Person or Persons as shall have any ground imparked. . . for the Keeping... of any Deer or Conies... or Keepers or Warreners in their Parks ...; That then any Person having [real estate] of the clear yearly value of one hundred Pounds . . . in his own Right or in the Right of his Wife, may take from the Person or Possession of such Malefactor or Malefactors, and to his own Use forever keep, such Guns, Bows, Cross-bows, Buckstalls or Engine-hays, Purse-nets, Ferrets and Coney-dogs." (Statutes at Large, III, 57.) This act was repealed by 7-8 George IV, cap. 27. 146 32 Cast: to defeat in an action at law. 148 30 Aggravation: exaggeration; or perhaps, more specifically, exaggeration by heightening the grave, severe look of the portrait. The former meaning, though rare, is by far the more common; indeed no other case of the latter seems to have been recorded. 148 31 Saracen's head: On this and other signs, see Sadler and Hotten's History of Signboards, London, 1866, especially pp. 430431. 149 Motto: Horace, Odes, iv, 4, 33-36: Yet the best blood by learning is refin'd, And virtue arms the solid mind; Whilst vice will stain the noblest race, And the paternal stamp efface. OLDISWORTH. Addison wrote to his friend Wortley: "Dear Sir, Being very well pleased with this day's Spectator, I cannot forbear sending you one of them, and desiring your opinion of the story in it. When you have a son I shall be glad to be his Leontine, as my circumstances will probably be like his. I have within this twelvemonth lost a place of £2000 per annum, an estate in the Indies of £14,000, and what is worse than all the rest, my mistress. Hear this, and wonder at my philosophy. I find they are going to take away my Irish place from me too; to which I must add, that I have just resigned my fellowship, and that stocks sink every day. If you have any hints or subjects, pray send me up a paper full. I long to talk an evening with you. I believe I shall not go for Ireland this summer, and perhaps would pass a month with you, if I know where. Lady Bellaston is very much your humble servant. Dick Steele and I often remember you. I am, dear sir, Yours eternally, J. Addison." 151 11 According to Mr. Cowley: "But there is no fooling with life, when it is once turned beyond forty." (Essay x, "The Danger of Procrastination," Works, ed. Hurd, London, 1809, III, 222.) Cf. “A fool at forty is a fool indeed." (Young, Love of Fame the Universal Passion, ii, 282.) 154 Motto: Virgil, Æneid, vi, 833-834: This thirst of kindred blood, my sons, detest, Nor turn your force against your country's breast. - DRYDEN. 154 24 St. Anne's lane: "St. Anne's Lane, a place of some Trade, lieth betwixt Foster lane and St. Martins le Grand near Aldersgate" (Strype, 1720, I, 121). There is also a "Little St. Anne's Lane," running into (Great) Peter Street, Westminster, and numbered 62 on Strype's map (ibid. vol. I, between pp. 62 and 63). 155 33 Plutarch says very finely: De Inimicorum Utilitate (Works, Frankfort, 1599, II, 91, ll. 19 ff.). 1567 That great rule: Luke vi, 27 ff. ("Love your enemies, do good to them which hate you," etc.) 157 18 Guelfes and Gibelines: opposing parties in Germany and in Italy from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. In Germany, the names were respectively applied to the Welfs of Altdorf and the imperial line of the Hohenstaufen; in Italy, to the party of the Pope and the party of the Emperor. 157 18-19 For and against the League: the Holy League, formed in 1576 to further Roman Catholic interests; at its head the family of Guise for many years contended against Henry of Navarre. 158 Motto: Virgil, Æneid, x, 108: Rutulians, Trojans, are the same to me. — DRYDEN. 159 27 Diodorus Siculus: Diod. Sic., i, 35, 7. 162 Motto: Virgil, Eclog., x, 63: "Once more, ye woods, adieu." 165 Motto: Virgil, Æneid, ii, 604–606: The cloud, which, intercepting the clear light, Hangs o'er thy eyes, and blunts thy mortal sight, That Addison's contemporaries appreciated his particular talent for using the method practised in this essay (employed also in Tatler 81, 100, 102, 110, 116, 117, 120, 123, 146, 161, 250, 253, 256, 259, 262, 265, and in Spect. 3, 56, 83, 463, 499, 558, and 559) appears from Gay's Present State of Wit, 1711: "I am assured, from good hands, that all the visions, and other tracts of that way of writing, with a very great number of the most exquisite pieces of wit and raillery throughout the Lucubrations are entirely of this Gentleman's [i.e. Addison's] composing: which may, in some measure, account for that different Genius, which appears in the winter papers, from those of the summer; at which time, as the Examiner often hinted, this friend of Mr. STEELE was in Ireland." Steele praises this particular essay in his Conscious Lovers (acted 1722), act 1, the first speech of the second scene: "These moral writers practise virtue after death. This charming vision of Mirza! Such an author consulted in a morning sets the spirit for the vicissitudes of the day better than the glass does a man's person." 171 Motto: Horace, Epist., ii, 1, 76–77: I feel my honest indignation rise, When with affected air a coxcomb cries, The work I own has elegance and ease But sure no modern should pretend to please. — FRANCIS. ... 171 25 Bavius and Mævius: two very ill-natured poets, hostile to Horace and to Virgil. See Virgil, Eclog., iii, 90–91; Horace, Epod., x. 171 23-24 Virgil. celebrated by Gallus, etc.: On the relations of Virgil and Gallus, see Virgil, Eclog., vi, 64, and Donatus, Vit. Virg., §§ 30, 36; Propertius mentions Virgil in lib. ii, eleg., xxxiv, ll. 61–63; Horace, in Carm., i, 3, 6; and i, 24, 10; Sat., i, 5, 40; i, 6, 52-55; i, 10, 45, 81; and Epod., ii, 1, 247. On Varius and Tucca, see Donatus, §§ 52, 53, 56, 57; on Ovid, Trist., iv, 10, 51. 172 3 Ingenuity: ingenuousness. 172 4 Sir John Denham: "On Mr. John Fletcher's Works," Denham, Works, London, 1703, pp. 114–115. With Denham's lines, “Of eastern Kings," etc., compare Pope's "Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the throne" (Epistle to Arbuthnot, 1. 198). Sir John Denham (1615-1669) is almost forgotten. Yet his Cooper's Hill, 1642, is important as one of the very first purely descriptive English poems. Pope imitated it in his Windsor Forest. 172 14 The Art of Criticism: Pope's Essay on Criticism appeared anonymously in 1711; it is advertised in Spect. 65, May 15, 1711, as "this day published." On December 20, 1711, Pope wrote to Steele, whom he supposed to be the author of Spect. 253: "Though it be the highest satisfaction to find oneself commended by a person whom all the world commends, yet I am not more obliged to you for that, than for your candour and frankness in acquainting me with the error I have been guilty of in speaking too freely of my brother moderns.... But if ever this Essay be thought worth a second edition, I shall be very glad to strike out all such strokes which you shall be so kind as to point out to me. I shall really be proud of being corrected." Steele thereupon "My referred Pope to Addison, to whom he wrote October 10, 1714: bookseller is reprinting the Essay on Criticism, to which you have done too much honour in your Spectator of No. 253. The period in that paper where you say, 'I have admitted some strokes of ill-nature into that Essay,' is the only one I could wish omitted of all you have written; but I would not desire it should be so, unless I had the merit of removing your objections. I beg you but to point out those strokes to me, and you may be assured they shall be treated without mercy." One regrets to find that there seems to have been no reply from Addison. 172 27-28 What Monsieur Boileau has . . . enlarged upon in the preface to his works: Boileau, Euvres, ed. Gidel, Paris, 1870-1873, I, 49: "Qu'est-ce qu'une pensée neuve, brillante, extraordinaire? Ce n'est point, comme se le persuadent les ignorants, une pensée que personne n'a jamais eue, ni dû avoir: c'est au contraire une pensée qui a dû venir à tout le monde, et que quelqu'un s'avise le premier d'exprimer. Un bon mot n'est bon mot qu'en ce qu'il dit une chose que chacun pensoit, et qu'il la dit d'une manière vive, fine et nouvelle." 173 12 The characters of, etc.: For the character of Horace, see Essay on Criticism, 11. 653 ff.; of Petronius, 11. 667 ff.; of Quintilian, 669 ff.; of Longinus, 675 ff. 173 15-17 Longinus, etc.: cf. Pope, Essay on Criticism, 11. 675 ff.: : Thee, bold Longinus, .. Whose own example strengthens all his laws; And is himself that great Sublime he draws. Before either Pope or Addison, Boileau had noted this quality in Longinus in the preface to his translation he observes, "En traitant des beautés de l'élocution, il a employé toutes les finesses de l'élocution. Souvent il fait la figure qu'il enseigne, et, en parlant du sublime, il est lui-même très-sublime." (Œuvres, ed. Gidel, III, 437.) 173 22 The following verses: 11. 344-347. With these lines compare the passage in Dryden's Essay of Dramatic Poesy (1668): "He creeps along with ten little words in every line, and helps out his numbers with For to, and Unto, and all the pretty expletives he can find, till he drags them to the end of another line; while the sense is left tired half way behind it." (Dryden's Prose Works, ed. Malone, London, 1800, vol. I, pt. 2, p. 38.) 173 30-31 The following lines: 11. 356-357. 1741 And afterwards: 11. 364–373. 174 13 A description in Homer's Odyssey: Odyssey, xi, 593–598. The original issue adds, "which none of the Criticks have taken notice of." That these words were omitted in Tickell's and in later editions was probably in deference to the following letter (October 10, 1714) from Pope (Works, ed. Elwin, VI, 410): "Give me leave to name another passage in the same Spectator, which I wish you would alter. It is where you mention an observation upon Homer's Verses of Sisyphus's Stone, as never having been made before by any of the critics. I happened to find the same in Dionysius of Halicarnassus's Treatise, Пepì συνθέσεως ὀνομάτων, who treats very largely upon these verses. I know you will think fit to soften your expression, when you see the passage ; which you must needs have read, though it be since slipt out of your memory." See Dionysius Halicarnassus, ed. Hudson, Oxford, 1704, II, 37. 174 29 In a future paper: Although allusions to Virgil are scattered through the entire series of Spectator papers, no single number seems to fulfil this half promise. 174 33-34 The Essay on translated verse, the Essay on the art of poetry: Wentworth Dillon (1634–1685), Earl of Roscommon, published in 1680 a translation into blank verse of Horace's Art of Poetry, and in 1684 An Essay on Translated Verse in heroic couplets. John Sheffield (1649–1721) published his Essay on Poetry anonymously in 1682. 175 Motto: Ovid, Ars Amat., i, 241-242: "In these days simplicity is very rare." 175 12 Come up to get a sight of Prince Eugene: Prince Eugene had arrived in London only three days before the date of this essay; his mission was to unite England with Austria in war against France, and to restore to the Queen's favor the Duke of Marlborough. Failing in both objects, the Prince withdrew in March, 1712. "We may here take notice," writes Boyer (Annals of Queen Anne, X, 336), " that People were variously affected by his Highness's coming to England at this critical Juncture. All the Whigs, and not a few of the Tories, who began to be Jealous that a Peace would be concluded upon unsafe and dishonourable Terms, were extreamly rejoyc'd at his Highness's Arrival, hoping that the Proposals he was said to bring from the Emperor, back'd with his consummate Wisdom and great Address, would go near, if not to break off the present Negotiation, at least to engage Great Britain to make early Preparations to carry on the War with Vigour, as the most effectual Means to obtain a Safe, Honourable and Lasting Peace. Upon this score, together with the great Fame of his Highness's Immortal Atchievements, which rather increased than lessened by his Presence, vast multitudes of People crowded to see him; and with loud Acclamations attended him wherever he went. On the |