2445. J. Z. Kay. Gas meters. The full titles of the patents in the above list can be ascertained by referring back to their numbers in the list of provisional protections previously published. Opposition can be entered to the granting of a patent to any of the parties in the above list who have given notice of their intention to proceed, within twenty-one days from the date of the Gazette in which the notice appears, by leaving at the Commissioners' office particulars in writing of the objection to the application. LIST OF SPECIFICATIONS, & c., Published during the week en ling Nov. 4, 1350. No. Pr. No. Pr. No. Pr. No. Pr. No. Pr. No. Pr. s d 762 0 3 766 0 3 773,0 3 782 0 3 7830 3 7840 3 796,0 3 8010 3 805-1 0 806.1 0 8140 3 8241 0 8350 3 $150 3 825 0 3 836 0 10 NOTE.-Specifications will be forwarded by post from the Great Seal Patent Office (publishing department) on receipt of the amount of price and postage. Suns exceeding 55. must be remitted by Post Office Order, made payable at the Post Office, High Holborn, to Mr. Bennet Woodcroft, Great Seal Patent Office. LIST OF MISCELLANEOUS TENDERS IN VITED, AND ENGAGEMENTS OPEN. The tenders and vacancies which appear in this weekly list are not repeated in succeeding numbers. BALLAST LIGHTERS AND BARGES, Trinity House.-For the building and repairing of the ballast lighters and barges belonging to the Trinity House. The necessary printed forms, and every particular, at the Ballast Office, Trinity House, where tenders, November 14. DREDGING MACHINE AND SCREW HOPPER BARGES, Newcastle. For the construction of a dredging machine and three hopper barges for the Tyne Improvement Commnissioners. Plans and specifications at the engineer's offices, Town Hall-buildings, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Tenders addressed to the chairman of the commissioners, on or before Dec. 13. CORPORATION WATERWORKS, Bradford.-The Waterworks Committee of the Bradford Corporation will meet at their offices in Bradford, on Tuesday, the 29th of November, at 11 o'clock, a.m., for the purpose of receiving tenders or proposals for the following works :-The excavating for building and completing of a portion of the main aqueduct or conduit for conveying water to the town of Bradford, commencing at Sandbed Beck, in the township of Burnsall, and terminating at the south end of a certain tunnel now in course of construction called Baden tunnel, in the township of Baden, with a certain branch conduit in the township of Draughton, such conduits being of the aggregate length (including the laying of certain iron pipes for supplying the village of Burnsall and about 675 yards of 21-inch pipes for crossing the valley of the Baden Beck) of abont 7 miles. Plans and specifications, &c., of Mr. John W. Leather, civil engineer, Leeds. REFORMATORY, Dalby, near Doncaster.-For the works necessary in the crection of the West Riding Reformatory for Girls. Drawings, &c., to Mr. Haughton, Hyde Park, Doncaster. A large quantity of building materials on the site will have to be taken by the contractor, and used as far as applicable in the proposed buildings. Tenders to Nov. 29. SCUTCHING ROOM, Bolton.-For the erection of a scutching room, a mixing place, and a warehouse at Belmont Mills. Plans, &c., Mr James Lomax, surveyor, 8 Fold-street, Bolton. No date given. COALS, Nary.-For 2,000 tons of South Wales coals monthly, to be delivered into store at Her Majesty's Naval Yard at Malta for six months from 1st December. The commisssoners having the power to increase the monthly proportion to be shipped after 1st January next to any quantity not exceeding 4,000 tons in each month, if required, on one month's notice to the contractor. Conditions of contract and form of tender may be seen at the office department of the Storekeeper General of the Navy, Somerset-place. Tenders must be addressed to the Secretary of the Admiralty, and delivered at Somerset-place, accompanied by a letter signed by two responsible persons, engaged to become bound with the person tendering in the sum of £5,000. Tenders and attendauce 15th inst. at 2 o'clock. COAL, East India Company.--For the supply of 3,000 tons of coal for steam navigation, to be delivered into store at Madras. Tenders, to 22nd November, or forms to be had at the Marine and Transport Department in the India office, they must be left at the Secretariat office. COAL, India Baard.--To supply 3,000 tons of coal for steam navigation to be delivered at Bombay, or any of the under-mentioned sorts, viz. :- West Hartley, Longridge's West Hartley, Byat's Bedside West Hartley, Ravensworth West Hartley, Joanassohn's Hartley, Hastings' Hartley, Stewart's Wallsend Steam, Hartlepool West Hartley, or Samuelson's real old Gamber (Oak's colliery) Hard Steam Coal. Forms of tender to be had at the Marine and Transport Department in the India office, with conditions annexed. Tenders, before 11 forenoon, Nov. 15, at the Secretariat office. DUST CONTRACTORS, St. Giles, Camberwell.-For the purchase, collection, and removal, of all the ashes, cinders. rubbish, dust, breeze, refuse, filth, soil, &c., in the several roads of the above parish, between Dec. 1, 1859, and November 30, 1850. Separate tenders for each of the six wards. The necessary draft, contract, and bond, to be seen at the Vestry Clerk's office, Vestry Hall, Camberwell. Tenders at the Hall, Nov. 14. Personal attendince necessary; and the successful tenderer must deposit £5. ROADS, Waterhead to Westmoreland, Ambleside. - For the widening, improving, and diverting the road leading from Waterhead to the south entrance of the town of Ambleside. Plans, &c., the office of Mr. Webster, Land surveyor, Rindal, who will meet intending contractors on the ground at 10 a.m., on Wednesday, Nov. 16, to point out the works and receive tenders, which must be in writing and under seal. The plan may be seen on appli cation to Mr. Thomas Balderston, Ambleside, SURVEY, Barnsley Union.-The guardians are desirons of contracting with two gentlemen, not being partners, for a new valuation (to be made in conformity with the Parochial Assessment Act) of the whole of the household property, mills, manufactories, collieries, gas-works, water-works, railways, and canals, in the township of Barnsley. And the guardians wish to contract with one valuer for a new valuation of the land in the said tɔwnship. A recent survey has been made of the township, and the map may be used so far as the same may be applicable and correct. Contractors may tender either br commission, or for a fixed sum. The township contains abobt 2,200 acres of land, and 3,775 houses, warehouses, and other buildings. Tenders and testimonials to Mr. John Tyas, Clerk to the Guardians, to Nov. 21. RAILWAY DRAUGHTSMEN.-For the Cape Town Railway and Dock Company. One experienced in station work, and the other in wrought and cast-iron work, are re quired by this company to sail for the Cape by the mail of the 6th December next. Applications, with copies of testimonials, and stating terms, to Mr. G. Latham Browne, managing director, 261 Gresham House, Old Broad-street. TRAVELLER TO WIRE DRAWER.-One acquainted with the trade, and of good address, will be liberally dealt with. When not engaged in travelling, his services will be required in the counting-house. Applications personally or in writing, to Mr. John Caw, accountant, Halifax; or Messrs. Shackles and Sons, solicitors, Leeds. TRAVELLER FOR A PLATE GLASS MANUFACTORY.- State where last employed, and the terms required. Address, Box L., 20 Post-office, Manchester. TIN-PLATE WORKERS.-Eight or ten first-class men. Constant employment and good wages to steady men. Apply to Mr. T. Wright, Victoria Tin Works, Sackville-street, Manchester. GAS WORKS MANAGER.-A person to take the entire charge of the Morecambe Gas Works, near Lancaster. His duties will be to undertake the manufacture of gas, lay down main and service pipes, and fixing meters, and other matters appertaining to works of this description. He will have a house on the premises rent free, and firing and gas. Applications with testimonials, and stating terms, to Mr. William Whiteside, secretary to the above company. EXPERIENCED HANDS.-To fix galvanized corrugated iron, self-supporting, and other kinds of iron roofs. Address, with full particulars to previous engagements and references, M., 47 General Post-office, Liverpool. FORGE MANAGER.-Application by letter, with full partienlars of qualifications, age, and expectations, to Mr. Roberts, care of Messrs. Horn and Story, Grey-strect, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. THE MECHANICS' MAGAZINE. LONDON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1859. EDUCATED FEMALE LABOUR. cashiers, and ticket-sellers at railway stations. | customers to these very Swiss for watches for It is also contemplated to establish workshops our own use at home. Thousands of women in connexion with the school, where the girls are at this moment finding profitable employmight be taught other trades-trades well ment at the most delicate portions of watchwork suited to women, but now almost exclusively in throughout the hands of men, such as printing and hairdressing, for instance. As the means of the Ir is far easier to sneer at the "rights of society increased so would the number of workwoman" than to show why the wrongs of shops and the variety of trades taught. No woman should not be redressed. We English-girl would be admitted to either school or workmen, to whom "home" is the sweetest and shop who did not bear a good character; nor, on leaving, would she be recommended for most precious possession, are too much in the habit of seeing in woman only the raw material employment till she had passed such examinafor conversion into wives and mothers. We tions as proved her to be competent for it. think of women as the attendants and helpers of men, and nothing more. Or if more, then only when "Man is the hunter; woman is his game; "The sleek and shining creatures of the chase, "We hunt them for the beauty of their skins." But in all this we men are wrong-stupidly, Doubtless the blindly, heartlessly wrong. great and primary office of woman is that of being man's "help-meet." But as doubtless this is not, cannot be, her only calling. To many a woman the hope of marriage never comes; to many more the dream of wedded life dissolves before its realisation is attained; to others, scarcely have the bridal bells ceased clashing ere the husband is tolled to his tomb; others put on with the weeds of widowhood the burden of providing for a numerous family; and so forth. On all sides we are surrounded by women whom God and Nature have cut off from man's immediate aid, and who by brain or hand must win, for themselves at least, their daily bread. the district round Neufchatel. The subdivision of labour is there wisely made so minute as to adjust itself precisely to the special capabilities of every woman's individual dexterity. It is impossible to believe that the women of London will do badly what the Swiss women are now doing so well. Thousands of the women of London, now in dire distress, have the power to equal and perhaps to outstrip their Swiss sisters in a rival race for an honourable and abundant means of subsistence. "I know the realization of my sugges "tions to be within their reach, and I be"lieve," says Mr. Bennett, "there are few men "of any worth who will refuse to join me in "the wish that Heaven may grant that this "desirable means of rescuing so many from "their present misery may be speedily re"moved from the necessity of newspaper dis"cussion." This is all most gratifying; and in pursuance of the good work we would urge upon the promoters of these movements the immense importance of multiplying lady mechanics! We want all our men for our heavier trades, such as engineers, builders, shipwrights, blacksmiths, and so forth-trades to which we can never put woman; and we may very well hand over our lighter mechanical crafts to our poorer females. It is, of course, simply disgraceful to see the young women of our land forced by thousands into vicious courses for mere want of employment, while equal numbers of our young men are draining away their manly qualities behind drapers' counters, in hairdressers' rooms, and in scores of other occupations for which women would display equal, if not greater, aptitude; and although light mechanical trades are less obnoxious to man's manliness than such occu- THE name of the late Dr. Scoresby has been pations as those just mentioned, they may associated more prominently than that of any doubtless be entrusted to women with advan-other man with the subject of wave-measuretage to both sexes. We agree with Mr. Bennett; and if Viscount Raynham and his colleagues would do their work effectually, they should inquire closely into this watchmaking question, which lies ready to their hand. In their whole movement we wish them the most perfect success. THE MEASUREMENT OF WAVES. ment. His estimates of the heights and There is one trade in particular for which breadths of Atlantic waves have entered into woman is eminently adapted, which should not many important discussions of late years, and be lost sight of in this discussion, viz., that of have formed the basis of serious arguments the watchmaker. Mr. John Bennett, of Cheap- respecting the dimensions of large ships and side, has very nobly advocated the introduction other great questions. The interest attached of female labour into the watch-manufacture, to his observations on this subject does not at the expense of much personal odium; and appear to have arisen from any extraordinary so effectually has he stated his case, that some aptitude on his part, or from the possession by of those watchmakers who denounced his la-him of any special apparatuses for the purpose. bours in this matter, are prudently bringing up Any other intelligent person accustomed to their own daughters to the business. Mr. estimating heights and distances by the eye, or Bennett tells us, not only that women are in by the aid of simple mechanical expedients, all respects competent to make watches, but could have done all that Dr. Scoresby ever did, that we British people are absolutely importing or ever pretended to do, in the way of obtainlarge numbers of women-made watches every ing data respecting the dimensions of waves. year. But, strange to say, of all the thousands of clever mechanical men who sail the seas in pursuance of their various avocations, only here and there one is found to bestow a little attention to this very interesting topic. With this fact before us we cannot but be grateful for the pains which Dr. Scoresby repeatedly took to enlighten us, and especially for the ample information which he has afforded us in his journal of his voyage round the world in the Royal Charter, to which we drew attention in our last number. It would be rather late for us now to attempt to show how few are the means by which women thus circumstanced can at present obtain livelihoods. It is well known the one chief calling which is open to them—that of a governess has gradually been so brought down that we have come to consider it but little, if any, superior to that of the humblest menial service; and it is equally well known that scarcely any other outlet for female activity has hitherto been deemed respectable. These facts have lately been much considered by the public, and many measures have been taken for bringing about a better state of things. The latest movements are, first, the establishment of "registers of woman's work," to be managed The Paris Exhibition must, he says, have by committees of ladies, and in which may be opened the eyes of all but the wilfully blind to registered the names of any ladies who wish to the startling fact, that quality, strength, and elebecome candidates for remunerative employ-gance considered, the Swiss are nearly 40 per ment in charitable institutions, as nurses in cent. under our prices. "So striking was their hospitals, matrons in workhouses, teachers or "superiority, except in our first-class watch," superintendents in industrial schools-likewise he remarks, "that I took my own eyes for a for those who desire to obtain situations as secre- "month through their principal manufacturing taries, clerks, or bookkeepers, while other kinds "districts. There I found causes in active of employment will in all probability gradually" operation that explain the whole matter. suggest themselves in accordance with the needs of society; and, secondly, the establishment of a society for promoting the employment of women. The committee includes several ladies of title; Viscount Raynham, M.P., is the treasurer. A statement has been published in which various objections to the employment of women are answered. It appears also from this statement that it is the intention of the society to establish a large school for girls and young women, where they may be specially trained to wait in shops, by being thoroughly well instructed in accounts, bookkeeping, &c. ; be taught to fold and tie up parcels, and perform many other little acts which a retired shopwoman could teach them. The necessity of politeness towards customers, and a constant self-command, will also be duly impressed upon them. Girls educated in this school would be capable of becoming clerks, "From three leading manufacturers I learnt "As THE EXHIBITION OF 1862. SIR THOMAS PHILLIPS, the Chairman of the Council of the Society of Arts, in his opening address, delivered on Wednesday evening last, announced the intentions of the Council in reference to the Exhibition of 1862. Before repeating the statements made by him, it may be well to go with Sir Thomas over the preliminary facts of this matter. "height of the ordinary and highest waves, as line and within the same interval. To the they might be found to correspond with or to velocity of the waves, therefore, reckoned on "intercept the sea horizon, could be satisfac- the ground of the ship being stationary-say "torily measured." In this way, ascending by 320 feet in nine seconds, or 35.56 feet per steps, after a first position taken at a guess, he second-we add the advance of the ship, or found that with his feet on the seventh rattling 20-28 feet per second, in the same line of direche had the line of elevation of the prevalent wall- tion, and thus obtain for the actual velocity of formed waves. But he attained the interval be- the wave 55.84 feet per second, or 33'9 geogratween the sixteenth and seventeenth rattling be-phical miles per hour-a result the more satisfore he obtained the measure of elevation of the factory seeing that in making a like experiment waves of the maximum class. Of these, several on very high waves (30 feet) measured in the rose still higher, but he kept his position till North Atlantic, in 1847, Dr. Scoresby obtained one or more of great breadth and solidity of for these waves a distance from crest to crest of mass was seen rising above the horizon along 559 feet, and a velocity of 32:67 miles per hour. an unbroken extent of some hundreds of feet. The height of the eye of a man of Dr. Scoresby's stature in this position above the eye of a similar person on the saloon deck below was 15 ft., and the height of view on the deck, as other wise estimated, was about 23 feet; the sum of 38 feet was therefore obtained for the maximum class of the prevailing waves. But, as the wave specially noted was more than two feet higher than the horizontal level, its actual height could not have been less than 41 or 42 feet. But from the station of observation The subject of international exhibitions of several incidental peaks or points of waves, works of industry and art having been brought often thrown up by the intersections of cross under the notice of the Council of the Society seas, were observed to exceed considerably the in the session of 1858, received their careful ordinary maximum, whilst the tops of breaking consideration, and occupied much of their time crests might be seen rising still higher, indi- in that as well as in the following session, and cating an ultimate maximum which could in the address of Sir Thomas Phillips's predehardly be less, the Doctor thinks, than 50 feet. cessor at the beginning of last session, and in The next points of inquiry were the distance the report of the Council presented at its close, of the waves from crest to crest, and their a narrative of the proceedings of the Council in general velocity. These measurements, how-relation to the subject was presented to ever, from the want of regularity in the sea-a peculiarity of the waves of the Southern Ocean could not be so conclusively determined as the height; but proximately, the results were very satisfactory as compared with similar investigations in the North Atlantic. The time occupied by the waves in successively passing the ship was found when the ship's rate of going was about 12 knots to be generally (in the case of distinct series of heavy rollers) about 18 seconds. With this fact for his guidance, Dr. Scoresby ascended the main rigging to a convenient height, where, being over the centre of the ship, he could observe when the crest of a wave went beneath the stern and when it emerged from beneath the bow. This observation frequently repeated gave him. a pretty regular result (as shown by the counting of seconds with a watch at his ear) of nine seconds for the interval occupied in the passage of the While the Council was actually preparing to ship's length, say 320 feet, and of nine seconds originate the exhibition, hostile gatherings, of more for the arrival at the stern of the follow-which Italy was the centre and object, threating wave. This indicated plainly a distance of just about twice the ship's length, or 640 feet for the prevalent space, transversely to their axes, from crest to crest of the waves. the members of the Society. The Council having bestowed on this question that grave attention which the importance of the subject deserves, resolved, on the 14th of April, 1858, that the Institution of Decennial Exhibitions in London, for the purpose of showing the progress made in industry and art during each period of 10 years, would tend greatly to the encouragement of arts, manufactures, and commerce, and that the first of these exhibitions, which it was then intended to hold in 1861, should consist of works selected for excellence, illustrating especially the progress of industry and art, arranged according to classes, and not countries, and should comprise music and painting. The investigations of the Council led them to conclude that an international exhibition in 1861 would elicit even more valuable results than had been achieved in 1851. ened to involve the principal continental States in active and protracted warfare. The probable influences on an international exhibition of the unexpected interruption to the peaceful relaA tolerably correct estimate of the velocity tions of the States of Western Europe led the of waves became fairly deducible from these Council, in the month of May last, to deterdata. A space was seen to be passed over by mine that the international exhibition proposed any particular wave, with reference to the ship's to be held in 1861 should be postponed to a position, of about 640 feet in 18 seconds; but more favourable opportunity. That decision this was of course too small by the proportion was arrived at by the Council with much of the ship's retreat from the wave, or her adregret. "An exhibition," said Sir Thomas, vance in the same direction during the same "which should present an adequate picture interval. Taking the geographical mile at 6,075" of the progress of arts and industry, when feet, we find the quantity of 169 feet per knot to be due to each second of time; or 20-28 feet per second as the ship's progress when going 12 knots. This multiplied by 9, the number of seconds occupied by the sea in running the length of the ship, gives a product of 182.52 feet for the advance of the ship in the same The length of the Royal Charter's keel was 308 feet; length over all 336 feet. But he estimated, as he believed, a medium of the rake and overhang, and therefore took about a mean measure or estimate of 320 feet for the ship's ength. "employed in extending the blessings of peace "and promoting the progress of civilisation, "might prove of special utility at a season of "strife and warfare; and even if war were "again to interrupt the peaceful intercourse of "continental States, it is obviously within the power of the United Kingdom, including the "colonies and dependencies of the empire, to "produce an exhibition deserving of national patronage. The progress of art and industry is not suspended, however much it may be interrupted by actual warfare, and the loom and the forge may pursue their wonted activity even amid the din of arms." The past history and present position of our country alike impose on Englishmen, continued Sir Thomas, duties which cannot be evaded with dignity, and they surely may decide themselves whether and when they will hold exhibitions of art and industry, although warlike preparations may seem to occupy other nations. The war in Italy having terminated, the Council have anxiously resumed the consideration of this important subject, and, notwithstanding the present aspect of continental affairs, which they do not regard as the most favourable to arts, manufactures, or commerce, it is nevertheless the intention of the Council, interpreting aright, as they believe, the feelings of their countrymen, to originate measures for carrying into effect an international exhibition of works of art and industry, to be held in 1862; and they propose to invite the manufacturers, merchants, public companies, and other capitalists willing to promote such an exhibition, to unite in raising a guarantee fund, not less in amount than £250,000, to be vested in trustees whose position, character, and qualifications will secure the confidence of those capitalists who are prepared to share the responsibility of the undertaking. It is the intention of the Council that full and absolute power to originate and conduct the exhibition shall be vested in such trustees, and that the permanent buildings which may be found necessary shall vest in the Society of Arts, in order that such buildings may be devoted to future exhibitions, and when not so occupied may be employed for purposes tending to the promotion of arts, manufactures, and commerce. The trustees will doubtless seek the assistance of Her Majesty's Government in order the better to obtain the friendly assistance of foreign Governments and secure the co-operation of foreign exhibitors, and otherwise promote the success of the exhibition of 1862, and will also apply to the Royal Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851 to grant a convenient portion of the ground purchased at Kensington out of the surplus funds of the Exhibition of 1851 for the next and future exhibitions. THE DRAINAGE OF LONDON. IN November last, we drew attention to an interesting publication by Mr. Charles Glassford, of Greenwich, entitled "London Sewage, shall it "be Wasted, or Economised? Being a Plan "for the Collection and Treatment of the Focal "Matter of Towns, for Purifying the Sewers and Rivers, and Removing the Chief Impurities, "which render them Dangerous to the Health "of Communities, with especial and immediate "reference to the Metropolis, the River Thames, "and the Board of Works' Main Drainage " Scheme." Since that period, several modifica tions of Mr. Glassford's plan have been suggested, which considerably affect the results. Before entering upon these, it may be advisable to recapitulate very briefly the chief points of the plan, as detailed in the above publication. Mr. Glassford proposed, first, to collect the excrementitious matter directly from the watercloset, with such a limited and measured quantity of water as should make the subsequent operations for the recovery of the fertilising matter economically practicable. Second, to convey the excreta and water through a system of pipes and sunk vessels to large reservoirs at a distance from town, where it is to be deodorised, and neutralized with oi of vitriol; then allowed to subside for a few hours. The effect of this treatment will be, that the whole of the nitro genous matter of the urine-the most valuable constituent is saved, and fixed in the form of sulphate of ammonia. Third, the liquid portion is pumped into a system of boilers and evaporating vessels, where it is concentrated into a crystalline mass, which is chiefly sulphate of ammonia, with all the other valuable salts contained in the urine, the agricultural value of which Mr. Glassford proposes now to reckon at £10 per ton. The more solid portion collected by subsidence in the reservoirs is pumped up separately, and conveyed into a series of presses, or filtering machines, which separate the solid and insoluble portions from the liquid, and finally present it in an almost dry, solid, and inodorous cake, containing the organic matter and insoluble phosphates of the solid excreta, the agricultural value of which he reckons at £4 per ton. These values are obtained by estimation of the market prices of the constituents, in the way usually resorted to by agricultural chemists in their estimation of guano and other manures. Mr. Glassford has estimated that the yield of these manurial products from the London excreta would amount to 136 tons daily, from the liquid part; whilst that from the solid part would amount to seventy tons daily. In his estimate for London, he assumed £15 per ton as the value of the urine salts, but as this has been objected to as too high, he has decided now to assume £10 per ton nett price, after paying charges of delivery, agency, discount, &c. The other manure is not, he considers, too high at £4 per ton nett, after paying these charges. The result at these prices would thus be : For 136 tons urine sulph. of ammonia per day, at £10 per ton : Per annum. ... " 70 tons solid organic manure, per day, at £4... £497,312 102,200 £599,512 or as nearly as possible six hundred thousand pounds per annum, after paying all agency, carriage, and discount charges. I have esti"mated the annual costs of materials, such as "coals and vitriol, and of labour, at nearly "£237,000, and of interest on cost of necessary "works, tear and wear, &c., at £170,000, which sums together amount to £407,000 of total expenses of all kinds, and, allowing very liber66 ally for every possible charge, leaves a sum of "nearly £200,000 annual profit; a sum which "would be found of enormous advantage in carrying out the improvements-useful and "ornamental-so urgently required in this our "crowded metropolis." pre It has been objected to the plan that Mr. Glassford proposes to use a water-closet apparatus which is too complicated, which would be likely to get out of order, and that the quantity of water proposed by him is too little. To these objections he now replies:-First, that the ordinary earthenware pan and syphon trap, so extensively and universally used, would answer all the purposes required, so that there need be no alteration whatever in that part of the sent closet arrangements; the only alteration required would be the substitution of a regulator valve instead of the usual stopcock, or other water supply arrangement. This would avoid great expense, and would be equally if not more efficient than that previously proposed. Second, instead of limiting the supply of water to the closet pan to twelve ounces per discharge, he would now allow any quantity up to one gallon per delivery per individual a quantity which he considers far beyond what would, under any circumstances, be required; but in this caseas the quantity of water to be removed, collected, and evaporated, is greatly increased, the cost of apparatus, fuel, and labour would also be increased, whilst the material products would remain the same-the profits per annum would be diminished. "For each addition of twelve ounces of water thus employed in the closet, "thore would be an addition of about £10,000 to the cost of apparatus (works), "and a reduction of about £3,150 from "the profits, so that the employment of "one gallon of water per individual (or per delivery in closet) would have the effect only "of reducing the annual revenue by about £35,000." As to the objections which may be made in reference to the mechanical difficulties of the scheme, Mr. Glassford apprehends no difficulty that he would himself (although not a civil engineer) feel unwilling to undertake. In this country especially, as he says, we should be under no fear of easily overcoming any difficulties of a mechanical kind. As the best method of determining the worth of any scheme is to put it in practice, Mr. Glassford earnestly urges the advisability of making a trial on, say, 500 to 1,000 dwelling-houses, grouped together in the same locality, so that all the products could be economically conveyed and collected together at a short distance, and there operated on; and we would gladly support him in this request. The operations can be conducted upon any quantity and upon any scale, so as to yield results which would amply test the value of the scheme, and enable a clear and practical judgment to be formed. To do all this, from one to two thousand pounds would be amply sufficient, and in a few weeks from the commencement the experiment would be in full work and yielding results. "I would "be glad to assist with my services," says Mr. Glassford, "in carrying out the plan and bring"ing it to an issue." 66 66 "If we consider for a moment," says Mr. Glassford finally, "the vast sums of money "which will unavoidably be absorbed in executing the very gigantic sewage works now in course of formation throughout London, which 'may absorb more millions than is now contemplated, besides the large annual sum "required to keep the whole in good working "order-if we consider, also, the number of years which must elapse before these "works are completed-and if we consider, "also, that fertilising matter (worth to our "agriculturists a million sterling per annum), according to all our highest scientific authorities, including Liebig, Hofmann, and others, "is still, after all this great expense and years "of delay, only to be thrown away into the "Thames, a few miles lower down the stream, "without the certainty of relief from the nuisance or the shadow of a possibility of any "return being ever obtained for all the outlay "and annoyance, we shall have a clearer per"ception of the enormity of this Main Drainage "Scheme." THE STOKE-HOLES OF STEAM-SHIPS. No class of men suffer more from an overheated atmosphere than stokers, especially when they are employed in steam-vessels, and yet there is none to whom relief can be more readily and advantageously given. The stoke-holes of all steam-vessels may be kept at within 5° of the outer atmosphere at an almost nominal expense, and the means of doing this are attended by other advantages. If our readers will consult a paper read before the Institution of Civil Engineers on the 14th November, 1854, No. 917, by Mr. William Woodcock, they will find the subject is there fully explained. The modus operandi is simply as follows:-Place immediately underneath the fire-bars two Venetian blinds, made of hoop iron, the bars lying horizontally and parallel to each other in the direction of their length, and inclined at an angle of 45° to the horizon in the direction of their width. The bars of the two sets must be inclined in opposite directions, and must be so close together that a vertical straight line cannot pass between any adjacent pair of them, and yet far enough apart to allow all cinders to fall freely through them. This device will keep the air in the ash-pit cool. Next, fasten upon the inner face of the firedoor a box made of angle iron, and projecting about an inch and a half into the furnace when the door is closed. Let this box be fitted with a few thicknesses of wire gauze, Nos. 8, 10, and 12, lying close together against its fire front, and leaving a space of at least one inch opening in the box between the gauze and the inner front of the door. Further, let all that part of the door which is within the box be drilled as full as possible of -inch holes, and it will be found that the door will by these means at all times be kept cool. The merits of this invention belong to Mr. Burney, of Battersea. We have now only the bulk-head of the boiler and the smoke-box doors to deal with. In front of these, and at one inch distance from them, secure, so as to open and close with the doors, a plate of iron or zinc; the latter will be better, as this plate must not be painted. Let the upper part of the one inch opening communicate directly by a pipe or otherwise with the deck. No heat will then escape into the stokehole from the boiler or from the smoke-box, and an upcast will be established over. their front which will draw a supply of fresh air into the stoke-hole from any convenient source, whether the vessel is in motion or at rest, and the third and last source of heat in the stokehole will thus be cut off. This is all that has to be done. It involves the infringement of no patent-right, and can be arranged for a very trifling expense by any intelligent engineer. Much has been written upon the combustion of smoke, and the respective merits of hot and cold air. The truth may be, that both are required. The above arrangement, if properly carried out, will be the most perfect smoke consumer, or rather smoke preventer, known. It will also save some small per-centage of fuel. Cold air is required to enter through the bars in order to give direct to the fuel the largest amount of oxygen in the smallest space; this the keeping of the ash-pit cool provides for. Upon this all are agreed. Warm air must also, many believe, be administered to the gases distilled from the coal, as otherwise they may be reduced below their "flame points" of heat; this is done by the respirator in the door, from the fact of the air passing through it having to impinge upon the heated wire gauze. No valve or regulator is wanted, as the fine wire gauze is found to check the supply when but little air is wanted, and to admit a large quantity when that is required, i.e., directly after firing, and when the bars are covered with fuel. Literature. Journal of a Voyage to Australia and round the World for Magnetical Research. By the Rev. W. SCORESBY, D.D., F.R.S., etc. Edited by ARCHIBALD SMITH, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., &c. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. 1859. [SECOND NOTICE.] In our last number we promised some extracts of interest from this work. The first shall be upon THE FORM OF THE ROYAL CHARTER. "In regard to pitching and sending,' the action of the ship was equally remarkable, both for the easiness of the motion and the smallness of the inclination of the keel from the horizontal level. A forty feet wave, on its entrance below the stern or counter of the ship, whilst the bow was exactly in the lowest or most depressed portion betwixt crest and crest, should raise the stern, as from the simplest view of the case it might seem, to at least its own elevation, or give an angle of inclination to the keel of about 7; but no such measure of pitching or sending' motion was ever observed-probably not above half as much. For in no instance, in scudding, did I ever observe the bow of the ship plunge nor the stern rise to anything like the position apparently due to the elevation of the passing waves. The action, indeed, was obviously of this nature: from the admirable adjustment of the ship's lines of construction forward and aft, the loftiest wave on its reaching the stern-post below exerts its lifting tendency, not abruptly or suddenly, as where the quarters are heavy and the run thick, but very gradually, so that the disturbing force, passing beyond the place of greatest influence before its due action is realised, becomes modified and re duced. These principles are no doubt in operation in every tolerable model of marine architecture, but not to the degree of perfection in which the tendency to assume horizontality of position, and to receive the least possible disturbing effects from the most formidable disturbing causes in the action of rough, irregular, or heavy seas, has been attained in the modelling and building of the Royal Charter; and whilst similar results in kind will be found to have been obtained in very many or most of the scientifically constructed and splendid clipper and other first-class ships of this important age, I should much doubt whether in any single instance the approach to perfectness of the model of the Royal Charter has been exceeded, or even, in all the elements of the perfect 'seaboat,' as adapted for these southern regions, proverbial turbulent seas and boisterous weather, been equalled." (Pages 125-6-7.) The next extract shall consist of certain suggestions by Dr. Scoresby upon THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE ADMIRALTY STAN DARD COMPASS. "Two improvements in the Admiralty standard compass, for its better adaptation to delicate observations or deviations, and for determining the true magnetic bearings of distant objects, were suggested by these and other observations made at Port Philip. The first was the adaptation of a much lighter card for being used under circumstances of great stillness and weak horizontal directive force. Before I was aware of the defective traversing of the lightest of the two cards usually supplied, though placed on one of the finest points, I was annoyed by finding differences in observations repeated, and in all respects similar or analogous, sometimes amounting to 14° or 2°, and in two or three instances of still more. Such differences, indeed, I might have been prepared to expect in a new ship recently launched, and when being swung in different directions, especially under the vibration from hawsers employed in heaving round; but in our case there were no such influences in operation. On tapping the compass-bowl with the butt-end of a lead pencil, the discrepancies were sufficiently explained by observing frequently an immediate change in the direction of the card. This precaution, therefore, was subsequently adopted on each observation. Another improvement, as it occurred to me, in a fine instrument designed to be employed as a steering, azimuth, or swinging' compass, would be the adaptation of a small telescope, adjusted to the circularly-moving rim, for giving assistance in observations of objects or positions on shore, when, as in the case of our reciprocal bearing, the place of the shore instruments could not be seen through the sights. Such telescope, too, would be of the greatest use when, as I repeatedly found, the shore object (its point, bluff, or other recognizable place) could only be indistinctly seen. In many cases whilst pursuing my observations in Hobson's Bay, the Saddle on the Dandelon, or the termination of the Red Bluff, could not be seen without the help of a glass (I usually employed an opera-glass), leaving the bearing by the sights to be made out by various shifts, such as the incidental proximity of some more visible point or object-a boat passing, a rope on board the ship, &c., for getting the bearing required. tached telescope would have relieved me from all these embarrassments and risks of inaccuracy. It might possibly be applied to one or other of the shifting rims at present adopted; but in any convenient form it would be a valuable addition to the instrument." (Pages 179-80.) An at. The next quotation may consist of the following remarks on the fouling of the Royal Charter's bottom, and Dr. Scoresby's proposal for remedying the evil : THE FOULING AND CLEANSING OF IRON SHIPS' BOTTOMS. It has framework of the apparatus, to fall on the middle of the interior of the opposite side of the same circle (or to be put into position by using the slit as sight vanes), by which the meridianal circle takes the position of the true north and south. The difference betwixt this and the direction of the compass-needle gives, of course, the errors of the compass observed with, in whatever position it may happen to be placed, and by comparison with the steering or other compass determines also its errors. My object being simply to test by experiment the perform ance of the instrument, to this object I confined myself, by a series of trials carried on from about 2 to 3 p.m., and frequently repeated. The deviation of which combined with the variation I had ascertained to be 7° westerly, and appeared to agree very well." (Pages 266-7.) 'Repeated trials of the ingenious contrivance of Mr. A. Small, Glasgow, for determining by inspection the direction of the true meridian, and from thence the compass errors in deviation and variation, enabled me at length to form a decided estimate of its capabilities. The result was, that for moderate horary angles from noon the instrument acted well, pointing out the true meridian generally to within a degree or two, where the latitude and apparent time were pretty well known; but in the case of considerable intervals from noon, ex tending, as in our circumstances, to upwards of three hours from noon, the results become obviously erroneous to the extent, as at 7.30 a.m., of about 10 or 12 degrees to the westward of the eastward. This tendency to error in large hour truth, and at 5 p.m. to nearly as much to the or cone of the sun's motion in the heavens. For observations, however, within moderate limits, the instrument appeared to work well, and readily gave the required information." (Pages 273-4.) LIST OF NEW BOOKS. O'Bryne's Naval Manual, 1860, 1s. Proceedings of Societies. - "Though the ship had made capital progress for the fluctuating strength of the wind, we could not but remark that her sailing in light and mode-angles I had suspected at an early period of my rate breezes was, for a ship of her build, rather acquaintance with the instrument, on account of the results being obtained in dependence of a heavy. This was ascribed to a disadvantage not hitherto overcome in iron ships-the rapid and plane only proximately coinciding with the plane extensive fouiing of their bottoms by the adhesion and growth of weeds, barnacles, &c., which necessarily produce a deteriorating effect on a ship's sailing qualities. Various contrivances in paint and chemical colouring have been resorted to for the overcoming of this evil, but hitherto without much success. Nor has any process yet Godfrey's Treatise on the Lunar Theory, 2nd edit., 5s. 6d. been devised for the clearing away of the fouling attachments without the costly and often impracticable operation of docking the ship. occurred to me, however, that much of the disad vantage might be overcome by a process of scraping, with no very complex arrangements for the guidance of the apparatus by means of a framework of changeable curvature guided by the keel; and an essential element in such arrangement, it seems to me, would be the attachment to the scraping apparatus designed for the bottom of the ship of buoyant or water tight air vessels, by which any degree of upward pressure on the Scraper might be given. To the details of such an apparatus-which might be moved by rope forward and aft, as well as at right angles with the longitudinal motion by similar means-my attention has not been directed, nor might my habits of contrivance at all compete with the ingenuity and invention of practical and ingenious engineers or artizans." (Page 262.) Our last extracts shall be on MR. SMALL'S INSTRUMENT FOR DETERMINING COMPASS ERRORS. "Among the magnetical and compass observations made in the course of the day, I made farther trial (having before had the instrument in action) of an ingenious patented invention of Mr. Andrew Small, maker and adjuster of compasses, of Glasgow, for finding by direct observation the true meridian, and consequently "the errors in deviation and variation of the mariner's compass." The instrument consists of an attachment to a compass on the ordinary principle of certain moveable circles in brass-a true meridian circle, an hour circle, and an equatorial circle, on the adjustment of which, in reference to the latitude, declination of the sun and apparent time, proximately, a stream of light from the sun's rays passing through a slit in the moveable hour circle is made, by the swinging of the interior INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. November 8th, 1859. Joseph Locke, Esq., M.P., President, in the chair. The paper read was "ON THE PROCESS OF RAISING AND ON HANGING THE BELLS, IN THE CLOCK TOWER, at the New Palace, Westminster," by Mr. Jabez James, Assoc. Inst. C.E. It was stated that the first large bell, which weighed upwards of 15 tons 18 cwt., and was cast by Messrs. Warner and Co., at Norton, near Stockton-on-Tees, was fractured while suspended from a staging at the base of the tower, during the course of experiments on the tone of the bell. The fracture took place on the opposite side from where the bell was struck by the clapper, which weighed 12 cwt. It passed from the lip through the sound-bow, and extended up the waist of the bell, and was about 40 inches in length from the lip. The fracture seemed to be clean, and the metal had a coarse dull appearance, and was fall of minute holes, which were noticed in other parts of the bell when it was afterwards broken up. The four quarter bells were also cast by Messrs. Warner, but the third having been condemned as defective, had to be recast. The first, weighing rather more than 1 ton 1 cwt., was lifted in three hours; the second, weighing upwards of 1 ton 5 cwt., occupied three hours and a half; the third, which weighed above 1 ton 134 cwt., took four hours. These three bells were raised by means of a single chain, made of bars 7-8ths of an inch diameter, and a crab with a double purchase. The fourth quarter bell, weighing more than 3 tons 174 cwt.., was lifted in six hours by a similar chain, reeved through a single pulley, and by a double purchase-crab. These bells were hung at the four angles of the tower, around the large |