that of cold-blast, and its cost only half that of the latter, a great waste would be occasioned if cold-blast iron were to be used throughout the machinery for the navy where hot-blast would answer quite as well. "Fortunately, however, "the Surveyor of the Navy's replies were "printed throughout with the Report, and were "of much value in correcting the erroneous "views advanced; and it was there pointed "out, in reply to the suggested exclusion of "hot-blast iron, that there is no ground for "prohibiting its use, simply because it is cheap "and may be improperly used; since it is un"questionably productive of benefit when used "with judgment." This portion of the Report showed, as Mr. Neilson says, a great ignorance of practical ironmaking, the only difference recognized in the qualities of the two descriptions of iron being that due to the temperature of the blast; and, further, in the experiments witnessed, a single pig of iron only was, as we have said, dealt with in each case, and no mention was made of the locality of production, or the quality of the pig as regarded the material

in the furnaces are largely imported from surrounding can be no sort of question that prints from a districts. photograph on a steel or copper plate are per8.-Forest of Dean ironstone; produces with either hot or cold blast a very fine description of pigmanent, since they have the same guarantee of iron. permanency as the print of our books, which has already endured in some cases for a very It thus appears that many of the ironstones make a good quality of iron both with hot and great number of years. Moreover, the extent cold blast. The largest portion of the iron in be made available is almost unlimited. The to which a plate engraved by this process may whole-is now made by hot-blast; in many cases by our contemporary was printed is of copper. the country-more than 90 per cent. of the plate from which the photoglyph given away the iron is within a trifling per-centage of the This, after being engraved by Mr. Fox Talbot, at first acquired by hot-blast iron arose from not same strength as cold-blast iron. The bad name was steel-faced. The result of this process is to give us a plate which may be used for printdistinguishing between mine and cinder iron, ing any number of proofs, on the simple conand from the facility afforded by the hot-blast dition of having the steel-facing renewed as for making iron from very inferior materials, soon as the present coating of steel shows signs such as flue and tap cinder and the refuse scale of wear. The picture represents a portion of of the mills and forges, which could not be the Palace of the Tuileries; and from the richworked at all by cold-blast, and of course could ness of the sculpture, the number of the statues, best class of cold-blast iron is no doubt some-ingly difficult subject to engrave by a chemical produce only an inferior quality of iron. The and the numerous fluted columns, is an exceedwhat superior to the best hot-blast, as a rule; process, owing to the great variety of tints it but the difference is not so marked as to war-presents. We may therefore point to this phorant any unqualified condemnation of hot-blast, toglyph with confidence as a proof of the great such as is conveyed in the Report referred to, or value of Mr. Talbot's process. There are three principal classes of pig iron: by any means to justify its exclusion from firstnamely, cold-blast mine iron, in which the class mechanical purposes, where judiciously material used is entirely mineral or ironstone used. Hot-blast iron, especially in second runs from the mine, smelted by cold blast; hot-lent material when made from good ores; and and for foundry purposes generally, is an excelblast mine iron, made from the same material by hot blast; and hot-blast cinder iron, made from inferior materials, and from the cinder of puddling furnaces mixed in the blast furnace. The quality of each description of iron is due almost exclusively to the materials—that is, the ironstones, fuels, and fluxes used in the furnace for its production, and varies continually even at the same works according to the nature of these materials. The ironstone varies greatly in quality, and there are altogether more than 150 different varieties now known, which are classed into the following eight principal divisions by Mr. Neilson :

from which it was made.

1.-Black Band ironstone of Scotland. This is

the principal ironstone of Scotland; when smelted with cold blast it produces an inferior iron, and, indeed, as a cold-blast iron can hardly be made, since with the generally inferior fuel there obtained the necessary heat for smelting is with difficulty maintained with cold blast, and the furnaces are consequently liable to serious fluctuations in working: the coldblast iron of Scotland is scarcely in any instance superior to the hot-blast of that country. When made by hot-blast the iron produced is of a useful quality for foundry purposes, though not very tough.

2.-Hematite ironstone of Cumberland; produces either with hot or cold blast a very strong tough pig, forming a good iron either for forge or melting purposes, but red short. It is very good as a tough ening mixture.

3.-Cleveland ironstone of Yorkshire. This is a different and peculiar quality of ironstone only recently worked, but the iron made from it is now largely exported and also used extensively in this country. With hot blast it produces a serviceable but rather cold-short iron, and a fair quality for castings or forge purposes. The ironstone of this district is invariably smeltd by hot blast.

4.-Clay Band ironstone of Derbyshire, Staffordshire, and Shropshire; produces a good tough iron with either hot or cold blast, and when judiciously mixed in the furnace a fine quality of pig is obtained for best and general purposes.

5.-Hydrate ironstones of the Churnet Valley; these give a very fine soft iron with either hot or cold

the great bulk of best hot-blast castings made
from judicious mixtures are quite equal to those
of cold-blast iron, and at the same time much
cheaper.

Let us now, with the aid of the Photographic News, glance at some of the advantages of this engravings or manuscript may be multiplied by process. In the first place, fac-similes of rare it to any extent, with the certainty that these fac-similes are not liable to fade. Again, a most important consideration in estimating the value of this discovery is the extreme comparaSuch is the testimony borne by Mr. Neil- tive cheapness with which, by its means, person, and we think it highly desirable that fectly stable photographs of paintings or other it should be made as widely known as possible works of art may be produced. When photonot, of course, for the sake of iron manufac-graphs can be printed with printers' ink with turers, who understand the facts of the case the same facility as from a metal plate engraved perfectly well, but in order to prevent engineers in the ordinary manner, without the preliminary and others from being deceived as to the real cost of engraving, there can be no reason why the most beautiful prints should not be sold at nature of hot-blast iron. a price but little above the cost of the paper on which they are printed. And not only has this ENGRAVING BY LIGHT. WHEN the various photographic processes now ordinary process as regards cheapness, but it method of engraving a vast advantage over the in universal use first began to appear, the most has the additional and most important advanunprophetic minds augured that other wonders tage of giving a perfectly faithful reproduction were in store for us in the same direction. And of the scene or object without omitting the they were quite right; from that time forward most minute details. This microscopical mimarvel has followed marvel with astonishing nuteness of delineation will render it of great rapidity. It is only a week or two since that value in the reproduction of anatomical photowe inspected the photographs of Raffaelle's graphs-a matter in which every individual cartoons at the South Kensington Museum, may be interested. The cost of a complete set where complete sets of varying sizes could be of photographs of all the various organs, &c., of purchased at any price between a few pence the human body, taken by the ordinary process, and a few pounds! This is, of course, but one would be so expensive as to place them beyond example of what is now a very common affair the reach of most medical men just commencing the purchase of splendid photographs almost practice, which is the very time when they most for a song. But our contemporary, the Photo-need to keep the knowledge they have acquired graphic News--which, as a photographic organ, fresh in their memory; but when multiplied is unrivalled-last week presented its readers by this mode of printing, cheapness would be with a fine engraving of the Tuileries, produced secured without the slightest sacrifice of accuby a "photo-glyphic" process which is quite racy or minuteness. Further, in reproducing unique, and deserves to be brought prominently photographs of maps, either on a large or rebefore our readers as an illustration of the man- duced scale, it is calculated to be of essential ner in which the chemical and the mechanical service. This branch of photography is pracarts are coalescing, as well as for other reasons. ticed now to a considerable extent, but at a cost Talbot, to whom we owe the discovery of the employing the photoglyphic process, because for This process has proceeded from Mr. Fox which would be very materially lessened by method of producing a positive picture from a all commercial purposes the reduced or enlarged negative; photography on paper; and the photograph has to be copied by the engraver development of the image by gallic acid, beside on a steel plate, which is rendered unnecessary other discoveries in the art, which have been by the process under consideration. The attencrowned by this last discovery of photoglyphy. tion of the Government has therefore been The photoglyphic process is said by our contem-called to this circumstance. There are excellent porary to be the only one by which a plate can photographers in the Government service who be engraved without being "touched" by the are perfectly able to test the value and utility professional engraver. there is no other process known by means of annually expended in photographic manipulaAt the present moment of this process, and a small portion of the su which a metal plate can be engraved entirely tions in the different offices, would be sufficient by chemical action, and with perfect results. to prove the superior advantages of the photo On the same authority it is stated that there glyphically-engraved plate over the ordinary

glass negative. "To sum up the advantages of
"this discovery," says our contemporary, "we
may say that it gives the power of producing
"an unlimited number of photographs of an
"object at an exceedingly small cost, and of
"undoubted permanency, whether this object
"be a painting, a statue, a map, or a rare en-
graving or manuscript. It has also the addi-
"tional advantage over the ordinary photogra-
"phic printing process, that the picture once
on the plate the state of the weather after-
"wards is a matter of no importance."
On another page we publish a detailed
description of the manner in which the new
art is carried out. But before leaving the ques-
tion it is necessary to repeat the caution of our
contemporary. The action of acids on metals
has long been known, and nitric acid has been,
and is, extensively employed by engravers in
etching on metal plates; but this process must
not be confounded with that of Mr. Talbot. In
the former case a plate is coated with a sub-
stance unassailable by the acid, and the engraver
etches his design on this substance, taking care
that the etching needle passes through it to the
surface of the plate, which is thus laid bare to
the action of the nitric acid. It is manifest
that, by this method, the degree of perfection
of the plate so etched must depend on the ex-
cellence of the designer in the first place, and
secondly, on his skill in manipulating with the
acid. By Mr. Fox Talbot's process the plate is
engraved without the intervention of any en-
graver. He himself, as he admits, has no
practical knowledge of the art of engraving, and
it may, therefore, be fairly considered that what
he has done may be equally well accomplished
by any amateur who may possess the perse-
verance requisite to enable him to succeed.
It should be added that Mr. Talbot has wisely
obtained a patent for the process, and it cannot
therefore be carried out without license from

whole series of strange assertions, but which | from us till this and that is redressed. We are
we fear are a wide-spread creed of the present not apologising for strikes. We believe them
day. They are so well and outspokenly said more often wrong than right. But we are try-
that we devote an article here to comments on ing to decipher this doctrine of political eco-
them. We refer to them only as general prin- nomy. And here is its main flaw. It would
ciples, and not at all as connected with this be quite true and practicable were men mere
strike in particular.
dead products of nature, mere articles of com-
merce. To deal successfully with a thing you
must first study the nature of the entity you
are dealing with. Timber, iron, and cotton you
can deal with at your will; though even these
have their likes and dislikes, their possibilities
and impossibilities, which it is vain for you to
neglect. How much more have you to study
the temper and ways of your horse in order to
manage him! But a man-with all his wants,
passions, and imaginings surely the supply
and demand theory has not nicely calculated all
the elements, and their intensities, contained in
him. We confess that this "exclusion of all
66 passion, sympathy, benevolence from trade" is
to us the most diabolical sentiment. How a
man communicates himself to his Newfound-
land dog; sports with it, shouts to it, makes a
companion of it. What a friendship springs up
between him and his horse. How he strokes
and cheers it, and so admires it, that like
Goethe, he often wishes it could speak. But
the tradesman and apprentice shall stand be-
hind the same counter all day long for years,
and no friendly interest shall spring up, or
friendly word be spoken!

The paper we quote from advances still farther in the same direction: "The strikers "have really struck their own case to pieces in "the very stating of it, for they assign as one prominent reason for what they claim the "abundance of unemployed hands. But philan"thropy cannot be brought into the question." Here, again, we speak not at all of the London builders and their workmen, but of the general principle-What have the employers to do with unemployed hands? If the supply is greater than the demand, the supply must modestly withdraw and extinguish itself. This is an upheaving of the whole foundation of society, for the men of rank, wealth, power, influence, to say to the labouring population— "We have nothing to do with finding you "work.

"Determined by self-interest,"says this writer, "each man has gone to this or that pursuit. "Self-interest, pure and simple, pure mere selfadvantage is the moving spring of commerce, "and is satisfied only by the highest price.' Let any bright ingenuous man, occupied in any department of labour, look back to the days of his youth, and ask his own experience if this is true. As far as he can remember, was there not in him a fund of pent-up activity, eager to vent itself upon anything? And did not the calling he selected seem to his youthful wonder almost impossible and miraculous in him who practised it perfectly? Was there not an enchantment in the ingenuity that could build a house or print a page, that fascinated him? Was not enthusiasm the spring that moved him to try to imitate it? And when he first succeeded, was there not a delight that surpassed all the wages in money his work has ever brought him? And was not the "highest price" for his labour sought in after years, more for the sake of his wife and children, or mother or sister dependent on him, than for his own? And has he never been smitten with a sense of the grandeur of the sum total of the achievements of human toil, and felt himself a member of the great commonwealth of labour, carrying on their designs higher and higher through generations? And has he never for a moment forgotten his own self-advantage in the feeling that he was doing his poor stroke of the far-reaching work, whereby all humanity is lodged, clothed, fed, cheered, and adorned? How fine is that saying of Rousseau's, of a task he left untouched in his early manhood: "One thing that hindered me was, myself being in EMPLOYERS AND THE EMPLOYED. question in the affair; and private interest, RICHARD COBDEN is a great favourite with the whence nothing great or noble ever proceeded, majority of English people. His practical "could not draw from my heart the divine common-sense, his transparent honesty of "soarings which only the most pure love of character and purpose, win for him the esteem that which is just and sublime can produce." even of those who wholly disagree with him in We quote again from our text: "The comLabour is purely a marketable comtheory; while his name, entwined with Sir "mands of religion and philanthropy are not to "modity. If there is too much of it, it must Robert Peel's, will go down English history for "be sought in ledgers, any more than the laws "take the lot that an excess of wool or tallow centuries, as that of the winner of cheap bread "of commerce on the walls of churches." This "would." On what other condition are some for the English people. Mr. Cobden is a born breaking up of human life and duty into sepa- in high places and some in low, but that those practical administrator; and as such, is a bene-rate parts is to dissect and destroy the man. As who take the high places are to guide and profactor of his country. But in the region of ideas in his nature man is a unity, as in his person, tect those in the lower? Surely the world is and primary principles, he, and indeed the whole of his senses, thoughts, feelings are interwoven to-wide enough for all the men in it; and human the Manchester school of politicians, seems to us gether, so they must be throughout the whole wants are multitudinous enough to appropriate to tumble and flounder in an element wholly of his practical existence. You might as well the labour of all that live. The fault is in the foreign to them. Only the other day, speaking try to separate the nervous energy of the body overseers, the generals of society, when men of the relation between France and England, from digestion and the circulation of the blood, and labour cannot find their place. Well was Mr. Cobden said, that if our armaments to pro- as to try to separate a man's "religion" from it said of "the multitude" by One we profess to tect us against France cost us six millions his "trade." When a man can put away his listen to "They wander as sheep without a a-year (and he believed they cost us nearer heart with his morning dressing-gown, and go "shepherd." But our modern friend says: twelve), France, as far as we are concerned, had into his counting-house with only a head and "It is just as rational to demand compassion better not be; and that if France, with an eye the multiplication table in it, then you may bid "and benevolence of pure commerce as to pray to England, spent six millions a-year on her him be one person over his ledger and another a falling tile to refrain from hitting an infirm armaments, England, for France's sake, had in his church. "old woman." Happily we are quite sure trade better be at the bottom of the sea. To be sure is far from having reached this pitch. We behe did add, "speaking according to political lieve there is many a noble master in England "economy; but one fails to see that this who is the friend of his men; who, if it came Manchester school ever thinks of men or nations to that, would say to them, "Rather than pay but as buyers or sellers, or believes in any you wages by which you cannot live, I will pay higher economy over them but this shabbiest, you more than the market price; and we will prosiest, and meanest, of Profit and Loss. "both go to ruin together, if better wages are to ruin us."

him.

37

But this philosophy of life is the only one that has any vitality in the great mass of thinking heads at present. Only look at its dominion in all men say and write about the bond between employers and employed. A clever writer, commenting the other day on the strike of the London builders, surprised us with a

66

"Strikes," says our writer, are good; the "natural barometers of industry; a means for estimating the fluctuations of labour, superior "in accuracy to any other that are possible; "only divest them of the unnecessary and per"fectly illogical bad temper which generally ac"companies them." Most illogical, indeed! Why can't the electric fluids, seeking their disturbed equilibrium, find it again without all their pother of lightning and thunder? Why can't man and wife "strike" work, and be divorced, without bad temper? And why should workmen be ruffled when they fancy themselves wronged, and say, Not another stroke of work

66

Whoever has eyes can see that the relation between the employers and the employed is thoroughly deranged amongst us. Everywhere the master complains of his workman, the mistress of her maidservant. The employers complain of insubordination; and those who work

66

"Adam:
I have five hundred crowns,
"The thrifty hire I sav'd under your father,
"Which I did store, to be my foster-nurse,
"When service should in my old limbs lie lame,
"And unregarded age in corners thrown;
"Take that and He that doth the ravens feed,
"Yea, providently caters for the sparrow,
"Be comfort to my age! Here is the gold;
"All this I give you; let me be your servant;
"I'll do the service of a younger man
"In all your business and necessities."

for them have their counter complaints. What | ing scene, Adam breaks out-"Sweet masters,
is the cause? What the cure? We fear "be patient; for your father's remembrance,
the sound of it is not within the range of the "be at accord." Orlando resolving to leave his
ear of political economy, else we would say, brother and his home, Oliver bids Adam- "Get
this is only one more sign of the decay of reli- " you with him, you old dog." Adam: "Is old
gion amongst us. The essence of religion is re-
dog my reward? Most true, I have lost my
verence: reverence toward every glimpse of "teeth in your service. God be with my old
God; in your own self, your me, first of all; in "master! he would not have spoke such a
every phenomenon of nature and of human life;
"word." Orlando delaying, and urged by
in your fellow-man, "the image of God," and Adam to flee, says "What, wouldst thou have
supremely so in those who are your superiors.
me go and beg my food?"
This is the golden chain that binds each to all,
all to each, from the worm of the ground up to
the throne of God. Now it is just this decay
of reverence for what is below us, and equal to
us, and superior to us in God's world, that has
snapped the link between the master and his
workman. The relation of these two has its
foundations in nature; as much so as that of
parent and child. And the workman, who has
not departed from nature, will instinctively ap-
proach his employer with homage. "This man,"
he will say to himself, "or such as he, is set
"over me by nature. He has a talent for con-
ceiving and designing, and wealth and oppor-
"The constant service of the antique world,
tunity for executing, which I have not. Com-
"bined with such as he, we workmen make a
"When service sweat for duty, not for meed!"
"world; separated from them we make a chaos. Dying for food, they reach the Forest of
"We are born lovers of work, and of work well Arden, where a duke lives "in voluntary exile,
"done apart from any wages it brings. We" and a many merry men with him, fleeting the
"offer our labour to him who can guide and re-
"ward it. Let him be to us a human noble
"master, and we will swear fealty to him. He,
"and all his interests, shall be sacred to us.
"Wherever our eye sees him it shall bless him.
"We will honour his name at our fireside, and
(6 our children shall honour him. Were there
need, as our ancestors did for their chiefs, we
"would fight to the death for him."

And the noble masters, on their side, will care for something more than wages and hours of labour for the men. These millowners and architects will see to it that their men have dwellings fit to live in, and have sufficient there to nourish and cheer. As far as in them lies

"Orl.: O good old man; how well in thee
appears

"time carelessly as they did in the golden
"world." Orlando, invited by the duke to sit
down at his table, says :-

"Then, but forbear your food a little while,
"Whiles, like a doe, I go to find my fawn
"And give it food. There is an old, poor man,
"Who after me hath many a weary step
"Limp'd in pure love;
till he be first suffic'd,
"Oppress'd with two weak evils, age and hunger,
"I will not touch a bit."

Re-enter ORLANDO, with ADAM.
"Duke: Welcome: set down your venerable
burden,

"And let him feed.

"Good old man,

"Thou art right welcome as thy master is;
"Support him by the arm."

THE GREAT SHIP'S TRIALS.
BY AN EYE-WITNESS.

they will make men of their workmen. They
will set up baths for them that they may be
healthy and pure. They will give them plots
of ground for recreation for themselves and
Is this romance? Or had Shakespeare seen
their children. They will set up schools and its like in life? Did he believe that such had
libraries, places of amusement, places of instruc-been in England's olden times, and that such
tion for them. Free from all condescension would be in her coming times-in her mansions,
and patronage, as men moving amongst men,
and cotton-mills, and farms?
they will be frank, and courteous, and genial to
their workmen, who, without servility, will
revere them in return. And what reward is
like that which a generous, human, noble master
earns for himself? What is so sweet as the
trusty, grateful, admiring homage of men?
Does purer pleasure ever thrill and quiver
through human nerves, than through the sea-
captain's, when his sailors doff their caps and
hurrah to him? or the farmer's, at the shout of
his men at harvest-home or the millowners,
when on a holiday the shout of a thousand
workmen greets him?

Shakespeare, who has given us models for imitation of every phase of human nature and life, has a fine sample of loyalty and devotion between servant and master in his drama of As You Like It. Our readers no doubt remember it, but will perhaps allow us to remind them of

it here.

(From Once a Week.)

THE nominal trial trip of the Great Eastern has
yet to take place, but a trip full of trials has
already been accomplished by her. Her strength,
have all been more or less tested on her passage
her speed, her steadiness, her steering capability
from Deptford to Portland; and although her
baptism was not one of water only, but of blood
and of fire, the good ship has doubtless a career
of pride and glory before her. Let me here
trace, with all care, what I have seen of her perils
and her successes, and augur wherein her future
hopes and dangers lie.

proceed to sea. Another circumstance calculated to impress a careful person unpleasantly was that some, at least, of the "water-tight bulk-heads"upon the integrity of which the safety of the ship might even on her first journey be made to depend in moving from one compartment of the ship to -had passages left through them for convenience another. But one conclusion could be drawn from this fact, viz., that if the bottom of the

great ship should by any fatality become fairly breached in deep water, she would as infallibly go

down as if she were hewn out of stone. In

addition to these things one looked in vain for a sailorly ship's company. There was certainly a number of riggers on board, and with these there appeared to be mingled a slight admixture of grocers, bakers, and other unprofessional individuals, who had taken upon themselves for the moment, apparently, the functions of mariners. But I must confess their presence inspired me with exceedingly little confidence. Fortunately, however-or was it unfortunately?-there was but little need for sailors, seeing that the ship had not a single sail bent, even to serve a turn upon an emergency! She was furnished, it is true, with two sets of engines, and two propelling apparatuses, so that should any derangement occur to one she would still have another to rely upon. But both engines were new, and both might fail without any miracle; and I should have been better satisfied to have seen that her yards bore canvas. In the captain of the ship I had full reliance; the pilot who was to navigate her was a man of long-tried ability; the immediate control of both the paddle-wheels and the screw was in the hands of the best man for the purposeMr. Scott Russell.* In these respects nothing more could be desired. But at the same time it

appeared that these gentlemen themselves were in the hands of commercial men by whom their professional desires were over-ridden, or the journey to Portland would not have been undertaken until the ship had attained greater completeness. If this were not so, then Captain Harrison, though he may be a splendid navigator, is an indifferent disciplinarian.

note.

Mr.

In the passage of the ship to Purfleet on the first day and to the Nore on the next, there was but little that needs remark here. There were, however, a few things which an intelligent eye-witness cannot have omitted to The first was the application of steampower to the rudder. This occurred, in the first instance, before the ship left Deptford. Lungley, whose steering-signal apparatus is fitted to the ship-and answers well-desired to have the rudder worked from side to side for a time. This there were not hands enough on the spot to .effect. Then it was that Mr. Prowse, the intelligent second officer of the ship, led a rope from the engine of the steam crane to the tiller, and by that means worked the rudder with the utmost ease and facility. This device, noted at the time, was again resorted to off Beachy Head with great advantage, as will hereafter be mentioned. Another power to the weighing of the anchor. notable circumstance was the application of steamresorted to both at Purfleet and the Nore, and without it I see not how the anchor could have been weighed at all by the few seamen on board. A third thing noted was the excessive delivery of cable at the Nore. Twice after the ship was anchored to the satisfaction of the pilot was fathom after fathom of cable allowed to run out, contrary to his instructions, and much to his annoyance. This is mentioned merely as one example of the errors committed, not to say the risks run, from the want of discipline and ethi ciency of the men on board the ship.

This was

No one at all accustomed to life on board ship could have embarked on board the Great Eastern on Tuesday, the 6th ult., without observing that her condition was by no means what he might Old Sir Rowland de Bois is dead; Adam, his fairly have expected to find. The most careful old servant, falls to the service of his eldest son, tion, and therefore but few signs of security. The scrutiny could detect but few signs of organisaOliver; Orlando, the younger son, is ill-used by passage from the ladder by which the visitor Oliver; Orlando confides his sorrow to the old entered to the saloons in which he hoped to join similar purport which occurs later in the article, implies servant, and not from weakness, for he is the his fellow-guests, lay through a portion of the bravest and manliest of men. The old man ship in which combustible materials, such as admires in him the father living in the son's shavings and planks, abounded, and in which face: "O you memory of old Sir Rowland!" lighted candles were freely pushed about. This In the quarrel of the two brothers in the open-was not an assuring feature in a ship about to

The proceedings which have taken place at Weymouth, since this article was penned, render it necessary for me to remind the reader that this remark, like another of only that Mr. Scott Russell had the working of the captain's telegraphs to the engine-rooms committed to him, in order that no mistaken instructions might be transmitted to the engine-drivers below. This duty, which was voluntarily undertaken by Mr. Russell, necessarily absorbed the satisfaction of the pilot and the captain.-E. J. R. whole of his attention, and was performed to the perfect

After the weighing of the anchor at the Nore, at seven o'clock on Friday morning, the Great Eastern started, under her own steam, and without the attendance of tugs, on her trip to Portland. From that time until six in the evening the company enjoyed one prolonged display of her great and noble qualities. We had a high wind and a heavily-rolling sea for many hours in succession. All other vessels-and we passed hundreds-either tossed and pitched at anchor with the greatest violence, or ran before the gale under close-reefed sails. But, despite the driving wind and yawning sea of the Channel, our "moving isle" went as steadily forward as if she had still been stealing her silent way down the unruffled waters of the Thames. It was only by the most careful watching that any eye could detect even the slightest motion in her. The ponderous paddleengines worked as smoothly as the machinery of a lady's watch, and the screw-engines, although less perfect, require nothing but kindly mention here. Her speed, moreover, was all that could be desired, and more than could have been expected, for, with her engines working at but half-speed, she advanced at more than twelve knots an hour against the beating head-wind. No wonder, then, that every man on board congratulated his fellow on that triumph of human genius over matter in which all were participating.

But at 6-10 P.M., in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, all congratulations (of that kind) were brought to an end. A report as of a huge but lightly-rammed piece of ordnance-a heavy throb of the deck beneath our feet-the upheaval of the massive foremost funnel-the bursting forth of a thick dense cloud of steam-the descent of a

shower of shattered glass and saloon finery-all these, followed by cries and groans never to be forgotten, turned the joy of all into mourning. Bat the mourning that thus fell in a moment upon the officers, men, and passengers of the

Great Eastern at that terrible crisis brought no idle, whining, complaining spirit with it, but a

spirit of active aid and beneficence. The rescue wheel-lines, and all other parts of her equipment. upon a more extended scale than already formed

The reward of the meritorious inventor, in To find the centre of gravity of the triangle cases in which he alone of the public has failed to 4 B C, Fig. 16. Bisect the sides A B and B Čin benefit by the fruits of his genius and the pur-D and E respectively, join CD and AE; the chase of patent rights in him of extending their point O in which these lines intersect is the centre terms, was referred to in the Report of the Patent of gravity of the triangle. For if we suppose the Committee of the British Association at the Leeds triangle to be made up of very small slices alt meeting, as a legitimate appropriation of a portion parallel to B C, each slice will balance in all posiof the surplus. tions about A E, since A Eould bisect it: consequently the whole triangle would balance in all positions about A E. In the same manner it will be seen that the whole triangle will balance in all positions about CD: it follows, therefore, that 0, the point of intersection of AE and DC, is the centre of gravity of the triangle.

Let perpendiculars 4M, AM, AzMz, &c., gh &c., be drawn from the bodies, and from 91, 92, &c., upon the line Ox, and let the former let represent the perpendicular from the centre be represented respectively by Y1, Y2, Y3, &c., and Divide the trapezium into the two triangles A B C of gravity of the system upon the line Or. and ADC by the line A C: find, by the construc.gh, in R, and A,M, in N; and Through A, draw ARN parallel to Or, cutting tion above given, the centres of gravity G and H of Since P x 4,91 the triangles ABC and ADC respectively, join then by addition Pxg42 by construction GH; the centre of gravity of the whole trapezium lies in GH. Again, divide the trapezium into the two triangles DA B, and DCB by the line DB: find their centres of gravity K and L respectively; join KL, then the centre of gravity of the trapezium is in K L; but it is also in the