Textbook on Sewage Disposal in the United Kingdom

Septic and other bacterial systems of sewage treatment:

Methods Results of treatment-Use of natural agents

-Microbe-Theory of production of-Vegetable micro-

organisms Different varieties of bacteria employed in

successive stages-First use of definite species for sewer-

age purification by City surveyor, Exeter- Digestion

of solids in sealed tanks-Ancerobic bacteria-Claims

for benefits of septic tanks-Summary of evidence on

claims for Fifth Royal Commission-Open septic tanks—

Reasons for adopting bacterial treatment Elimination

of resultant sludge-Economy-Settling tanks essential
-Period in septic tanks-Time at Caterham, Guildford,
Hartley, Witney-Average maximum and minimum
periods Open versus closed septic tanks-Different
classes of bacteria work in each-Same results-Open
tanks' effluvia .

CHAPTER XX

Construction and use of septic tanks-Method-Excavation

-Gravitation of sewage advisable-Pumping at And-

over-Parrallel tanks-Prestolee (Bury Rural District

Council)-Description of early septic tanks-Choice of

tanks for preliminary treatment of various classes of

sewage Classes of domestic sewage-Suggestions for

dealing with Comparison of preliminary methods

(Table V.)

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CHAPTER XXI

Purification of tank effluents on contact beds-Percolating

filters Period of contact-Filtering media-Greater

dilution, better purification—Material unimportant-

Mixed sewage and contact beds-Size of material

CHAPTER XXII

Construction of contact beds-Building material necessary

for outlet chambers-Filling and emptying contact

beds-Period of contact-Period of resting-Method at

Calverley-Avoidance of nuisance-Loss of capacity—

Summary by Fifth Royal Commission-Seven causes-

Amount of sewage effluent dealt with on contact beds

-Action of contact beds-Diameter of material-Three

sizes usual-Diameter of material for percolating filters

-Rate of filling contact beds-Washing filtering material

-Methods at Leeds and Hampton

CHAPTER XXIII

Description of some contact beds-Section of early contact

bed (Fig. 14)-Periods of rest essential-Lowcock's

system of filtration-Various kinds of contact beds-Con-

struction and employment of Kingston-on-Thames and

Andover-Depth of beds-Oldham-Maidstone-Com-

parative cost of treatment of sewage by land and on

contact beds-Land treatment (Table VI.)-Contact bed
treatment (Table VII.)

CHAPTER XXIV

Percolating filters-Description of uses- -Distribution of tank

effluents over percolating filters-Five chief methods

usually employed-Construction of filter base-Stod-

dart's continuous sewage filter at Horfield (Bristol) (Fig.

15)-Key to parts of Stoddart's filter (Fig. 16)—Method

of using and advantages-Knowle (Bristol) method-

Stoddart's patent distributor (Fig. 16a)-Description

of Aerating trays Caterham barracks-Scott Mon-

crieff's cultivation tank-Description of rotating distri-

butors-Birmingham, Tame and Rea district drainage

board's system-Scott Moncrieff's rotating distributor
(Figs. 17 and 17a)—Accrington circular trickling filter-beds
-Farrer's facile automatic continuous rotary distributor
(Fig. 18) at Bradford, Yorks-Fiddian triple drum
rotary distributor (Fig. 19) at Leslie-Single drum distri-
butor (Fig. 20) at Heaton Norris-Costs of maintaining
distributors-Cost at Birmingham outfall works

CHAPTER XXV

Growths on contact beds and filters-Variations in appear-

ance, colour and times of growth-Dorking-Kingston-

on-Thames-Chorley-Horfield-York-Accrington-

Birmingham-Growth at outfalls and in streams-River

boards admit non-putrefactive effluents-Decomposition

of growths, causes, nuisance-Water weeds—Treatment

to preserve life of beds-To lessen loss of capacity of con-

tact beds-Choking of beds-Comparison in media, etc.,

and clogging of filters (Table VIII.)

CHAPTER XXVI

Ponding effluents from contact beds and filters-Experiments

at Berlin, Lichfield, Epsom Rural District Council-Cost

of washing and renewing filtering media-Contact beds-

Percolating filters-Efficiency comparison of contact

beds and trickling filters-Variation of efficiency—

Filters less affected than contact beds-Area and cost

of lands required, compared between contact beds and

percolating filters (Table IX.) Cost at Burnley without

concrete-At Manchester with concrete

CHAPTER XXVII

Comparative cost of treatment by land and by artificial pro-

cesses-Five processes compared in percolating filters,

contact beds, and land treatment (Table X.)-Com-

Page

parison of costs in contact beds (Table XI.) and percolat- Page

ing filters (Table XII.) as to preliminary process-Cost

of preliminary process, cost of filtration process and

cost of complete treatment-Explanation of Tables XI.

and XII. .

CHAPTER XXVIII

Discharge into Estuaries and seas-Choice of outfall-Floats

for determining action of elements on sewage-Prepara-

tion of charts-Decision as to time of discharge of sewage

-Portsmouth outfall a typical case-Protection of shell

fish-Caution necessary where " layings" are situated-

Effects on sea water of discharge therein-Still in

experimental stage-Influence of sea water on sewage

sludge-Small interference with bacterial life-Seaweeds

and sewage discharges-Growths of green seaweeds in

sewage polluted estuaries-Three fold bearing-Belfast

Lough, Giant's Causeway, Devonshire coast, Southend

-Ulva latissma

CHAPTER XXIX

Pollution of rivers and streams-Fifth Royal Commission

report-De-aeration of waters-Putrefaction of organic

matter-Production of sewage fungus, etc.-Deposition

and accumulation of suspended matter-Discharge into

rivers of poisonous substances-Discolouration of rivers

-Discharge into rivers of intestinal micro-organisms

CHAPTER XXX

Other methods of pollution-Percolations from cesspools,

discharges from closets or stables of isolated buildings

adjacent to river-banks-Chemical and manufacturing

wastes Self-purification of running streams-Purifica-

tion standards for sewage effluents-Hard and fast

standards unattainable, undesirable and unnecessary

Addition of manufacturing and trade wastes to sewage-

Discharge into watercourses or sea prohibited-Facilities

for discharge into sewers to be given by authorities--

Sanitary authorities can refuse under certain circum-

stances Treatment of mixed sewages-Brewery, tanning,

manufacturing organic waste— -Household waste-Road

washings-Treatment at Exeter and Guildford-Separate

disposal of trade effluents.

CHAPTER XXXII

Country houses and isolated public institutions Special

treatment" works for grease traps-Special recovery

plant for treatment of grease-Other factors Employ-

ment of bacterial system for breaking down suspended

organic solids-Size of installation-Special conditions—

Difficulties of determining matter to be treated-Septic

and other bacterial methods-Tanks open or closed-

Amenities Shrub planting-Use of effluent

116

119

Country installations, automatic appliances—Economy-Un-
killed labour-Chief points in working-Personal atten-
tion greatest factor-Lifting sewage at small installations
-A simple design-Construction Material—Shape—

l`urther treatment of effluent-Approximate cost

CHAPTER XXXIV

Some systems for small installations-Stoddart system—
Suitability for residences and institutions Construc-

tion-Design-Workings-Sketch illustrated (Fig. 16a)

-section (Figs. 21 and 21a)—Contour of ground-Shape

of tank-Fiddian system-Description of Illustrated

(Figs. 19 and 20)—Farrer system-Description-Illustra-

tion (Fig. 22)-section (Figs. 22a and 22b)—Plan of small

sewage disposal works Outline plan (Fig. 23)-Kent's

system described-Other systems suitable-Small instal-

lation for country mansion-Nine chief points described

-Illustrated (Figs. 24 and 24a)

CHAPTER XXXV

Sterilizing infected excreta--Evacuations constant source of

danger Urine dangerous-Bacillus typhosus active up

to sixteen years-Where organisms secrete-A steriliz-

ing plant-Steam at Newcastle-Plan of Newcastle

sterilizer (Figs. 25 and 25a)-Makers of Newcastle plant

-Oxychloride process-Rideal's experiments and dis-

coveries

CHAPTER XXXVI

Oxychloride process—Comparatively recent process-Speci-

ally designed apparatus-Electric current Use at Guild-

ford-Five conclusions from series of experiments

CHAPTER XXXVII

Sludge and its disposal-Removal after discharge of effluen

-Definition of sludge Quantity produced per million

gallons of crude sewage-Sludging the tanks-Methods

vary-How dealt with at Hendon-Draw-off valve illus-

trated (Fig. 26)—Bottom sludge valve (Fig. 27)-Honig

and Mock's diaphragm pump (Fig. 28)-System at

Maidstone, York, Calverley, Kingston-on-Thames-

Tangye's ram pump (Fig. 39)-Sludging and cleansing

septic tanks Periodicity of emptying Results of long

and short intervals Preventing cessation of fermenta-

tion-Disposal of sludge-Difficulties-Burial of sludge

-Birmingham, Withington, Manchester and Guildford

-Prevention of nuisance-Area of land required-Cost

Air drying-Lagoons or earth tanks-Size-Depth

Shape-Construction-Stratford-on-Avon, Darwen-

Marketing when dry-Burning-Difficulty of-Method
at Ealing described Pressing-Manner of Sludge press
illustrated- - Manlove-Alliott's 30-chamber filter press
(Fig. 29)—Filter cloth retention-Square sludge press

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