other hand, the Friends of France and of the Pretender, who were equally desirous of a Peace upon any Conditions, being apprehensive that his Highness would blast their fond Expectation, could not forbear shewing their Discontent."

175 18 Scanderbeg: a great Turkish commander. He died in 1467. See Gibbon, chap. 67; cf. Sir William Temple, Of Heroic Virtue. Scanderbeg is mentioned in Spect. 316 (Hughes).

175 19 Grays-Inn walks: These walks, or gardens, extended from South Square, Gray's Inn, northward to King's (now Theobald's) Road. Francis Bacon, then Treasurer of Gray's Inn, is said to have planned the arrangement of walks and trees. As late as 1780, Sir Samuel Romilly wrote of his chambers at Gray's Inn: "My rooms are exceedingly lively. In the depths of winter the moment the sun peeps out, I am in the country. A cold country it is, for having only one row of houses between me and Highgate and Hampstead, a north-west wind blows full against my chambers." (Quoted by Douthwaite, Gray's Inn, London, 1866, Introduction, p. xv.)

176 6 Doctor Barrow: cf. Spect. 108.

176 17 Tom Touchy: see Spect. 122 (Addison).

176 21 Moll White: see Spect. 117.

177 16 The late Act of Parliament: The Act of Occasional Conformity (10 Anne, cap. 2) was "An Act for preserving the Protestant Religion, by better securing the Church of England, as by Law established; and for confirming the Toleration granted to Protestant Dissenters . . . ; and for the further securing the Protestant Succession, by requiring the Practisers of the Law in North Britain to take the Oaths, and subscribe the Declaration therein mentioned." (Statutes at Large, IV, 493-494.) This act, which is perhaps the most important ecclesiastical measure of Queen Anne's reign, attempted by increasing the force of the Test Act to exclude Dissenters from political power and office. In 1702, 1703, and 1704, bills against occasional conformity, having passed the Commons, were defeated by the Whig majority of the upper House. Finally, in 1711, the bill was passed. In 1718 it was repealed by the Whigs. (See Lecky, History of England in the Eighteenth Century, London, 1892, I, 117 ff.) The Test Act, which excluded from most civil offices those who would not receive the Anglican sacrament, kept out Roman Catholics but did not keep out moderate Dissenters. For the latter, or most of them, were willing to attend the Anglican church occasionally and to receive the Anglican sacrament. The High Church party regarded this practice of occasional conformity as an evasion of the intent of the Test Act. Hence the bill against occasional

conformity, which provided that "all persons in places of profit or trust, and all common councilmen in corporations, who, while holding office, were proved to have attended any Nonconformist place of worship, should forfeit the place, and should continue incapable of public employment till they should depose that for a whole year they had not attended a conventicle." (Lecky.)

Sir Roger no doubt agreed with the author of An English Monster: or, the Character of an Occasional Conformist (1703), who thus pictured his subject: "He [i.e. the occasional conformist] separates from the establish'd Church to keep up Animosities among the People, and conforms to it for his own private Advantage. He conforms to the Church to qualifie himself for an honourable and a gainful Office, and returns to the Schismatical Conventicle, when he is in Possession of it. He conforms now and then, to shew that he does not think it is a Sin to Conform; and refuses to do it at all other times, to prove that his Nonconforming proceeds from no better causes than Wilfulness, Obstinacy, and Pride. Under Pretence of reconciling differing Parties to one another, he industriously helps to make the Breach still wider between them." One instantly perceives and approves the skilful urbanity with which Addison, in marked contrast to the anonymous author just quoted, touches upon a phase of the controversy at which both sides could afford to smile.

177 21 Plumb-porridge: According to Butler (Hudibras, i, 1, 225 ff.) the character of Dissenters was such that

Rather than fail, they will defy

That which they love most tenderly;

Quarrel with Minc'd-pies, and disparage

Their best and dearest Friend Plum-porridge.

Cf. Chambers, Book of Days, II, 755-756, who quotes the following

verses:

The high-shoe lords of Cromwell's making
Were not for dainties - roasting, baking;
The chiefest food they found most good in
Was rusty bacon and bag-pudding;

Plum-broth was popish, and mince-pie -
O that was flat idolatry.

In Spect. 629 E. H. declares in his petition that he "is remarkable in his Country for having dared to treat Sir P. P., a cursed Sequestrator, and three Members of the Assembly of Divines, with Brawn and Mince Pies upon New-Year's Day."

177 29-30 Pope's procession: It was the custom to observe the anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's coronation (17 November) by a procession escorting an elaborate effigy of the Pope, which was duly burned with great Whig rejoicing. The procession of 1711, if one may believe the Tory accounts, was to have ended in something little short of wholesale arson and rapine. On the eve of the procession, however, officers seized the entire paraphernalia of the show. See Wills's note; ScottSaintsbury, Dryden, VI, 237 ff. (opp. p. 240 is a curious old print of the procession of 1679); Swift's Journal to Stella, 17 and 26 November, 1711. Swift was more or less concerned in the writing of the True Relation of the Several Facts and Circumstances of the Intended Riot and Tumult on Queen Elizabeth's Birthday, etc. (1711), which is printed in Nichols's edition of Swift's works (London, 1803, IV, 307 ff.).

The Post-Boy of November 22, 1711 (see Annals of Queen Anne, X, 279 ff.), charges the Kit Cat Club with complicity in the plot to demolish houses and so on, "whereas," according to Boyer, "the Lords and Gentlemen who were at the Expence of the Effigies before mention'd, had no other Design than to have them carried in Procession, and afterwards burnt with the like Solemnity as was remarkably practised on the 17th of November, 1679." Cf. the following lines from a ballad entitled "Plot upon Plot," which appeared about 1713:

You for your bonfires mawkins dress'd
On good Queen Bess's day,
Whereby much treason was express'd,
As all true Churchmen say,
Against the Devil and the Pope,

The French, our new ally,

And Perkin too, that youth of hope,

In whom we all rely.

Wilkins, Political Ballads, 1860, II, 121.

178 6 Baker's Chronicle: see No. 329 and the notes thereon. 178 12 Squire's : "Fulwood's Rents [in Holborn, a narrow court leading into Gray's Inn Walks] was so called from a Mr. Squire, a noted coffee man in Fuller's Rents, who died September 18, 1717. It was patronized by the benchers and students of Gray's Inn." (Wheatley and Cunningham, III, 297-298.) It is mentioned in Spect. 49 and 271. 178 19 The Supplement: see note, p. 35, 1. 30, to Tat. 155.

But Womankind that never knows a Mean
Down to the Dregs their sinking Fortune drain,
They live beyond their Stint; as if their Store
The more exhausted, would increase the more.

179 Motto: Juvenal, Sat., vi, 362–365.

179 2 Great climacteric : According to the Oxford Dictionary (Cli macteric, B. 1) the climacteric was "a critical stage in human life; a point at which the person was supposed to be specially liable to change in health or fortune. According to some, all the years denoted by multiples of 7 were climacterics; others admitted only the odd multiples of 7 (7, 21, 35, etc.); some included also the multiples of 9. Grand Climacteric ... : the 63rd year of life (63 = 7 × 9), supposed to be specially critical." See Sir Thomas Browne's Vulgar Errors, bk. iv, chap. 12 ("Of the great Climactericall yeare that is 63"); Dryden's preface to Virgil; Dunton's Supplement to the Athenian Oracle, pp. 404 ff.

180 6 Grotius: Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), Dutch jurist, poet, etc., founder of the science of international law. His chief work is De Jure Belli ac Pacis, 1625. For a list of his other works see Watt, Biblioth. Brit., I, 445 w-446 1.

1807 Puffendorf: Samuel Puffendorf (1631-1694), German civilian (i.e. student of political economy, international law, and allied subjects) and historian, wrote Elementa Jurisprudentiæ Universalis, the Hague, 1660; De Jure Naturæ et Gentium, London, 1672; and other works.

182 19 Socrates, in Plato's Alcibiades: ed. Steph. 122. Jowett's translation (New York, 1873, IV, 539) renders it: "Why, I have been informed by a credible person who went up to the King [at Susa], that he passed through a large tract of excellent land, extending for nearly a day's journey, which the people of the country called the queen's girdle, and another, which they called her veil; and several other fair and fertile districts, which were reserved for the adornment of the queen, and are named after her several habiliments."

183 Motto: Horace, Epist., i, 2, 27: "Born to drink and eat." 183 13 Augustus: 'Supremo die identidem exquirens, an iam de se tumultus foris esset, petito speculo, capillum sibi comi, ac malas libantes corrigi praecepit, et amicos admissos percontatus, ecquid iis videretur mimum vitae commode transegisse, adiecit et clausulam:

εἰ δέ τι

ἔχοι καλῶς τὸ παίγνιον, κρότον δότε

καὶ πάντες ἡμᾶς μετά χαρᾶς προπέμψατε.”

Suetonius, Augustus, c. 99.

1859 Mr. Nisby: The Reverend John Nesbitt (1661-1727) is supposed to be the original. Nesbitt, at the time of this essay the pastor of an Independent church in Aldersgate Street, London, seems to have

been a good scholar and a most useful minister. See Dict. Nat. Biog., XL, 225; John Dunton, Life and Errors, p. 375.

66

185 28 Twist: The Century Dictionary (twist, 16) defines it as a mixed drink, generally named from the spirit with which it is compounded."

186 29 Purl: Bailey (1730) defines purl as "a Sort of Wormwood, Ale, or Beer"; Dr. Johnson (1755) has it "a kind of medicated malt liquor, in which wormwood and aromaticks are infused." Cf. Spect. 88. On purl-houses, see Ashton's Social Life in the Reign of Queen Anne, I, 234.

186 32-33 Laced Coffee: usually defined as coffee strengthened with a dash of spirits. Dr. Johnson, however, says that lace is here a cant word for sugar.

187 5 Brooks and Hellier: Thomas Brooke and John Hillier (or Hellier) were well-known wine merchants. In No. 260 of the original issue of the Spectator, Mr. Estcourt gives notice that he has "chosen and laid in to the Bumper Tavern in James-street, Covent Garden, . . . neat natural wines, fresh and is perfection, being bought of Brooke and Hellier, by whom the said Tavern will from time to time be supplied with the best Growths that shall be Imported." See also Nos. 261 and 283. Steele puffs Brooks and Hellier in No. 362.

188 Motto: Ovid, Met., iv, 280: "Now man, now woman."

1886 Mohock: The "Mohocks were bands of ruffianly young men who roamed the London streets at night, beat the watch, and insulted or even dangerously wounded unlucky wayfarers. They were especially active in 1712. For an excellent account of the Mohocks and their predecessors, see Ashton's Social Life in the Reign of Queen Anne, chap. 37. Cf. Gay's Trivia, bk. iii, and Swift's Journal, letter 43. The ballad "Plot upon Plot" has these lines on the Mohocks:

You sent your Mohocks abroad,

With razors arm'd, and knives;
Who on night-walkers made inroad,
And scar'd our maids and wives:

They scour'd the watch, and windows broke,

But 't was their true intent,

(As our wise ministry did smoke)

T'o'erturn the Government.

Wilkins, Political Ballads, II, 121.

189 8 A very pretty fellow: For the "character of a Very Pretty Fellow," see Tatler 24, which Bohn prints (V, 232 ff.) as Addison's, although Tickell did not include it in the edition of 1721.