101 32-33 Little black spots: patches.

102 Motto: Horace, Epist., ii, 1, 63:

Sometimes the vulgar see and judge aright.

102 27 M. Boileau: Réflexions sur Longin, 1.

103 20 The old Song of Chevy-Chase: On the relation of this ballad, which is probably of late Elizabethan date, and the older ballad "The Hunting of the Cheviot," see Child, English and Scottish Popular Ballads, III, 304 ff., who prints both texts. Addison did not know the older ballad, which was first printed by Thomas Hearne in 1719; he probably read "Chevy Chase" in the second volume (pp. 238 ff.) of Dryden's Miscellanies, the third edition, 1702. Chevy Chase" is a feeble version of an older ballad, written over for the broadside press. It was much in circulation during the seventeenth century.

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103 23-24 The following words: Defence of Poesie, ed. A. S. Cook, p. 29.

103 33 The greatest modern Criticks: a generalization, thinks Mr. Gregory Smith, "for Le Bossu, the author of the Traité du poëme épique (1675).” John Dennis advanced the same theory: see his Grounds of Criticism in Poetry and his Advancement and Reformation of Modern Poetry.

104 31-32 Valerius Flaccus, Statius: C. Valerius Flaccus (fl. temp. Vespasian) wrote the heroic poem Argonautica, in eight books. He was indebted to Apollonius Rhodius (A. circ. 222-181 B.C.), who had written a similar poem, in four books, with the same title. P. Papinius Statius (circ. 61-96) wrote the Thebaïs, an heroic poem which embodies the ancient legends of the expedition of the Seven against Thebes. 107 23 Tum sic expirans, etc.: Virgil, Æneid, xi, 820 ff.

107 24 ff. A gathering mist, etc.: Dryden's version (ed. 1697, pp. 573-4).

108 27 ff. The pious Prince, etc.: Misquoted from Dryden's translation (x, 1165 ff.):

The pious Prince beheld young Lausus dead;
He griev'd, he wept, the sight an Image brought
Of his own filial Love; a sadly pleasing Thought.
Then stretch'd his Hand to hold him up, and said,

Poor hapless Youth! what Praises can be paid
To Love so great, to such transcendent Store
Of early Worth, etc.

108 31 Another opportunity: Spect. 74; cf. also Spect. 85.
109 Motto: Virgil, Georg., iv, 208-209:

Th' immortal line in sure succession reigns,

The fortune of the family remains,

And grandsires' grandsons the long list contains. — Dryden.

109 1-2 Several extraordinary Clubs: Amorous, No. 30; Beefsteak, No. 9; Duellists, No. 9; Fat Mens, No. 9; Fringe Glove, No. 30; Handsome, No. 17; Hum-drum, No. 9; Kings, No. 9; Kit-Cat, No. 9; Merry, No. 17; Mum, No. 9; October, No. 9; Punning, No. 17; Scarecrows, No. 9; Skeletons, No. 9; Street, No. 9; Ugly, No. 17; Witty, No. 17.

110 4-5 Towards the end (or, as some of them say, about the middle) of the Civil Wars: The point is not uncertainty about the date when the club was founded, for that is fixed at 1650 by the fact that the club celebrated its jubilee "towards the close of 1700." What Addison means is that some (i.e. those who were not Royalists) would call 1650 the end of the Civil Wars; others (i.e. Royalists) would say, as Clarendon did upon the title-page of his History, that the Civil Wars reached their 'happy End, and Conclusion" only "by the King's blessed Restoration, and Return, upon the 29th of May, in the Year 1660."

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110 6 The Great Fire of London, in 1666. Perhaps the most famous accounts of the fire are those in Dryden's Annus Mirabilis and Pepys's Diary. On March 16, 1667, Pepys writes: "Within these eight days I did see smoke remaining, coming out of some cellars from the late great fire, now above six months since."

110 14-15 The famous Captain, etc.: It is first of all important to note that the words "mentioned in my Lord Clarendon " do not appear in the original Spectator. We need not expect, therefore, to find in Clarendon the account of our captain's death, but only the mention of his name. There seem to be two possible cases. The first is that of Captain Archibald Douglas (see Dict. Nat. Biog., XV, 285-286), who was burned with his ship, the Royal Oak, at the defence of Chatham, in 1667. The circumstances of his death make his case a perfect parallel with that alluded to by Addison: Sir William Temple (Memoirs, II, 41) wrote to Lord Lisle in 1667 that he "would have been glad to have seen Mr. Cowley before he died, celebrated Captain Douglas his Death, who stood and burnt in one of our Ships at Chatham when his Soldiers

left him, because it should never be said, a Douglas quitted his Post without Order." But unfortunately Captain Douglas is not mentioned in Clarendon, and so cannot further be considered, unless we assume that the phrase "mentioned in my Lord Clarendon" was not added. by Addison, but by someone else—perhaps Steele-who thought he knew to whom Addison was alluding. This is unlikely, though, for the addition was made as early as 1712 (in the first collected edition), and, if an error, would naturally have been corrected in one of the editions which appeared between that time and Addison's death.

Probably the better case, then, is that of Admiral the Earl of Sandwich (Edward Montagu, or Mountagu, 1625–1672), whose death at Solebay was similar to that of Captain Douglas at Chatham. Sandwich was probably more famous than Douglas, and he is certainly mentioned by Clarendon some fifteen times. The only drawback in his case seems to be that he was not strictly a "captain " but an admiral.

This is easily set aside: a passage in Bishop Parker's History of his Own Times (p. 151) not only illustrates the older and broader use of the word captain but applies it to this very case: Amongst the English," he says, "many honorary soldiers were slain, and ten captains of ships. Amongst these were the Earl of Sandwich, and Digby son of the Earl of Bristol."

110 30 Kilderkin: "a vessel containing two Firkins or eighteen Gallons." (Bailey's Dictionary, 1730.)

110 32 The law in Ben Johnson's Club: The twenty-fourth and last of the Leges Conviviales is "Neminem reum pocula faciunto. Focus perennis esto." See Jonson's Works, ed. Cunningham, IX, 72.

111 6 The Kit-Cat: The Kit-CatClub, to which Addison was admitted about 1703, consisted of about fifty Whig noblemen and gentlemen, such as the Duke of Marlborough, Godolphin, Halifax, Somers, Garth, Congreve, Steele, Walsh, Pulteney, Kneller, Tonson, and others. It was probably founded about 1700 and seems to have got its name from one Christopher ("Kit") Cat, a pastry-cook who was especially famous for his mutton pies. The portraits of the members, in a size which is still called by the name “kit-cat,” are reproduced in The Kit-Cat Club, done from the Original Paintings of Sir Godfrey Kneller, London: Tonson, 1735. See Aitken's Steele, I, 96 ff.; Timbs, Club Life, I, 55–63.

111 6 October: The October Club was the Tory counterpart of the Whig Kit-Cat Club. Swift writes to Stella, 18 February, 1711: "We are plagued here with an October Club; that is, a set of above a hundred Parliament-men of the country, who drink October beer at home, and meet every evening at a tavern near the Parliament,

to consult affairs, and drive things on to extremes against the Whigs, to call the old ministry to account, and get off five or six heads." The tavern in question was the Bell, in King Street, Westminster; see Timbs, Club Life, etc. (ed. London: Bentley, 1866, I, 17 ff.). By justifying to these country members the conduct of the ministry, Swift was instrumental in breaking up the club; see his Advice to the Members of the October Club, 1711/12. The Spectator of 22 April, 1711, advertised: "This Day is Publish'd, The Secret History of the October Club: From its Original to this time. By a Member. . . . Price I s."

111 15 Whisk: whist. According to the Century Dictionary, "whisk " characterizes the quick sweep, or whisk, with which the cards are gathered from the table as each trick is won; the modern whist is from the interjection enjoining silence. Bailey's Dictionary (1730) gives whisk but not whist.

112 Motto: Statius, Theb., ii, 128-129:

As when the tigress hears the hunter's din,
Dark angry spots distain her glossy skin.

112 2 The Hay-market: see note to Spect. I.

113 31 Mr. Cowley: slightly changed from Cowley's Davideis, iii, 403-404. Cowley wrote (ll. 401 ff.):

So when a Scythian tiger, gazing round,

An herd of kine in some fair plain has found,
Lowing secure, he swells with angry pride,
And calls forth all his spots on every side.

114 16 In former papers: See especially No. 57, by Addison. 114 21 When the Romans and Sabines were at war, etc.: Livy, i, 13. 114 29 The Greeks thought: There are brief discussions of this, with references to the ancient authorities, in Becker's Charicles, London, 1874, pp. 296 ff., and in Smith's Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Antiq., London, 1890-1891, II, 269.

115 11 When the Romans, etc.: Livy, v, 50, 7: "Iam ante in eo religio civitatis apparuerat, quod, cum in publico deesset aurum, ex quo summa pactae mercedis Gallis confieret, a matronis conlatum acceperant, ut sacro auro abstineretur. Matronis gratiae actae, honosque additur, ut earum sicut virorum post mortem sollemnis laudatio esset.'

115 25 The celebrated funeral oration of Pericles: Thucydides, ii, 45. 116 Motto: Phædrus, Fab., xiv, 3: "The mind ought sometimes to be diverted, that it may return the better to thinking."

119 Motto: Horace, Carm., i, 17, 14-16:

Here plenty's liberal horn shall pour
Of fruits for thee a copious show'r,
Rich honours of the quiet plain.

121 12-13 Lives. . . rather as a relation than a dependant: cf. Tat. 255 and Guard. 163, where Addison shows the unhappy lot of a domestic chaplain whose patron was less kind than Sir Roger. See also, on the social position of the clergy, Lecky, I, 75 ff.

121 30 A little of Back-gammon: Swift's letters to Gay, 4 May, 1732, and to Lady Queensbury, 12 Aug., 1712, seem to show that some skill at backgammon was essential to the domestic chaplain of Addison's time.

122 22 The Bishop of St. Asaph: William Fleetwood (1656-1723) had succeeded William Beveridge (1637–1708) in 1708, but it is impossible to tell which (if either) is meant. Neither of them, nor any of their predecessors, appears elsewhere in the Spectator, except that No. 384, by Steele, commends Fleetwood's Four Sermons, 1712. Fleetwood was an ardent Whig, however, a fact which would hardly have commended these sermons to Sir Roger, even if they had been published when this paper was written. In 1705, to be sure, Fleetwood had published a volume of sixteen sermons; but that was before he became bishop. It is perhaps better, therefore, to suppose that the Chaplain used Beveridge's sermons, of which some one hundred and fifty, in six volumes, were published in 1709.

122 22 Dr. South: Robert South (1634-1716). His "sermons, many of them published separately (from 1660), were collected by himself in six volumes (1679-1715)." Cf. Spect. 307, 592.

122 24 Archbishop Tillotson: John Tillotson (1630-1694), Archbishop of Canterbury. According to the Dict. Nat. Biog. (LVI, 398), “the first collected edition of Tillotson's works contained fifty-four sermons and the 'Rule of Faith'; two hundred were added in succeeding editions, edited by Ralph Barker, 1695-1704, 14 vols." Tillotson is frequently mentioned in the Spectator; see especially No. 103, by Steele.

122 25 Bishop Saunderson: Robert Sanderson (1587-1663), Bishop of Lincoln. His sermons were published in 1627, 1632, 1657, 1689, etc. Addison seems not to mention him elsewhere. Hearne, in his diary, July 24, 1711, makes a "note of some divinity books for a young devine" in which he mentions "all Bishop Sanderson's pieces. He was a most incomparable judge, and there is nothing heterodox in any of his writings."