, are the most notable edifices; the lyceum (formerly the university), a gymnasium, the episcopal seminary, a normal school, and a school of design are the principal learned institutions. Erlau, important as a bishopric from the time of St. Stephen, became the seat of an archbishop in 1804. In former times, though it possessed strong fortifications, it suffered much from Tartar and Turkish invasions, especially in 1552, when it repulsed under Stephen Dobó the repeated assaults of an immense Turkish army, and in 1596, when it was given up to the Turks by the foreign part of the Austrian garrison. Among the remnants of the old fortress the tomb of Dobó is still shown to visitors. Erlau was conspicuous during the revolution of 1848'9 for the patriotic spirit of its inhabitants, and as the place whence Dembinski and Görgey started for their chief campaigns against the Austrians under Windischgrätz.

ERMAN. I. Paul, a German physicist, born in Berlin, Feb. 29, 1764, died Oct. 11, 1851. He first taught at the French gymnasium and the military school, and was professor of physics in the university of Berlin from its establishment until his death. His contributions to science embrace a wide range of subjects, and more especially magnetism and electricity. Having been for some time secretary of the academy for the physical sciences, he became on its reorganization joint secretary with the astronomer Encke of both the physical and the mathematical class. The galvanic prize instituted by Napoleon I. was awarded to him by the French academy of sciences in 1806. II. Georg Adolf, a German physicist, son of the preceding, born in Berlin, May 12, 1806. Between 1828 and 1830 he performed at his own expense a journey round the world, chiefly with the object of making a series of magnetic observations. Hansteen, who had been sent by the Swedish government on a similar expedition to western Siberia, was his fellow trav

benefactor to the agriculturist by killing the mice which devour his grain, potatoes, and grasses; it will soon rid a granary of the largest rats, and a field of the wheat-loving ground squirrels. It is not shy, and has been so far domesticated as to be employed like the ferret of Europe in hunting hares; it is easily taken in any kind of trap. It is not common anywhere; it prefers stony regions, and is solitary and nocturnal in its habits, though occasionally seen at all hours of the day. It is a poor swimmer and avoids water, and rarely ascends trees except when pursued. The young, from four to seven in number, are born between the last of March and the last of May, according to latitude. The coat is shed twice a year, in October and March, the autumn fur becoming white, and the spring brown. According to Prof. Baird, this species cannot certainly be traced N. of Massachusetts nor W. of Wisconsin; it has been taken at Fort Smith, Ark., and probably is found in most of the southern and southwestern states at a distance from the seacoast. The most striking differences between this and the European ermine are, that in the latter the caudal vertebræ are only a quarter the length of the head and body, the terminal hairs being nearly two thirds of their length, or from 1 to 2 in.; while in the former these vertebræ are nearly half the length of the body, the hairs being only about a quarter of their length, or not more than 14 in.; in our species the ears and naked portion of the nose are larger; the coloration also differs in the much greater extension of the light colors on the lower parts and inside of the limbs in the European animal, and in the greater comparative extent of the black tip to the tail; there are 4 sacral and 21 caudal vertebræ in our ermine, and only 3 of the former and 19 of the latter in the European. The little ermine (P. Richardsonii, Bonap., or P. agilis, Aud. and Bach.), which replaces the preceding species north of Massachusetts, is from 8 to 9 in. long, exclusive of the tail, which is slightly more than 5 in.; the color in summer is dark chestnut brown above and whitish below, with the whole upper jaw brown, and the end of tail black one third to nearly one half of its length; in winter white with a black-tipped tail. It is smaller and darker, with more slender and delicate feet, than the preceding species; its geographical distribution is from 65° N. to Massachusetts on the E. and Vancouver island on the W. coast. The long-tailed ermine (P. longicauda, Rich.) approaches the ferrets in size, being about 11 in. long exclusive of the tail, which is 6 to 7 in.; the color in summer is light olivaceous brown above, and brownish yellow below, with the chin and edge of upper lip white; in winter white, with a black-tipped tail; the muzzle is broad, the hair short, coarse, and stiff, and the ears low and short; the feet are large, with well developed claws. It is found about the upper Missouri and Platte rivers. The least ermine (P. Cicognanii, Bonap., or P. fuscus,

Aud. and Bach.) has an average length of 8 in., with a tail of 3 or 4 in.; the colors are as in the other species in summer and winter; the edge of the upper lip is white; it is found from Labrador to Massachusetts, and as far west as Puget's sound. Kane's ermine (P. Kaneii, Baird) is about 83 in. long, with a tail of 4 in.; it seems a miniature of the European species, and is found in Siberia and the vicinity of Behring strait.

ERNE, Lough, a lake of Ireland, county Fermanagh, consisting of two sheets of water, called the upper and lower lakes, connected by a narrow winding channel. It is fed by the river Erne, which, rising in Lough Gowna, flows N. through county Cavan, and expands near Crum into the upper lake. This is about 12 m. long, from 2 to 24 m. wide in its broadest part, and has a general depth of 20 ft., although in some places it is 75 ft. deep. There are 90 small islands in it, and the shores are generally low and marshy. The lower or northern northerly lake is 20 m. long, from 2 m. to 5 m. wide, and has a depth in some places of 225 ft. It contains 28,000 acres, and has 109 islets; Boa island, the largest, near the N. end, contains 1,300 acres. Both lakes abound with fish. The town of Enniskillen is partly situated on an island in the connecting channel, and there are a number of handsome residences and some well preserved ruins along its banks. The river leaves the N. end of the lower lake, and after a course of 8 m. empties into Donegal bay.

ERNEST AUGUSTUS, king of Hanover, fifth son of George III. of England, born June 5, 1771, died Nov. 18, 1851. He was for many years a member of the British house of lords as duke of Cumberland, and was a field marshal in the British army. Against the desire of his mother, he married in 1815 Frederica Caroline of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, widow of Prince Louis of Prussia and of the prince of Solms-Braunfels. The grant which he asked from parliament on occasion of his marriage not being accorded to him, he took up his residence in Germany, but returned to England in 1829 to vote against the Catholic emancipation bill, although it was proposed by his former political friend, the duke of Wellington. He again applied to parliament for money, for the education of his son George Frederick; but as it was only granted under condition that the young prince should be instructed in England and in the spirit of English institutions, he was compelled to remove his family from Germany. Grave imputations upon his private character, and his unbending opposition to all popular reforms, combined to make his residence in England as disagreeable to himself as it was hateful to the people. On the death of William IV. (June 20, 1837) the crown of Great Britain devolved on Queen Victoria, and the succession to the throne of Hanover being limited to the male line, the two countries were separated, and the duke

of Cumberland, eldest surviving brother of William, ascended the throne of Hanover. Here he became notorious for his tyrannical disposition. His first act was to abrogate the constitution of 1833, which had been sanctioned by William IV. In 1848 he yielded for a time to the exigencies of the moment, and granted a more liberal constitution. Shortly before his death he concluded a treaty with Prussia, by which Hanover joined the German Zollverein (Sept. 7, 1851). He was succeeded by his son, George V. (born May 27, 1819), who, though blind, reigned till Hanover was annexed to Prussia in 1866, when he took up his abode at Hietzing, near Vienna.

ERNESTI. I. Johann August, a German philologist, born in Tennstädt, Thuringia, Aug. 4, 1707, died in Leipsic, Sept. 11, 1781. He was made professor of ancient literature in the university of Leipsic in 1742, of eloquence in 1756, and of theology in 1758. His critical editions of Greek and Roman classics, Xenophon, Homer, Callimachus, Polybius, Suetonius, Tacitus, and Cicero are justly celebrated, especially the edition of Cicero's writings, and the glossary appended thereto, Clavis Ciceroniana (6th ed., Halle, 1831). His excellent Latin style obtained for him the surname of the German Cicero. As a theological writer he belonged to the school of rationalists. His most eminent theological work is the Institutio Interpretis Novi Testamenti (3d ed., 1775), of which an English translation, by C. H. Terrot, appeared in Edinburgh (2 vols. 12mo, 1833-'43). II. August Wilhelm, nephew of the preceding, born at Frohndorf, near Tennstädt, Nov. 26, 1733, died in Leipsic, July 29, 1801. In 1765 he was professor of philosophy in the university of Leipsic, succeeded his uncle as professor of eloquence in 1770, and edited the works of Livy (1769) and Ammianus Marcellinus (1773), besides many others. ERNST, Heinrich Wilhelm, a German violinist and composer, born in Brünn in 1814, died in Nice, Oct. 8, 1865. He played in public at the age of 10, studied under Joseph Boehm of Vienna, and also under Mayseder and Seyfried. In 1829 he made his first professional tour, exciting much attention at Munich, Stuttgart, and other musical centres. In 1832 he went from Vienna to Paris, where he remained several years studying the violinists of the French school, especially De Bériot, whose favorite pupil he became. In 1840 he resumed his professional tours, in the course of which he visited Vienna, Berlin, and most of the other German cities, and later Poland, Russia, Sweden, Denmark, and England, where he remained several years. During the last eight years of his life he resided at Nice, an invalid suffering under a nervous malady that impaired his powers and rendered his life unhappy. Among the best known and most frequently played of his works are his Elegie, the concerto in F sharp major, his quartets for stringed instruments, and his violin studies. His fame,

however, rested principally upon his great merit as a virtuoso. He was called the most poetic of violinists, combining the grace and elegance of De Bériot with a deeper feeling and a larger and grander tone. In his best days he was almost without a rival in Europe.

EROS, in Greek mythology, the god of love. There are two distinct conceptions of Eros. In the earlier, which appears in Hesiod, and in Plato, Aristotle, and the Orphic hymn, he is one of the oldest of the gods, or even the first of the gods. Hesiod associates him with Chaos, Ge (Earth), and Tartarus. He is elsewhere described as a son of Cronos (Saturn) and Ge, or as a god who had no parentage and came into existence by himself. He was one of the fundamental causes in the formation of the world, inasmuch as he was the uniting power of love, which brought order and harmony among the conflicting elements of Chaos. The Romans gave this divinity no place in their religion, but when they speak of what they had heard from the Greeks translate Eros into Amor. The Eros of the later Greek poets is identical with the Latin Cupid, and is one of the youngest of the gods. He is generally called the son of Aphrodite (Venus), though sometimes of Polymnia, Penia, Artemis (Diana), or Iris; and his father is variously said to be Zeus (Jupiter), Porus, Hermes (Mercury), Ares (Mars), or Zephyrus. He was generally described as a handsome youth, but in the latest poets as a wanton boy full of tricks and cruel sports. In this stage he is the god of sensual love, bearing sway over the gods as well as over men, taming lions and tigers, and depriving Hercules of his arms and Zeus of his thunderbolts. His arms are arrows and torches, which no one can touch with impunity. He has wings. His eyes are sometimes covered, so that he acts blindly. He is the usual companion of his mother Venus. His statue and that of Mercury stood in the Greek gymnasia. The number of the loves is extended by later poets, who make them sons of Venus or of nymphs. Thespiæ in Boeotia was the most famous place for the worship of Eros; there it was very ancient, and the old representation of the god was a rude stone, to which exquisite sculptures were added in later times. A quinquennial festival, the Erotidia or Erotia, was celebrated there in honor of the god. The goose was sacred to him, also the hare, the cock, and the ram. He was a favorite subject with the ancient statuaries, and Praxiteles represented him as a full-grown youth of perfect beauty. Respecting the connection between Eros and Psyche, see PSYCHE.

EROSTRATUS, or Herostratus, an Ephesian who lived in the middle of the 4th century B. C., and whom a deed of infamy has given a place in history. On the night in which Alexander the Great was born, in 356 B. C., he set fire to the great temple of Diana at Ephesus, which was utterly destroyed. When it was ascertained who had perpetrated the sacrilege, Eros