tween mind and matter, betwixt that which thinks, and that which does not think; but it has opened new and most important views of the manner in which corporeal and mental constitutions of man influence, or act and react on each other; and Dr. Gall's name will, in consequence, stand second to none that has hitherto graced the annals of scientific discovery." He, who has thus led the way to anatomical and physiological accuracy, in investigations of the brain, should be known by his own writings, and this translation has been, therefore, prepared, to introduce to the English reader, the productions of one of the greatest modern philosophers. As MARSH, CAPEN & LYON have it in view to publish the plates, illustrative of this work, at some future time, we have retained the references to them, as they stand in the original.

Boston, September, 1835.

W. L., JR.

Of the nature of man, and of the difference between vegetable and

Of the functions of man and animals, which belong to animal life,

or, the special functions of the brain

Is it permitted, is it even necessary, to compare man with animals,

in order to acquire a complete knowledge of his nature, moral

and intellectual?

79

91

SECTION II.

On the origin of the mechanical aptitudes, instincts, propensities, tal-

ents in general, and of the moral and intellectual faculties of

man and animals

:

The mechanical aptitudes, instincts, propensities, talents in general,

and the moral qualities and intellectual faculties of men and

animals, are innate

Exposition and refutation of the different opinions in relation to the

origin of instinctive forces, moral and intellectual, in man and

animals

The senses, and the sensations received by external impressions, can-

not give truth to any ingenious aptitude, any instinct, propen-

sity, sentiment, or talent, or any moral or intellectual faculty 106

:

:

Of the functions of the senses in general

Education perfects, deteriorates, represses, and directs the innate fac-

ulties, but can neither destroy nor produce any

110

128

135

Continuation of the exposition and of the refutation of different opinions,

on the origin of our moral qualities and intellectual faculties.

Influence of climate and food on the moral and intellectual forces of

man

149

Influence of wants on the instincts, propensities, and faculties of

animals, and of man

150

Can attention give rise to any instinct, faculty, or propensity, what-

soever ?

.156

Can pleasure and pain produce any moral quality, or intellectual

faculty?

159

Are the passions and the desire of glory, the source of our qualities

Does social life give rise to factitious qualities or faculties?

161

SECTION III.

On the conditions required for the manifestation of moral qualities

and intellectual faculties

172

The manifestation of moral qualities and intellectual faculties, de-

pends on material conditions

173

1. The moral qualities and intellectual faculties manifest themselves,

increase, and diminish, according as their organs are develop-

ed, increase in strength, and are impaired

2. When the development of the organs of the moral qualities and

intellectual faculties does not follow its usual order, the mani-

festation of the functions of these organs likewise departs from

its usual regular progress

:

174

175

3. If the development and the perfection of the cerebral organs has

not been complete, the manifestations of the respective quali-

ties and faculties remain equally incomplete

177

4. When the organs of the mind and soul have acquired a high de-

gree of development and perfection, there results to these

organs, the possibility of manifesting their functions with great

energy

5. It is only by the difference in the organization of the two sexes,

that we are enabled to explain, how certain faculties are more

energetic in man, and others in woman

6. When the conformation of the brain of several individuals, is sim-

ilar, the propensities and the talents are similar, however

different the form of the rest of the body; and when

the conformation of the brain is different, the propensities

179

182

and talents differ, whatever resemblance may exist in the rest of

the body

7. When the physical constitution is transmitted from fathers to chil-

dren, these participate in the same proportion, in their moral

qualities and intellectual faculties

8. The state of waking, of sleep, and dreaming, also, prove that the

exercise of the moral and intellectual faculties is subordinate

to organization

9. Every thing which sensibly changes, either weakens or irritates

the organization, and especially the nervous system, and also

produces considerable alterations in the exercise of the mental

faculties

SECTION IV.

Of Fatalism, Materialism, and Moral Liberty

183

184

185

Of Materialism

Of Fatalism

Moral Good and Evil

How do primitive dispositions, essentially good, degenerate into evil

propensities?

Free Will

Unlimited Liberty

Absolute Liberty

Of Illusory Liberty

Moral Liberty

Objection

Reply

Objection

Answer

Objection

Answer

Summary of the fourth section

SECTION V.

Application of my principles to man, considered as an object of edu-

cation and punishment.—Preliminary suggestions

Application of my principles to man, considered as the object of edu-

cation

255

Application of my principles to man, considered as an object of cor-

rection and punishment

260

Of houses of correction and prisons

Of repentance, or the conscience of malefactors

262

268

The degree of culpability and of expiation differ, according to the

different condition of the individual, although the illegal act

and the punishment be essentially the same

Crimes and misdemeanors are not committed of themselves; they
cannot, therefore, be considered as abstract beings.

Crimes and offences, are the results of individuals acting; they,

therefore, receive their character from the nature and situa-

tion of these individuals; and they can only be estimated and

determined, according to the nature and situation of these

same individuals

Of the gradation of punishments, and of the punishment of death

Application of my principles to illegal actions, where the determin-

ation of the moral liberty and of the degree of responsibility is

subject to peculiar difficulties

Of Infanticide

272

274

276

282

284

Other causes of moral liberty greatly weakened

301

Violent propensity to the commission of theft, destroying the moral

Application of my principles to illegal acts, which result from a pe-

culiar weakness of the mental faculties

Applications of my principles to illegal actions, which are the conse-

quence of mental alienation

Of intermittent alienations, during the access of which, certain facul-

ties or certain propensities manifest themselves with great

energy

Of partial alienations

316

321

Of reasoning alienations

Of madness, accompanied with visions and inspirations

325

326

328

332

Of alienations, which lead their subjects to attempt the lives of their

relations, of their children or of other persons, innocent in res-

pect to them

335