scarcity of money. If this arrangement had been effected, a revenue of six per cent out of all tithes was to have been reserved to the crown, which also acquired a right of redeeming at a valuation of ten years the rents of the lands of the church, but was through poverty unable to make these purchases. Ibid. p. 9396. It appears that, by the constitution of the church of Scotland, as confirmed at the Union, the stipends of the ministers are settled by the parliament, to be paid by the heretor, or person who receives the tithes. Memoirs of the Church of Scotland, p. 328. Lond. 1717.

(n) The article most strenuously contested was one, which empowered the king to regulate the habits of clergymen, as this would authorise the introduction of the surplice and the cope. Laing, vol. 1. p. 102.

(0) A new stratagem was employed for securing the election of this important committee. The prelates named by the chancellor, selected the nobles, who concurred with them in the choice of burgesses and lesser barons from the remaining estate. Ibid. p. 101. It is probable that the lords of articles were originally appointed by the sovereign, with the assistance perhaps of the nobles attending the court they were afterwards elected by the parliament, and consisted of an equal number out of each estate, most commonly of eight

temporal and eight spiritual lords, of eight representatives of boroughs, and of the eight great officers of the crown. It was their business to prepare all matters for the parliament, and they consequently possessed a negative before debate, the nobles being in those times impatient of the forms, and incapable of the details, of parliamentary proceedings. Robertson, vol. 1. p. 81, 82.

(p) In an early period of the Reformation the order of Geneva appears to have been adopted in Scotland for public worship; its prayers however were proposed only as an example for imitation, not enjoined as a formulary to be strictly observed. An assembly of the prelates had ordained, that the Genevan form should be revised, and a uniform liturgy and canons should be prepared for the church; but, on account of the opposition given to the articles of Perth, the execution of this order was suspended during the reign of James. It was resumed when Charles visited Scotland. The canons were then compiled before the liturgy could be prepared, and absurdly enjoined the use of a liturgy not yet composed. Laing, vol. 1. p. 113, 114.

(q) In celebrating the sacrament of the eucharist the priest passed from the northern side of the table to the front with his back to the congregation: the consecration of the ele

ments was performed by a prayer expressive of the real presence and the elevation of the elements bore the character of an actual oblation then made by the priest. Ibid. p. 115, 116.

(r) Villain, said she, dost thou say mass at my lug? And she immediately threw at the head of the dean the stool on which she had sat. Ibid. p. 119.

(s) As the late tumults were ascribed to the confluence of persons, who had resorted to Edinburgh to supplicate the council against the liturgy, the supplicants, who had returned thither in much encreased numbers, availed themselves of the fair pretext thus afforded for appointing a few to act as representatives of the whole body. A proportion of the nobility was first appointed, and from each county two of the gentry, from each presbytery and borough one or more of the clergy and burgesses, were selected as commissioners for their respective orders. This body, which was distinguished by the name of the tables, was divided into subordinate tables, to attend when required; over whose separate deliberations a general table of four from each of the others was appointed to preside. Ibid. p. 125, 126. It appears to be the meaning of the historian, that the representatives of each class formed one of these subordinate tables, and that the

presidency of each was composed of four persons, selected severally from the four classes.

(t) "A troop of horse and a regiment of foot had prevented all that followed, or rather had by all appearance established an arbitrary government in that kingdom." Burnet, vol. 1. p. 17.

(u) France, from policy, had fomented the first disorders in Scotland; had sent over arms to the Irish rebels; and continued to give countenance to the English parliament: Spain, from bigotry, furnished the Irish with some supplies of money and arms. The prince of Orange, closely allied to the crown, encou raged English officers, who served in the Low Countries, to inlist in the king's army: the Scotch officers, who had been formed in Ger. many, chiefly took part with the parliament. Hume, vol. 6. p. 548.

(v) The earl of Bedford had secretly undertaken the preservation of Strafford, to which Pym, his friend, would probably have acceded: both had engaged to establish the revenue. The negotiation failed, because the king required the preservation of Strafford, as a service to be performed previously to their promotion. Clarendon, vol. 1. p. 210, 211, 254.

(w) The correspondence of Strafford has revealed the cause of his defection. An invasion from Ireland was already concerted with the

earl of Antrim; Cantire, to which the Macdonalds had some claim, was stipulated as his reward; and Argyle, who discovered when in England that his estates were to be partitioned, had no resource but to embrace the covenant for his own preservation. Laing, vol. 1. p, 148.

(x) It should indeed be noticed, that the bishops facilitated the enactment of the attainder, by declining to give their votes, as on a question affecting life, though, considered as an act of the legislature, it required the assistance of the spiritual peers. Clarendon, vol. 1. p. 216, 217. And it is remarkable that the bishops acted agreeably to the latter principle in the year 1697, when they voted on the attainder of Sir John Fenwick. Correspondence of the duke of Shrewsbury, p. 452. Lond.

1821.

(y) "The king, when prince, may be said to have served an apprenticeship to parliaments; and, by his constant attendance there, in his father's time, where he often did good offices between the king and them, must have acquired an entire knowledge of those august assemblies. How he came to take such measures, as these and other succeeding ones, at the very beginning of his reign, is a secret not yet unfolded in history. The favourite must be the cause; who, to save himself, precipi