The Hon. Secretary (Mr. Basil Jones) made a remark or two with reference to the Red Men of Mallwyd. The occurrence of one or two red-haired persons among a number was of course by no means remarkable, but he apprehended that even his friend Mr. Freeman would be surprised to see, at Gloucester assizes, a whole gaol delivery of red-haired men. The concurrent testimony of tradition was that the red men of Mallwyd were all redhaired. Another circumstance which tended to confirm the theory that they had immigrated from Ireland, was the frequent occurrence of the word Gwyddel in the names of places about Mallwyd. Now the word Gwyddel means Gaelic. There was certainly a difficulty in accounting for the position of these invaders in almost inaccessible parts of the country; should rather have expected to find the invaders in the open parts, and the aborigines driven to the mountain fastnesses. we Mr. Moggridge, alluding to the question which had been started by Mr. Wynne, as to Roman names, observed that he knew a family in a parish in West Monmouthshire whose name is Aurelius, and another near Swansea named Cornelius. In both these families, males and females alike resemble the Romans in features and in forms to a remarkable extent. He had heard of other cases, but, not knowing the persons, had confined himself to the cases with which he was personally acquainted. From examination he was satisfied that we must trace the population of South Wales not to one, but to many races. In the districts on the borders of Glamorganshire and Carmarthenshire, the men of the Welsh part are strikingly different from those of the other parts. The men in the former districts are of smaller stature, with high cheek bones, and pointed chins, very much unlike the big, burly, comely men of Carmarthen. Each are in fact the very antipodes of the other, yet they live within twenty miles of each other. He might carry them on to Brecon, and they would find that that place, too, has its peculiar type of features. Another mode by which races might be traced was by their habits and traditions; and, having bestowed considerable attention on that part of the subject, he was prepared to say that there were very great differences, and that very frequently those differences go along with differences in personal appearance. CORRESPONDENCE OF SYLVANUS URBAN. The Funereal Heraldry of Wellington's Obsequies-The Ancient Lazarhouse at Upper Holloway, and Whittington's Stone-The Neighbours of Sir Isaac Newton-The Character of Julius Cæsar-On the Corruption of the Judges in the Thirteenth Century-Derivation of the word Menial-The Rev. Benjamin Jenks, author of the Book of Prayers. THE FUNEREAL HERALDRY OF WELLINGTON'S OBSEQUIES. MR. URBAN, That peculiar language of the ages of chivalry which spoke without utterance in the symbols of the painted banner and the storied shield has been preserved in a remarkable manner to modern times as a token of ancient descent, or at least of social distinction; but, from the rare occurrence in these matter-of-fact days of anything like chivalric pageantry, except in the tawdry and deceptive displays of the ballet or the melodrama, it is not surprising that some of its terms should be misunderstood, and some of its ancient features mistaken or forgotten. The coat of arms or crest on a seal, on the panel of a carriage, or on silver plate, is level with the modern apprehension of heraldic blazonry; but anything more than that seems to be beyond its reach. The like insignia, it is true, are customary on sepulchral monuments; but how very seldom applied with any taste! Instead of heraldry entering into the spirit of the design, and pervading its several ornamental parts, as in olden times, most commonly a mere shield is clapped upon the monument, and appears rather to be an addition than a part of it. But I am wandering from the object of my letter, which has been suggested by the display of heraldic blazonry which formed part of the funeral honours paid to the late Duke of Wellington. According to ancient precedent, the heraldic insignia of the deceased were introduced in various forms and shapes. At certain intervals of the procession were marshalled The Standard or Pennon; The Guidon; The Banner of Wellesley; each of which was carried by a LieutenantColonel, supported by two Captains in the army, all on horseback; and The Great Banner, which was carried by a Colonel, supported by two Lieut.-Colonels on horseback. The funeral pall was adorned with escocheons; the funeral car decorated with trophies and heraldic atchievements; and about the car were ten Bannerols, borne by officers of the army on horseback. The helmet and crest of the defunct were borne by Richmond herald, the sword and armorial target by Lancaster, and the surcoat of arms by Chester. In the ordinary modern funeral, even of persons of the highest rank, all these various modes of heraldic display are now obsolete, with the exception of the escocheon and the atchievement. The hearse of a nobleman is sometimes decorated with painted escocheons; and the atchievement, or hatchment, is now generally placed on the front of his mansion and in the church of his interment. But we usually hear nothing of banner or bannerol, standard, pennon or guidon. This last term appears to have been especially puzzling to modern comprehension. One of the caterers for the public journals attempted to explain it thus : "It is not generally known that the guidon is a military ensign or flag, and, in itself, an object that, at the funeral, may escape notice, except from military men. It is a term now used for the little banner of a regiment, and the guidon which will be borne in the procession is the banner of the 33d Regiment of Foot, the late Duke's regiment." But when the public were admitted to view the Lying-in-State at Chelsea Hospital they would there see that the Guidon was not a banner of the 33d regiment, but one painted with the Duke's own crest,his crest placed within the Garter, surmounted by a coronet, and encircled by the Duke's motto VIRTUTIS FORTUNA COMES It was altogether a personal ensign, adorned with personal emblems, though perhaps especially appropriate to a military commander. In the introduction to the Diary of that father of the craft and mystery of Undertaking, Henry Machyn, citizen and merchant-taylor, printed in 1848 for the Camden Society, the Editor has reviewed the different kinds of pictorial drapery which were wont to be displayed in the funerals of the sixteenth century. It appears that these went under the several names of Banner, Standard, Bannerol, Penon, and Pensel. The Banner was the ensign of the greatest dignity. It was allowed to all Peers and their wives, to Knights of the Garter, and to Knights Banneret. The Standard, but not a banner, was allowed to all Knights and their ladies. The Penon, but not a standard, was allowed to Esquires; whilst mere Gentlemen had no penon, but only scocheons of arms. Bannerols are banners of increased width, so made in order to display, by the impalement of arms, the most distinguished alliances from which the deceased was descended. Machyn calls them "bannerolls of marriages," and banerolls of "his progeny," i.e. pedigree, or ancestry. They were sometimes as many as twelve in number, as at the funeral of the Duke of Norfolk in 1554; but more generally eight. The Earl of Bedford in 1554-5 had six, and Lord Grey of Wilton in 1562 had only four. At the funeral of Queen Elizabeth in 1603 there were twelve, carried by twelve noblemen. The Banner is often called by Machyn "the great banner of arms." In early times a banner was oblong in form, that is, about twice the depth of its width, in which respect it corresponded to the early fashion of the shield; but subsequently it grew to be nearly square. It displayed the armorial coat of its owner, sometimes with quarterings, spread entirely over its surface. The royal standard, as it is now called, is more properly a banner. Besides this Banner, which, as already mentioned, was not allowed to persons below the rank of Knight Banneret, it was customary at funerals, before the Reformation, to carry "Banners of Images," which were allowed to persons of inferior degree, and probably to all whose friends were inclined to pay for them. These were square in form, and exhibited the personification of the Trinity, and figures of saints.* Their number was usually four, and they were carried about the corpse, "at the four corners." The Standard was an ensign originally too large to be carried by a man into battle, whence it took its name. It was fixed on a carriage, and placed in the centre of the host; where it remained stationary, as a rallying point; and, in the absence of alarm, it was posted at the entrance of the commander's tent. But aftewards standards were also made "to be borne." In the reign of Henry VIII. * Thus, at the funeral of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, these banners were of The Trinity, the Virgin Mary, St. George, and St. Barbara. (MS. Lansd. 874, f. 55 b.) At that of Queen Jane Seymour they were not exactly banners of " images," but more pictorial; three of them represented the Virgin, the Annunciation, and the Nativity. (Ibid. f. 53.) the King's standard, made for this purpose, was of less dimensions than that set before his pavilion. Those of other persons were graduated in size according to their owner's rank, from the Duke's standard of seven yards and a half in length to the Knight's of only four. Standards differed from banners, both in form, and in the devices with which they were painted. They did not bear the arms of their masters; but they were ordered "to have in the chief, that is, in the first compartment, next the staff, the cross of Saint George; next, the beast (the modern supporter) or crest, with his device or motto; and to be slit at the end." A large number of such standards, borne by the nobility in the reign of Henry VIII. are described in the Excerpta Historica, 1831, pp. 52 et seq. The Guidon was of the same fashion, but was only two and a half or three yards in length. It was allowed to Esquires or Lieutenants. Sir Hugh Vaughan, knight, had a grant of a Standard, and Hugh Vaughan, esquire, of a Guidon, in the year 1491, as appears by a docquet recorded in the College of Arms. This word was derived from the French Guidehomme. The gradation of the Banner, Standard, and Guidon is distinctly marked in the musters made in the reign of Edward the Sixth. Only one Banner appeared, that of the King, carried by his pensioners; the great Lords each displayed their Standards; the Earl of Warwick (the Duke of Northumberland's son), the Lord Admiral, and Master Treasurer Cheney, had only Guydons.* At that period Guydons are not mentioned as appearing at funerals, but Penons were very frequent. The Penon resembled the Standard in form, but differed in being of less size, and in being rounded instead of slit at the end; and it was also different in its charges, for it bore the arms of the party, like the Banner. This being the case, the Penon was not superseded by the Standard, but always accompanied it; but where there was a Banner the Penon was not required. The rich citizens of London increased their funeral pomp by displaying Penons of the arms of the city, and of the various companies to which they belonged, in addition to one of their own arms. Thus at the funeral of Anthony Hussey, esq. in 1560, there were five: 1. his own; 2. the city's; 3. the Merchant-Adventurers'; 4. the Merchants of Muscovy; and 5. the Haberdashers'. Pensels, the diminutive of Penon, penicillus, were very small, like the vanes which sometimes terminated the pinnacles of pointed architecture, or the iron-work of the same period. They were supplied in large quantities, being chiefly used to deck the herse," which was not the funeral carriage now so called, but "a herse of wax," a frame-work of timber thickly stuck with lighted tapers, and adorned with pencils and scocheons, the modern French term for which is a catafalque. The herse erected in St. Paul's cathedral for the Queen of Spain, the grandmother of the King (Philip) and aunt of the Queen (Mary), had no less than thirty-six dozen of pencils. The herse of Sir William Goring in 1553-4 had eight dozen of pencils and eight dozen of scocheons. In Machyn's time, mere Gentlemen had no Penon, but as many Scocheons as were desired. "Master Coldwell, gentleman, and a lawyer," was buried "with half a dozen scocheons of buckeram." Mistress Draper had two dozen. A gentleman of Gray's Inn, who perhaps had no arms of his own, was buried with six "scocheons of arms of the house," i. e. the arms of his Hon. Society. But the funerals of the higher ranks were also provided with scocheons, in addition to their other insignia, and that sometimes profusely, to the extent of four, six, and eight dozen. At the funeral of Sir Ralph Warren, alderman, in 1553, there were no less than twelve dozen scocheons, as well as a standard and five penons,-for he was a Knight, a citizen of London, a Mercer, a Merchant Adventurer, and a Merchant of the Staple of Calais; he had, besides, a coat-armour, a target, a helmet, mantle and crest, and a sword. The Target was the shield of arms of the defunct, which was erected over his monument, as that of John of Ghent was formerly in St. Paul's, and that of the Black Prince is still at Canterbury. The Coat-Armour, or surcoat, was made like a herald's tabard, worked or painted before and behind with the same arms, and which were repeated on its short sleeves. This also was suspended in the church, as were the Helmet, Mantle and Crest, the Sword, and Spurs. The relics of some of these, but rarely more than the helmet, still linger in some of our country churches. I have now explained, to those who are hitherto uninformed on these subjects, the ancient paraphernalia of state funerals, which, handed down from age to age, and put into practice with diminishing frequency, have formed the precedents of that now bestowed on the Duke of Wellington. It would seem that in the course of time *Machyn's Diary, pp. 12, 19. GENT. MAG. VOL. XXXVIII. 4 G a misapprehension has crept in, which has led to "the Standard or Penon" being treated on the present occasion as synonymous terms, for the former was slit, but the latter rounded in shape, and whilst the Penon, as I have shewn, was adorned with the arms of the deceased, the Standard had the Cross of Saint George and his crest. The Duke of Wellington's Standard-for it was not a Penon, answered to this description, only 6. Hill and Morres. 7. Hill and Trevor. 8. Hill and Boyle. 9. Hill and Parsons. 10. Trevor and Mostyn. I believe the selection of matches to be displayed on Bannerols is arbitrary. Those are chosen which have either introduced quarterings with heiresses, or which are otherwise the most illustrious in the genealogy of the deceased. Those placed on his right hand are his own and his paternal alliances; those on the left belong to his maternal line of descent. In the representation which the Bannerols gave of the Duke of Wellington's paternal ancestry three generations were omitted, in order to reach the more illustrious matches with Loftus and Cusack. I proceed briefly to explain the whole, according to the numbers I have prefixed: 1. Is the Duke's own marriage with the Hon. Catharine Pakenham, sister to Thomas Earl of Longford, K.P. 2. That of his father, Garret first Earl Mornington, with the Hon. Anne Hill, daughter of Arthur first Viscount Dungannon. The marriages of the Earl of Mornington's father, grandfather, and great-grandfather are then passed over; and we ascend to 3. The marriage of Sir Henry Colley, (or Cowley,) who died in 1637, with Anne, daughter and coheir of Christopher Peyton, Auditor-General of Ireland. THE ANCIENT LAZAR-HOUSE AT UPPER MR. URBAN,At Upper Holloway, in the road from Islington to Highgate, at the foot of Highgate Hill, on the west or left-hand side of the road there, is a field, now laid open, for the purpose of building now what is called the Union Jack takes the place of the simpler cross of Saint George-a change which, in concordance with the oft-repeated opinion of the late Sir Harris Nicolas,* I shall never cease to regret. The Great Banner borne at the Duke's Funeral contained the several quarterings of arms to which he was entitled. The Bannerols were as follow, five on each side of the coffin : 1. Wellesley and Pakenham. 3. Cowley and Peyton. 4. Cowley and Loftus. 5. Cowley and Cusack. 4. Sir Henry Colley, father of the preceding, and his wife Anne, daughter of Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin. 5. Sir Henry Colley, father of the last, and Katharine, daughter of Sir Thomas Cusack, Lord Chancellor of Ireland. On the left side of the coffin were carried the Bannerols of the Duke's maternal ancestors: 6. His grandfather and grandmother, Arthur Hill, Viscount Dungannon, and the Hon. Letitia Morres, eldest daughter of Harvey first Viscount Mountmorres. 7. Michael Hill esquire, of Hillsborough, and Anne daughter of Sir John Trevor. 8. William Hill esquire, of Hillsborough, and Eleanor daughter of Michael Boyle, Archbishop of Armagh and Lord Chancellor of Ireland. 9. Arthur Hill esquire, of Hillsborough, and Mary daughter of Sir William Parsons, one of the Lords Justices of Ireland. These four matches represent the lineal ancestors, without interval, of Anne Countess of Mornington, the Duke of Wellington's mother; and the 10th and last is the marriage of Sir John Trevor, Master of the Rolls (the father of Anne Trevor above mentioned), with Jane, daughter of Sir Roger Mostyn, of Mostyn. Yours, &c. J. G. N. HOLLOWAY, AND WHITTINGTON'S STONE. an intended street, to be called Salisbury Road, and in front whereof stands the battered memorial known as Whittington's Stone. On this field, facing the road, there stood in ancient times a Lazar *Sir Harris Nicolas, on more than one occasion, demonstrated the mutilation and distortion to which the three national crosses are submitted in the very unheraldic composition called the Union Flag. If it was thought necessary to combine them they ought to have been quartered, as those of Saint George and Saint Andrew were on the banners of the Commonwealth. house or Hospital for the reception of leprous persons, every vestige of which has long been destroyed. The references to this institution, as noticed in Tanner's Notitia Monastica, are meagre and unsatisfactory, nor have the successive historians of Islington contributed materially to its elucidation, and I therefore request to communicate all that I have been able to collect relative to its history. Stowe, in speaking of "leprose people and Lazar - houses," enumerates certain Lazar-houses "built without the city some good distance; to wit, the Lock without Southwark, in Kent Street; one other betwixt the Miles-end and Stratford, Bow; one other at Kingsland, betwixt Shoreditch and Stoke Newington; and another at Knightsbridge west from Charing Cross." There were also three others, viz. at Hammersmith, Finchley, and Ilford. This last is now subsisting as an almshouse. At Knightsbridge the chapel which belonged to the Lazar-house is still maintained; as recently was that at Kingsland, until pulled down in June 1846. However, Stowe, rightly distinguishing between those Lazar-houses provided for patients "without the city," and institutions not exclusively devoted to the purposes of the citizens, confines his notice to the first-named four; "These four," he says, "I have noted to be erected for the receipt of leprous people sent out of the city." But they were not wholly limited to sufferers from that disease. The accounts of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, about the middle of the sixteenth century, contain items of charge for the removal of general patients to all of them, including this Lazar-house at Holloway, the prevalence of leprosy having then considerably diminished. This house was in one sense of royal foundation. Stowe's notice will introduce what I have been able to add to his remarks. His words are these : "Finally, I read that one William Pole, yeoman of the crown to King Edward IV. being stricken with a leprosy, was also desirous to build an hospital to the honour of God and St. Anthony, for the relief and harbouring of such leprous persons as were destitute in the kingdom, to the end they should not be offensive to other in their passing to and fro: for the which cause Edward IV. did by his charter, dated the [24th day of February, 1473, in the] twelfth of his reign, give unto the said William for ever a certain parcel of his land lying in his highway of Highgate and Holloway, within the county of Middlesex, containing sixty feet in length and thirty-four in breadth." It is evident from the tenour of Stowe's remarks that he had read the patent to which he refers, and which is given in the note.* The intention of William Pole was carried into effect; for, five years afterwards, in 17 Edward IV. Oct. 26 [1477], the King gave and granted to Robert Wilson, who, although described as a sadler of London in the grant, yet appears to have been a disabled soldier, and to have served in the wars of the two Roses, and also afflicted with leprosy, "the new Lazar-house at Hygate, which we lately caused to be constructed by William Pole, not long since one of the yeomen of our crown, now deceased, to have and to hold the same house, with the appurtenances, of our gift and of our almoign, to the same Robert Wylson for the term of his life, without any matter or account therefor to us to be yielded or paid.” † The next grant that occurs is that made *Pat. 12 Edw. IV. p. 2, m. 6. Pro Will Pole.-Rex omnibus ad quos, &c. salutem. Quod cùm ut accepimus Will'us Pole quondam unus valettorum nostrorum de coronà, leprà percussus, quoddam hospitale cum quâdam capellâ in honore S'ci Anthonij pro diversarum personarum cum hujusmodi leprâ percussorum singulari relevio et succursu, de habitacione et herbigagio suis destituti existentium, infra regnum nostrum ad largum in nocumentum aliorum subditorum nostrorum transeuntium, facere dispositus existat et edificare: nos consideracione illâ de gratia n'ra speciali et de purâ elemosinâ dedimus et concessimus prefato Will'o pro intencione prædictà imperpetuum quandam parcellam terræ nostræ jacentem in alta via n'ra inter Highgate et Holwey infra comitatum n'rum Middlesex sexaginta pedes in longitudine et viginti quatuor pedes assisæ in latitudine continentem. In cujus, &c. T. R. apud Westm' xxiiij. die Februarij. Per breve de privato sigillo et de dat', &c. + Pat. 17 Edw. IV. p. 1, m. 1. Pro Roberto Wylson.-Rex omnibus ad quos, &c. salutem. Sciatis quod nos, considerantes qualiter pauper subgettus noster Robertus Wylson de civitate n'ra London' sadeler qui nobis ante hæc tempora verum et fidele servicium impendit tam in diversis campis quam aliter, nunc per visititacionem Altissimi cum gravibus infirmitatibus et specialiter cum infirmitate lepri, nihil habens vivere unde potest neque habitacionem in quo potest expectare valeat, percussus est: nos consideracione premissorum de gratiâ nostra speciali et elimosinâ n'râ dedimus et concessimus ei novam domum lazarinam apud Hygate, quam nos nuper pro Will'o Pole dudum uno valectorum coronæ n'ræ jam defuncto construi fecimus, habendum et |