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Testimonial Fund, The Cort, 369

Training of Shipwright Officers, The, 353

Trial of Patent Cases, The, 369

Unsinkable Ships, 291, 305

Ventilation of Dwellings, The, 260

Victoria, The New Screw Line-of-Battle Ship, 305
Wares, The Measurement of, 321
Westminster Clock, The, 147

Woolwich Experiments on Cast Iron, The, 162
Working Man, History of his Progress, The, 68

Man's Poetry by the Poet Laureate, 139
Workman and his Work, Mr. Ruskin on the, 274
Workman, The Education of Mechanical, 18
Work, Mr. Ruskin on the Workman and his, 274
Works department of the Admiralty, The New, 114,

Explosions at Gunpowder, 2

Wreck Chart, The, 69

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Of the Royal Charter, The, 289

MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.

A.

146

Aridged specifications of patents, 13, 29, 46, 61, 76, 93,
165, 121, 140, 156, 172, 187, 205, 221, 236, 253, 269, 285,
302, 317, 332, 349, 365, 381, 396, 414
Accident on board the Great Eastern, the, 179
"Account of the invention of the steam-jet," Gurney's, 231
Admiralty committee on dockyard economy, report of the.
86, 107

experiments on iron-sided ships, 137
new works department of the, 187, 220

Arial navigation, 252, 268
Agricultural exhibition in St. Petersburg, 232
society of England, royal, 12, 27, 39, 45
""the journal of the royal,

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show, royal, 25

231

B.

Balloons for reconnoitring, 28

Balloon trip, American, 61

Bastier's patent pump, 283

Beardmore's "Globe telegraph," 10, 54

Beckford and another v. the Royal Mail Steam Packet
Company, 376

Bee's cell, on the angle of dock gates and the roof of the,

Bells, Mr. Loseby on, 347
Big Ben, 234, 235, 301, 381

358

should be suspended, how, 264, 283
Blackburn's patent traction engine, 376
Black's "Wages, trades' unions, and strikes," 342
Blakely (Captain) on the Armstrong gun, 166
Blyth, breakwater at the port of, 70, 90
Boat-releasing apparatus, Wood and Rogers', 105
Boats, Clifford's system of lowering, 11, 26, 42, 60, 75, 105,
124, 221, 253, 316, 413
Boiler float, Walker's patent fricktionless steam, 280
Bolts, vertical fire with arrows or, 201
Books, list of new, 10, 53, 139, 169, 183, 231, 266, 301, 309,
324, 357, 381, 390
Boring and sinking tools, Allison's improved, 199
Bowring, Sir John, 220

Boydell's traction engine, 119

Brake apparatus, Hall's patent railway, 91

for railway trains, new, 164

Brakes for railway trains, on experiments to determine the
efficiency of continuous and self-acting, 228
railway, 413

Brass wire, crinoline and, 395

Breakwater at the port of Blyth, 70, 90

Breakwaters, Richardson and Jaffrey's improved, 312
Breech-loading small arms, 135, 155

Brick and tile machinery, Clayton's patent, 361
Brickmaking machine, 171

Bridge over the St. Lawrence, the great Victoria, 147
British Association, the, 107, 183, 195, 215, 216, 277, 231,
234, 253, 261, 267, 268, 279, 281, 282, 358

iron, the case of Henry Cort and his inventions in
the manufacture of, 3, 36, 52, 85, 100, 117, 355, 387, 422
Bronze coinage, the intended new copper or, 124, 168, 300
Brunel, the late Mr., 198

Bullion rooms, the construction of, 316

Bunnett's patent self-supporting fire-proof floors, roofs, and
arches, 8

Busk's "Navies of the world," 138, 150, 168

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on dockyard 'economy, report on the Admi-
ralty, 86, 107
Compasses of iron ships, the, 215
Compass, Maillard's patent, 171

Complete specifications, patents applied for with, 16, 32,
48, 64, 79, 128, 176, 192, 208, 239, 304, 252, 368, 399, 424
Composition for coating iron ships' bottoms, 359
Compound Interest," Thoman's "Theory of, 231
Concussion and Percussion shells, 283, 300

Condensation, on surface, 261

Condensers for marine engines, Samuel and Nicholson's

patent paddle-wheel, 25

Construction, screw propellers and their, 253, 268

Contract, coining by, 314

Converting cast-iron guns into breech-loaders, 187
Cooking apparatuses, Graveley's patent improved distil-
ling and, 391

Copper coinage, the old, 204, 220

or bronze coinage, the intended new, 300
Cops, Fielden's patent, 395

Cornwall Polytechnic Society," "Annual Report of the
Royal, 342

Correspondents, notices to, 140, 155. 172, 204, 236, 284
Cort and his inventions in the manufacture of British iron,
the case of Henry, 3, 36, 52, 85, 100, 117, 355, 387, 422
testimonial fund, the, 186, 394, 395

Court's patent gas-burners, 185
Crinoline and brass wire, 395

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Air engines, Laubereau's patent, 185

the navigation of the, 202, 220

Allison's improved boring and sinking tools, 199
Almanack for 1860," "Cassell's illustrated, 357

Ama, wreek of the, 155, 186

Alphabets," Delamotte's "Examples of modern, 342

Amazon, steam navigation on the river, 314

American balloon trip, 61

ship signals, Ward's, 73

submarine war vessel, the, 56

timber, on the weight and strength of, 390

Ancient modes of coining money in England, 244

Animals, protection of, 332

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Cable, an extraordinary, 268
Atlantic, 93, 151

Cables, electric telegraph, 92, 106, 204
ships' chain, 331, 365, 380, 396

Cable, the Tasmanian submarine, 394

Cage for miners, on a safety, 234
Calcutta Mint, the new, 184

Canada, opening of the Victoria-bridge, 378

Canals, steam towage on, 300

Cannon for gunboats, Thomas's heavy rifled, 169
Jeffries' long-range, 171

rifling large, 59

the manufacture of, 57, 73

Carlingford (Lord) on the Griffith's screw, 27, 76
Carpet cloth, Dunn's patent, 41

Carpets, Crossley's patent jacquard machinery for weav

ing, 376

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Central fire, Dr. Hopkin's theory of a, 202, 220
Chain cables, ships', 331, 365, 380, 396

propeller, Robertson's patent, 281

Chaplin's steering apparatus, 360
Charter, the loss of the Royal, 379, 380, 396

"Chart of the Royal Navy of Great Britain," Potter's, 23
Chea River oak, 332

Chimney stalk, straightening a, 234

Civil and mechanical engineers' society, 410

engineers, institution of, 39, 316, 324, 342, 373, 411
Clark's apparatus for heating feed-water, 313
Clark v. Ferguson, 92

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199, 264

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of foremen engineers, 28, 103, 171, 203, 235,
315, 375

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Atlantic cable, 93, 151

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to the common numerical scale, on the further
adaptation of the, 309

pheric phenomenon. 171

Ad's apparatus for supplying steam-boilers with water,

360

Coin of mixed metal, 93, 418

Auxiliary steam power in the mercantile marine, on the
employment of, 341

Azmuth dial, Captain Toovey's, 390

Coining by contract, 314

money in England, ancient modes of, 244

Cole's (Capt.) patent shields for ordnance, 329
Collieries, South Yorkshire, 28

Colonies, the, 45

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Educated female labour, 348

Education, committee of council on, 28

Electric cables, coiled, 267

telegraph cables, 92, 106, 204

Electro magnetic coil, 76, 107, 140

Elephant, Taylor's patent steam, 233

395, 413

Elongated pointed rifle shot for vertical fire, 168, 381
Embossing and stamping press and stamp affixer, Lock's,
344

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Harwood and others v. the Great Northern Railway Com-
pany, 376
Heat-diffusers, Duncan and Gwynne's patent, 73
on the true action of what are called, 282
experiments and observations on, 378, 404, 418
Heating feed-water, Clark's apparatus for, 313
Heat of different qualities through gases of different kinds,
on the transmission of, 294
Heinke's patent diving apparatus, 248
Help for Seamen, 359

"High speed steam navigation and steam-ship perfection,
Armstrong's, 22

Hinges, &c., Oxley's patent, 395

Hogg's "Gardeners" year-book," 357
Holden, Oxley r., 395

Holyhead and Liverpool telegraph, 25

Hooks, Captain Kynaston's disengaging, 13, 107
Hopkins's (Dr.) theory of a central fire, 202
Horticultural society, 187

Hot-blast iron question, the, 235

used in iron-making, the invention of the, 358
Hull, the progress of steam navigation at, 231
Human infirmities, 364

Kunt's "Ure's dictionary of arts, manufactures, and
mines," 307, 357

Hydraulic apparatus, Sir William Armstrong's, 235
lift at the Victoria Docks, the, 136
Hydrographical engineering," Sleigh's "Essay on, 45

Indian Medal, 187, 221

I.

Institution of Civil Engineers, 39, 316, 324, 342, 373, 411
Mechanical Engineers, 93, 181, 217, 314
united service, 342

Intention to proceed with patents, notices of, 16, 32, 48, 64,
80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160, 176, 192, 208, 224, 239, 256,
272, 288, 304, 319, 336, 352, 368, 382, 400, 416, 424
Invention of the hot-blast used in iron-making, the, 358
of the screw propelier, the, 311

Inventions in the manufacture of British iron, the case of

Fish-tail propellers, 7

Flag signals, 124

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Geographical society, royal, 28, 325, 374, 391

Geological society of London, the, 12, 27, 343, 375, 412
Geometry of shipbuilding, laying-off, or the, 134, 153, 264
Germain's new steam-ship, 348, 365

Gibson's patent steering apparatus, 24

Girders, experiments on the strength of cast-iron, 358
Glasgow, philosophical society of, 412

Glass globes and cylinders, the strength of, 139

"Globe telegraph," Beardmore's, 10, 54

Gloucester corporation drinking fountain filter, the, 201
Glover's "Polymeter or Quintant," 23

Goucher e. Midworth, 326

Governor, Jenson's marine engine, 104, 119

Governors, Silver's patent marine and stationary engine,

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Iron and steel, the strength of wrought, 314

frigates, new, 395

,, making, the invention of the hot-blast used in, 358

" purifying, 13

,, shipbuilding, 299

,, ship's bottoms, compositions for coating, 359

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steam ram, the new, 10

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ships, 300

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the case of Henry Cort and his inventions in the
manufacture of British, 3, 36, 52, 85, 100, 117, 355, 387,

J.

Jacia's "Remarks on coinage," 266

List of new books, 10, 53, 139, 169, 183, 231, 266, 301, 309,
324, 357, 381, 390
sealed patents, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144,
176, 192, 208, 224, 240, 256, 272, 288, 304, 320,
336, 352, 368, 384, 400, 416, 424
Literary and Philosophical Society,. Manchester, 279, 295,
316, 357, 375
Literature, 10, 22, 45, 122, 138, 231, 266, 278, 307, 324, 341,
357
Liverpool telegraph, Holyhead and, 25
Lock's embossing and stamping press and stamp affixer.
Locomotives, coal-burning, 230, 326
Logarithms for numbers less than unity, rule to facilitate
the use of, 283
"Johnstone's "Elementary treatise on, 309
London and Mediterranean Steam Company, 348
Sewage, 364

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Manure, Newington's apparatus for distributing reeds
and, 296

Marble, artificial statuary, 171

Marine and stationary engine governors, Silver's patent, 232

engine governor, Jensen's, 104, 119

engines, double cylinder expansion, 330

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light, a new, 136

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lights, Silas's, 331

telegraph, ocean, 133

Marker, Hadlow's linen, 394

Mason and Shand's new steam fire-engine, 24,

Match, the safety, 199

Maximum thermometer, Scott's, 9

Measures of length, on the nomenclature of metrical, 235

Measuring machines, Whitworth's, 217

Mechanical engineers, institution of, 93, 181, 217, 314

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122

engineers' society, civil and, 410
manipulation, 381

Mediterranean Steam Company, London and, 348

Mercantile marine, on the employment of auxiliary steam-

power in the, 341

Jacquard machinery for weaving carpets, Crossley's pa- Mersey's screw, the, 118

tent, 376

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Metal, coin of mixed, 93, 418
Metallic ships, improved, 199
Metal sheathing, yellow, 76
Meteorological telegraphy, 379

Metrical measures of length, on the nomenclature of, 235
Middleton's punching and shearing machines, 152

Midworth, Goucher v. 326

Military engineers," "Our, 357

Milk Company (Limited) v. Fadeuilhe, the desiccated, 107
Mill-banding, Spill's new, 184, 198, 235

Mill-bands, improvement in, 152

Millions, utilising the, 12

Miners, on a safety cage for, 234

Mines," Hunt's "Ure's dictionary of arts, manufactures,

and, 307, 357

lighting, 380

Mint, money-making at the Royal, 4, 13, 21, 28, 38, 54

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note on a, 155

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Prizes for reaping machines, French, 72
Proceedings of societies, 12, 27, 45, 93, 279, 295, 314, 324,
342, 357, 373, 391, 411
Proceed with patents, notices of intention to, 16, 32, 48, 64,
80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160, 176, 192, 208, 224, 239, 256,
272, 288, 304, 319, 336, 352, 368, 381, 400, 416, 424
Propeller, Griffith's screw, 44

Robertson's patent chain, 281
Propellers and their construction, screw, 253, 208
fish-tail, 7

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screw, 44

Sir Howard Douglas's improvements on the
screw, 153, 301

Propeller, steam-rocket, 364

the experimental screw, 7

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invention of the screw, 311
screw and the, 297, 332, 348
Protection of animals, 332

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Provisional protections, 15, 32, 48, 63, 79, 96, 111, 127, 143,
159, 175, 191, 208, 221, 239, 355, 271, 287, 303,
319, 335, 352, 367, 383, 399, 416. 423
registrations, 80, 144, 224, 288, 352

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Prussian armament, 107
Pump, Bastier's patent, 283
Pumping engine at the Newcastle waterworks, the, 89, 103
Pump, Professor Thomson's centrifugal, 408
Pumps, Murray's patent improved chain, 408
Punching and shearing machines, Middleton's, 152
Purification of water, on the supply and, 229
Purifying iron, 13

Q.

Quick-action drill-stock, Press's improved, 376
Quintant," Glover's "Polymeter or, 23

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Lord Carlingford on the Griffith's, 27, 76
propeller, Griffith's, 44

the invention of the, 311

propellers, 44

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and their construction, 253, 268

Sir Howard Donglas's improvements on

the, 153, 301

the experimental, 7

ships of war, 201

steamer City of Baltimore, 365

steam ships, the steering of, 137

Sealed patents, list of, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144,

176, 192, 208, 224 240, 256, 272, 288, 304, 320, 336, 352,

368, 384, 400, 416, 424

Seamen, help for, 359

Sea-sickness, 396

Seeds and manure, Newington's apparatus for distributing,

Service institution, united, 342

Sewage, London, 364

Sewing machine, the, 7, 22, 37

Shand and Mason's new steam fire engine, 24

Shannon, the old, 171

296

Sharp, Stewart, and Co., the patent traversing drilling
machinery of Messrs., 56

Shearing machines, Middleton's punching and, 152
Shells, concussion and percussion, 283, 300
Shields for ordnance, Captain Cole's patent, 329
Shipbuilding, iron, 299

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laying-off, or the geometry of, 134, 153, 264

Ships, admiralty experiments on iron-sided, 137

and rafts, unsinkable, 363

chain cables, 331, 365, 380, 396

improved metallic, 199

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joints, Wild's patent fishes for, 376

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iron steam, 300

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light woods and unsinkable, 379

of war, arming, 124

paddle-wheel condensers for marine engines, Samuel
and Nicholson's, 25

Patents, abridged specifications of, 13, 29, 46, 61, 76, 93,
108, 124, 140, 156, 172, 187, 205, 221, 236, 253,
260, 285, 302, 317, 332, 349, 365, 381, 396, 414
applied for with complete specifications, 16, 32,
48, 64, 79, 128, 176, 192, 208, 239, 304, 352, 368,
399, 424
Patent self-supporting fire-proof floors, roofs, and arches,
Bunnett's, 8

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list of sealed, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144,
176, 192, 208, 224, 240, 256, 272, 288, 304, 320,
3-36, 352, 368, 384, 400, 416, 424

notices of intention to proceed with, 16, 32, 48, 64,
80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160, 176, 192, 208, 224,
239, 256, 272, 288, 304, 319, 336, 352, 368, 384,
400, 416, 424

on which the seventh year's stamp duty has been
paid, 208, 224, 240, 256, 272, 288, 304, 320, 336,
3-52, 368, 384, 400, 416, 424

on which the third year's stamp duty has been
paid, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160,
176, 192, 208, 224, 240, 256, 272, 288, 304, 320,
336, 332, 368, 384, 400, 416, 424

report of 1858, the Commissioners of, 90

Patent steering apparatus, Gibson's, 24

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trains, new brake for, 164

trains, on experiments to determine the efficiency of
continuous and self-acting breaks for, 228
Ram, the great steam, 10, 44, 60, 61, 92
Reaping machines at Warwick, trials of mowing and, 59
French prizes for, 72

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Reefing gear, Cunningham's patent, 268, 332
Reform in the patent laws, 213

Registered, list of designs for articles of utility, 80, 144,
224, 288, 353
Registrations, provisional, 80, 144, 224, 288, 352
Relief fund, scientific, 414

"Remarks on coinage", Jacia's 266
Report of the Admiralty committee on dockyard economy,
86, 107

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royal Cornwall polytechnic society,"
""annual.

342

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Richardson and Jaffrey's improved breakwaters, 312
Richard, the patent super-founding company (limited) V.

Rifle-barrel, how to make a, 180

Rifled ball, 75

bolt, Capt. Norton's ordnance, 152

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the compasses of iron, 215

trials, the great, 212

Tyssen's apparatus for indicating the speed of, 281
unsinkable, 310, 332, 348, 36S, 379
Shipwrecks, use of kites in cases of, 414

Shot, elongated expanded, 381

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Silvers, Tuck v., 364

Sinking tools, Allison's improved boring and, 199

Rogers' boat releasing apparatus, Wood and, 105
Roof of the bee's cell, on the angle of dock gates and the,

Silvertown. 403

Sir John Bowring, 220

Sir William Armstrong, 155

Skid, Poupard's improved wheel, 360

Sleigh's "Essay on hydrographical engineering," 15

Small-arms, breech-loading, 135, 155

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factory at Enfield, the, 44, 69

Smithfield club implement show, the, 389

Social science, 235

232

Society, Manchester literary and philosophical, 279, 295,

of Arts, 20, 45, 326, 373, 391, 411

316, 357, 375

,, England, royal agricultural, 12, 27, 39
"The journal of the royal agricul-
tural, 231

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,, London, the geological. 12. 27, 343, 375, 412
royal geographical, 28, 325, 374, 391
show, royal agricultural, 25

South Yorkshire collieries, 28

"The journal of Specifications, list of, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160,
the, 231

,, geographical society, 28, 325, 374, 391

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gun factories at Woolwich, 316

,, institution, 294

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Mint, money-making at the, 4, 13, 21, 28, 38, 45, 54
navy of Great Britain," Potters "Chart of the, 23
Rule to facilitate the use of logarithms for numbers less
than unity, 283

Russian frigate General Admiral, 140

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176, 192, 208, 224, 240, 256, 288. 304, 320,
336, 352, 368, 384, 400, 416, 424 •

of patents, abridged, 13, 39, 46, 61, 76, 93,
108, 124, 140, 156, 172, 187, 205, 221, 236,
253, 269, 285, 302, 317, 332, 349, 365, 381,
396, 414

patents applied for with complete, 16, 32,
48, 64, 79, 128, 176, 192, 208, 239, 304,
352, 369, 399, 424

Speed of ships, Tyssen's apparatus for indicating the, 281
Spill's new mill-banding, 184, 198, 235

Stamp affixer, Lock's embossing and stamping press, and, 344
Statue of George Stephenson, 187, 284

Steam at all temperatures, experimental researches to de-

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Brothers' "Woollen manufactures of Great
Britain," 123

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strength of wrought-iron and, 314
Steering apparatus, Chaplin's, 360

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Gibson's patent, 24

of screw steam-ships, the, 137
signal apparatus, Lungley's, 154

Stella lamp, the, 300

Stephenson, statute of George, 187, 284
Stereoscopic panorama, the pocket, 200
Stevens's pendulous fire-bars, 264

Stewart and Co., the patent traversing drilling machinery
of Messrs. Sharp, 56

St. Lawrence, the great Victoria bridge over the, 147
Stock, Press's improved quick action drill, 376

Stopping railway trains, an improved method of retarding
and, 296

"Stories of inventors and discoverers in science," Timb's,

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cables, electric, 92, 106, 2014

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company, Atlantic, 124

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from Egypt to Turkey, 201

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from Falmouth to Gibraltar, 93, 204, 253
Holyhead and Liverpool, 25

Telegraphic signals, 88

Telegraphing, Rettie's system of, 365
Telegraph, ocean marine, 133

Telegraphs for targets, 423

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, on the rapidity of signalling through long
submarine, 216

Suffield's engine-room, 420
Telegraphy. meteorological, 379

Temperature and the thickness of its solid crust, on the

earth's internal, 183

Temple church, 293

gardens, 301

Tents, Major Rhodes', 123, 155

Testimonial fund, the Cort, 394.

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Thames and its improvements, the, 236, 347

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Theory of a central fire, Dr. Hopkin's, 202, 220
"compound interest," Thoman's, 231
naval architecture, 5, 214, 326
Thermometer, Scott's maximum, 9
Thoman's "Theory of compound interest," 231
Thomas's heavy rifled cannon for gun-boats, 169
"Rifled ordnance" 122

Thomson's (Professor) centrifugal pumps, 408
Tile machinery, Clayton's patent brick and, 361
Timber, on the weight and strength of American ship,

390

Timbs's "Stories of inventors and discoverers in science,"

357

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"Manual of naval tactics," 278
War," Jervis's "Engines of, 231

"" purposes, arming steamers for, 60
screw ships of, 201

,, vessels, the American submarine, 56

what is to be done with our sailing ships of, 118
Warwick, trials of mowing and reaping machines at, 59
Watchmakers' association, Coventry, 315

Water, Auld's apparatus for supplying steam-boilers
with, 360

on the supply and purification of, 229

Waterworks, the pumping engine at the Newcastle, 89, 103
Weight and strength of American ship-timber, on the, 390
Well at Wolverhampton, artesian, 234
Westminster clock, the, 103, 140, 263
Wheel-skid, Poupard's improved, 360.
Whitworth's measuring machines, 217
Wild's patent fishes for railway joints, 376
Wire, crinoline and brass, 395

galvanizing, 396

Wood and Rogers' boat releasing apparatus, 105

cuttings, sawdust and, 301

Woods and unsinkable ships, light, 379

Wood, the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Rail-
way Company r., 326

"Woollen manufactures of Great Britain," Samuel

Brothers', 123

Woolwich, royal gun-factories at, 316

Works of art, 381

World," Busk's "Navies of the, 138, 150, 168

Wreck of the Alma, 155, 185

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Schah Jehan, 232

Wrought iron and steel, the strength of, 314

Y.

"Ure's dictionary of arts, manufactures, and mines," Yacht for Ismail Pacha, a new, 214
Hunt's, 307, 357

Utilising the millions, 12

Yellow metal sheathing, 76

Yorkshire (South) collieries, 28

THR

MECHANICS' MAGAZINE.

LONDON, FRIDAY, JULY 1, 1859.

OUR COPPER COINAGE.

possible also to contrive some means of keeping with the cost of existing cables that shareit in equable and healthy circulation, without holders will doubtless receive his offers in this the evils of local plethora and local famine respect with astonishment, while the rapidity being experienced, is a question worthy con- with which his machinery works is so great sideration also. Having opened the agitation that he undertakes to produce no less than 250 on the general improvement of the British or 300 miles of perfect vulcanized cable per coinage, it is our intention not to allow it to be day! The full carrying out of his designs closed until that improvement is effected. The would certainly be an enormous stride in subimportance of the subject does not brook apathy marine telegraphy, for the apparatus required or indifference. It signifies not that Lord Over- in the manufacture of the cable is so very simple stone has put his veto on any and every decimal and compact that he proposes placing it, with a system ventilated before the Commission, whose supply of plain india-rubber, on board ship, and final report" on the whole subject of decimal then making the cable continuously as it is coinage is now printed. There is an admitted payed out. This method of proceeding is at-a generally admitted-necessity for a refor-tended by so little trouble and expense that we mation of our inferior metallic currency, and can scarcely doubt it will speedily be resorted that reformation, of which we see in the forth- to in the construction and laying down of many coming bronze halfpenny the beginning, must of those numerous cables which the exigencies soon be made complete and satisfactory. of commerce and war are now daily demanding.

NEW SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH
CABLES.

MR. BESSEMER AND THE IRON
MANUFACTURE.

THE Mint, we learn, is engaged at present in the production of copper coin, of which it is said there exists in many parts of the kingdom a complete dearth. The ebbings and flowings of the copper currency have always been, indeed, perplexing to the authorities of the Mint. There appear to be eddies in the tide of its circulation which are not easily understood, or to be accounted for. Sometimes there is a drifting of pence, halfpence, and farthings to Manchester, then to Glasgow, and next perhaps to Birmingham, or London. Then, again, in particular districts of particular towns, there are strange accumulations and scarcities. For example, there is always a natural current of copper coin towards the East-end of the metro- AMONG the many novelties which have lately THREE years ago Mr. Henry Bessemer thought polis. It is more in request-unfortunately for been introduced as improvements in the con- he had accomplished what has very rarely been the dwellers therein-in Bethnal-green than instruction of submarine telegraph cables there is done in the world that is, revolutionized a Belgravia, and the supply inevitably follows one which for its extreme simplicity and cheap-great manufacture by a single discovery-and the demand. A sort of trade wind floats the ness appears to deserve the special notice of the was mistaken. This year he has really effected copper currency through the channels of circu- public. This is the system of construction what has often before been brought aboutlation in this direction, as surely as the literal which was described in the letter of a corre- that is, improved a great manufacture by trade wind wafts commercial argosies across spondent in our last number. In this system laborious and costly experiment. In the paper the ocean. These irregularities cannot be the resort to india-rubber as the insulating which was published in the two preceding avoided, but the Mint is being constantly called agent, which has lately found great favour numbers of this Magazine he has detailed facts upon to correct them, and it can clearly only among scientific men, is again renewed, and which, while important in a commercial sense, do so by adding to the quantity of coin in cir- with it is combined a process of external harden- also afford valuable lessons to inventors and culation. There are also peculiar businesses ing from which very great advantages may be others. which lead to the congregation of copper tokens, anticipated. This process appears to have ori- In adverting to this paper we are struck by and it is a well-known fact that the publicanginated in certain practical experiments made the extraordinary want of candour which Mr. usually pays his brewer's bill with them. It is by the inventor upon a portion of wire like that Bessemer appears to us to display. In the first well to explain these facts perhaps to the public, of the Atlantic telegraph cable. By an inge-place he implies that the paper read by him at in order that the whole question of the metallic nious substitution of a potassium wire for the the British Association in 1856, was but a step currency may be comprehended with a view to copper wire the permeability to water of a cable incidental to his pursuit of an inquiry, rather its ultimate reform. There may be about so constructed was made very apparent; but than an announcement of amazing results then £800,000 worth of the various denominations further experiment showed that this permeabi- already obtained. "The same deep conviction of copper coin in existence in Great Britain, lity was got rid of by the simple expedient of" of the truth on which the new process was and as has been said there is an ever-recurring immersing the coated wire in bisulphuret of "based, and which led Mr. Bessemer to bring it tendency to an unequal and eccentric distribu- carbon and chloride of sulphur. The same "before the British Association in 1856, has effect is produced by this process upon india"since determined him," we are told, "(in spite rubber as well as upon gutta-percha. A further "of the opinions then pronounced against the advantage attending the process is, that the "process) to pursue one undeviating course "cold vulcanizing," as it is called, at the same "until the present time, and to remain silent time renders the india-rubber or gutta-percha "for years, under the expressed doubts of those capable of sustaining a heat of no less than "who predicted its failure, rather than again 250 Farenheit without suffering any injury "bring forward the invention until it had been whatever. "practically and commercially worked, and "there had been produced by it both iron and

tion of it.

The history of the farthing especially is strange and obscure. It disappears in larger quantities than its bigger brethren and sooner. Yet it has a less active life. It is not popular with a large class of tradesmen. It is beneath their notice, not convenient and unprofitable; hence it is banished from their society. It is an outcast coin only used by pawnbrokers and their victims-we mean customers-chandler's, shopkeepers, and costermongers. In the lowest class of shops in the lowest neighbourhoods, and among the lowliest people only, does the farthing enjoy a brisk circulation. Children hoard farthings, and misers take care of them, but the public generally eschew them. It is with difficulty that the poor farthing, therefore, maintains its ground at all. Possibly, if the sun of England's greatness has not yet reached its zenith, the farthing may some day be swept away in the flood-tide of national prosperity and disappear entirely. At any rate, there is not much prospect of a resuscitation of the half-farthing. This, and the quarter-farthing, and the oboli, or tenth of a penny, may be, and are, of use in Ceylon and the Ionian Islands, but they are too small for the notice of the inhabitants of Great Britain, and we trust may ever remain so.

It will be permitted us again to express a hope that in the meditated new bronze coinage we may find an artistically and scientifically perfect substitute for the copper coinage now under doom, and which has been the fruitful source of so much justly severe criticism, and so much practical inconvenience. Whether it may be

The method of manufacturing the cables upon the improved system is very simple. Successive coatings of india-rubber in a softened state are rolled directly upon the conducting wire by means of powerful pairs of rollers, the pressure of which is sufficient to render the coating substance close and homogeneous. When a sufficient thickness has been laid on in this manner, the cable is passed through the chemical materials before-named, and its surface is thus rendered hard and perfectly non-porous. After this coverings of hemp, wire, gutta-percha, or any other suitable substance may be added if desired to increase the protection of the wire. For many purposes, however, the inventor considers it amply sufficient to incorporate longitudinal fibres of hemp or flax in the outer coating of the india-rubber in order to prevent strain coming upon the conductor, and then to finish the cable with the cold vulcanization.

The inventor of the simple and inexpensive cable is Mr. John Macintosh, of North Bank, Regent's Park, who has had several patents for improvements in submarine cables granted him, and who for twenty years past has had constant experience in the manufacture of india-rubber fabrics. The cost at which he proposes to produce the improved cable is so low in comparison

66

steel, of a quality which could not be sur"passed by any iron or steel made by the "tedious and expensive processes now in general "use." This representation is not borne out by facts. Every one will remember that Mr. Bessember spoke at Cheltenham, not of anticipated productions of iron, but of iron which, as was alleged, had actually been manufactured by his new process. In the last paragraph of his paper he distinctly stated this. "In conclusion, "allow me to observe," said he, "that the facts "which I have had the honour of bringing be'fore the meeting have not been elicited from mere laboratory experiments, but have been "the result of working on a scale nearly twice as great as is pursued in our largest ironworks, "the experimental apparatus doing 7 cwt. in 30 minutes while the ordinary puddling furnace makes only 4 cwt. in two hours."

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It may suit Mr. Bessemer's present purpose to sink the pretensions which he put forth in 1856; but we cannot forget that the world was then made to believe in a discovery by aid of which iron and steel could at once be produced, without fuel, for the market.

Next we have to expose a further, and equally extraordinary, want of candour manifested in

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