CONTENTS

CHAPTER XVII

SEXUAL SELECTION IN MAN

Female appreciation of manly strength and courage, pp. 1-4.-The sexual

instinct stimulated by personal beauty both in men and women,

savage as well as civilised, p. 4 sq.-The notions of what constitutes

personal beauty vary, p. 5.-Three groups of qualities regarded as

essential for personal beauty, apart from merely individual preferences,

PP. 5-13-The full and proper development of the visible character-

istics belonging to the human organism in general, p. 5.-Of those

peculiar to the sex, pp. 5-8.-Of those peculiar to the race, pp.

8-13. The connection between love and beauty due to natural

selection, pp. 13-23.-The biological importance of the qualities

constituting the racial type of beauty, pp. 14-22.-The bodily

changes involved in acclimatisation, pp. 16-18.-The connection

between racial differences and external influences, pp. 19-22.-

Rejection of Darwin's explanation of the connection between love

and beauty, p. 22 sq.—Mental qualities as sexual stimulants, p. 23.-

The connection between the sexual impulse and affection in the human

race, p. 23 sq.-Conjugal affection and the influence of affection

upon sexual selection, pp. 24-31.-Sexual selection influenced

by the desire for offspring, p. 31 sq.-By economic considerations,

PP. 32-34.

CHAPTER XVIII

ENDOGAMY

Endogamous and exogamous rules, p. 35.-The aversion of animals to

sexual connections with individuals of other species than their own,

pp. 35-37.—The "Law of Similarity," p. 37 sq.-Intermixture of

human races, p. 38 sq.-Racial endogamy and its causes, pp. 39-43-

The influence of the crossing of races upon fertility and vitality,

pp. 43-47-Rules against marrying outside the tribe or some smaller

division of it, as the clan or village, pp. 47-55.-Religious endogamy,

pp. 55-59.-Caste endogamy and hypergamy, p. 59 sq.-Class

endogamy, pp. 60-68.-Class endogamy parallel to the hypergamy

of the Hindus, p. 64 sq.-The origin of castes and classes, pp. 65-67.-

Endogamous rules referring to the marriage of cousins, pp. 68-79.-

To marriage between brothers' children, pp. 69-71.-To marriage

between cross-cousins, pp. 71-79.-To marriage between relatives

more closely related than cousins, pp. 79–81.

V

CHAPTER XIX

EXOGAMY

The exogamous group, p. 82.-Marriages between parents and children,

pp. 82-88.-Between brothers and sisters who are children of the

same father and mother, pp. 88-95.-Between half-brothers and half-

sisters, pp. 95-97.-Between uncles and nieces and between aunts

and nephews, pp. 97-99.-Between cousins, pp. 99–101.—Exogamous

rules referring to all the members of the clan or phratry or class

and other exogamous rules among peoples unaffected by modern

civilisation, pp. 101-149.-In America, pp. 102-113.-In Asia,

pp. 113-120.-In the Indian Archipelago and the islands of the Pacific

Ocean, pp. 120-131.-In Australia and Tasmania, pp. 131-136.—

In Africa, pp. 136-149.-Prohibited degrees in ancient Rome, p. 149.–

According to the Christian Churches, pp. 149-151.-Clan exogamy in

South-Eastern Europe, p. 151.-Prohibitions applying to marriage

between relatives by alliance or affinity, pp. 151-154.-Exogamous

prohibitions resulting from adoption or fosterage, pp. 154-156.-

From "spiritual relationship,” p. 156.—From certain other relations,

p. 156 sq.-Local exogamy, pp. 157-161.

CHAPTER XX

EXOGAMY

(Concluded)

Early hypotheses as regards the origin of the prohibitions of marriage

between near relatives, p. 162.—Criticism of McLennan's hypothesis

as to the origin of exogamy, pp. 162-166.-Of Herbert Spencer's,

pp. 166–168.—Of Lord Avebury's, p. 168 sq.—Of L. H. Morgan's,

pp. 170-179.—Evil results ascribed by various peoples to close inter-

marriage or incestuous intercourse, pp. 170-178.-Criticism of Sir

James G. Frazer's suggestions as to the origin of exogamy, pp. 179–183.

-The Australian class restrictions, pp. 179-181.-Criticism of

Professor Durkheim's theory, pp. 183-185.-Of M. Reinach's, p. 185 sq.

-Of Mr. Andrew Lang's, pp. 186-188.-Of Messrs. Hose's and

McDougall's, pp. 188-190.—Of Professor Starcke's, p. 190 sq.-

Objections which may be raised to all of these theories, p. 191 sq.-

The fundamental cause of the exogamous prohibitions seems to be the

remarkable absence of erotic feelings between persons living very

closely together from childhood, leading to a positive feeling of aversion

when the act is thought of, pp. 192-218.-The existence of such a

feeling in mankind, pp. 193-195.-Among the lower animals, pp. 195–

197.-Reply to objections raised to the author's theory, pp. 197-207.-

Objections raised by Dr. Havelock Ellis, p. 197.-Marriage with a

half-sister, p. 199 sq.-Cases of incest and close intermarriage and

how to explain them, pp. 200-203.-Objections to the author's theory

raised by Sir James G. Frazer, p. 203 sq.-The connection between

the aversion to sexual intercourse between persons living closely

together from childhood and the prohibitions against unions between

kindred, pp. 204-207.-Facts showing that the extent to which

relatives are forbidden to intermarry is nearly connected with their

close living together, pp. 207-214.-An exogamous clan or phratry

frequently a territorial group as well as a group of kindred, pp. 210-214.

-How the exogamous rules have come to include relatives who do

not live together, p. 214 sq.-How to explain the prohibitions of

marriage between relations by alliance, the prohibitions on the ground

of" spiritual relationship," and certain other prohibitions, p. 215 sq.-

Every hypothesis pretending to explain the exogamous rules in full

must assume the operation of the law of association, p. 216.-The

co-existence of comprehensive exogamous prohibitions and the

classificatory system of relationship, p. 216 sq.-The biological founda-

tion of the psychical cause of exogamy, pp. 218-239.-The effects of

cross- and self-fertilisation among plants, p. 218 sq.-The effects of

in-breeding among animals, pp. 219-223.-Arrangements in the animal

world helping to prevent in-breeding, p. 223 sq.-The effects of

marriages between the nearest relatives, p. 224 sq.-Of marriages

between first cousins and other near relatives, pp. 225-229.-The

effects of in-breeding in various small communities, pp. 229–234.—

The bad consequences of self-fertilisation and close inter-breeding

may in certain circumstances almost fail to appear, pp. 234-236.-

The injurious effects of in-breeding afford a sufficient explanation

of the want of inclination for, and positive aversion to, sexual inter-

course between persons who have from childhood lived together

in that close intimacy which characterises the mutual relations of the

nearest kindred, p. 236 sq.-The question why in-breeding is injurious

to the species, pp. 237-239.-The author's theory of the origin of

exogamy not affected by this question, pp. 237, 239.-Certain general

facts emphasised in support of his theory, p. 239.

CHAPTER XXI

MARRIAGE BY CAPTURE

Instances of marriage by capture among the lower races, pp. 240-251.-

Among Semitic and Aryan peoples, p. 251 sq.-Marriage by capture

not known to have been the normal mode of contracting a marriage

among any people, p. 253.-Chiefly found either as an incident of

war or as a method of procuring a wife when it is difficult or incon-

venient to get one in the ordinary manner, ibid.—No reason to suppose

that it ever was the ordinary mode of contracting a marriage among

uncivilised peoples, p. 254.-Customs which have been interpreted

as survivals of marriage by capture in the past and how to explain

them, pp. 254-277.-Cases in which sham fighting between the bride-

groom or his party and the bride's family, or some other kind of

resistance made by the latter, forms part of the wedding ritual,

pp. 254-263.-The custom of barring the wedding procession, pp. 259-

261.-Abusive language at weddings, p. 263 sq.-Resistance made or

grief expressed principally or exclusively by the bride, pp. 264–272.—

The bride or newly-married wife running away from her new home,

p. 270 sq.-Other sham fights at weddings, accentuating social

antagonism, especially between the female friends of the bride, or

the women in general, and the bridegroom, pp. 273-275.-Supposed

traces of marriage by capture in the language spoken by the women,

pp. 275-277-Various other supposed survivals of marriage by

capture, p. 277.

CHAPTER XXII

CONSENT AS A CONDITION OF MARRIAGE

Marriages arranged by the fathers, parents, or other near relatives of

the parties among the lower races, pp. 278-284.-The consent of the

communities to which the parties belong necessary for the conclusion

of a marriage, p. 281 sq.-The permission of the chief or king required,

p. 282. The selection of mates among every people controlled by

its customs or laws, p. 282 sq.-Among most of the lower races a

girl is in her father's power till she marries, p. 284.-Among various

peoples the consent of a mother, brother, or maternal uncle regarded

as particularly essential to a girl's marriage, pp. 284–286.--Women's

liberty of selecting their husbands among the lower races, pp. 286–326.

-In America, pp. 286-291.-In Asia, pp. 291-296.—In the Indian

Archipelago and the islands of the Pacific Ocean, pp. 296–301.-

In Australia and Tasmania, p. 301 sq.-In Africa, pp. 302-308.—The

woman's wishes seem to be consulted among the majority of the

lower races, p. 308 sq.-If the Australian natives are excepted, the

woman's liberty of choice decidedly greater among the lowest than

among the more advanced savages, p. 309 sq.-Why progress in

economic culture has among the lower races been unfavourable to

the woman's liberty of choosing her husband, pp. 310-315.-Close

connection between marriage by purchase and disregard of the

woman's own wishes, pp. 310-314.-Why the woman's wishes are

utterly disregarded among the Australian natives, p. 315 sq.—Every

reason to believe that in primitive ages woman was much freer in

her choice of partner than she is now in the Australian tribes and

among many other savages, p. 316.-Various means by which a

woman may prevent or break a marriage distasteful to her, pp. 316–319.

-Marriage by elopement among the lower races, pp. 319-326.-

Paternal or parental authority, especially with regard to the marriage

of children, among the peoples of archaic culture, pp. 326-338.—In

Christian Europe, pp. 338-344.-The origin of the right of fathers or

parents to interfere with the marriage of their children, pp. 344–353.—

The influence of magical and religious ideas, pp. 345-352.-The

importance attached to the curses and blessings of parents, pp. 348–352.

-The downfall of the paternal power, p. 353.

CHAPTER XXIII

MARRIAGE BY CONSIDERATION AND BY THE EXCHANGE OF PRESENTS.

GIFTS TO THE BRIDE AND TO THE BRIDEGROOM

The exchange of bride for bride, pp. 354–359.—Marriage as compensation

or a means of reconciliation in the case of homicide, p. 359 sq.-

Marriage by service, pp. 360-375.-As the regular, if not exclusive,

method of acquiring a wife, pp. 364–369.—As a substitute for marriage

by purchase, pp. 369–371.—As an alternative to giving no considera-

tion for a wife, p. 371.-Marriage by service and purchase combined,

pp. 371–373.—Explanation of marriage by service, p. 373 sq.-The

consideration given for a wife consisting of property of some kind or

other, pp. 375-383.-The bride price sometimes uniformly fixed by

custom, p. 383.-Various factors influencing the bride price, pp. 383-

385.-To whom the consideration for a bride is given, pp. 385-388.—

The paying of the bride price, partly at least, devolving on other

persons than the bridegroom or his father, p. 388 sq.-The considera-

tion offered by instalments, pp. 389-391.-Special payment for the

offspring, p. 391 sq.-The paying of the bride price may give the

husband a right to demand another woman if the wife dies or proves

barren, p. 392.-Disgrace attached to being given in marriage without

a price, p. 392 sq.-Explanation of the custom of giving material

objects for a bride and the meaning of "marriage, by purchase,"

PP. 393-395.-The relation between marriage by purchase and

marriage by capture, p. 395 sq.-The rendering of some consideration

for the bride, while the normal mode of securing marriage at all grades

in the uncivilised world, has assumed increasing importance with

the advance of economic culture, p. 396.—Marriage by the exchange

of gifts among the lower races, pp. 396–401. The practice of giving

a dowry to a daughter among them, pp. 401-403.-The bride price,

or a part of it, given to the bride by her father as a dowry or looked

upon as a settlement or provision for the wife, p. 403.-Presents given

by suitors to their prospective wives or by bridegrooms to their brides,

PP. 404-406.-Marriage by consideration among peoples of a higher

culture, pp. 406-414.-The custom of offering a return gift among such

peoples, p. 414 sq.-Gifts offered to the bride by the bridegroom,

and the price paid for the bride becoming wholly or in part her own

property among such peoples, pp. 415-423.-The marriage portion

among such peoples, pp. 423-431.-The purchase of husbands, p. 431.

CHAPTER XXIV

MARRIAGE RITES

The sequence of rites connected with the conclusion of a marriage, p. 432 sq.
Their most general social object to give publicity to the union,

PP. 433-438.—The union sanctioned by an official, p. 433 sq.-

Contracted in the presence of witnesses, pp. 434-436.-Publicity

given to the sexual consummation of marriage, p. 436 sq.-Publicity

given to the union by celebrating it with feasting, p. 437 sq.-The

social importance of marriage feasts, p. 438.-Rites de séparation and

rites d'agrégation, ibid.-Marriage rites symbolising the union between

the parties or intended to strengthen the marriage tie, pp. 438-456.-

The joining of hands, p. 439 sq.-The tying together of the couple,

PP. 440-442.-Other rites of contact, p. 442.—The tying of something

to bride and bridegroom separately, p. 443.-Betrothal and wedding

rings, p. 443 sq.-Ceremonies in which an article of dress belonging

to or presented by one of the partners is worn by the other, p. 445-

The union of the parties symbolised, or effected, by means of blood,

P. 445 sq.-The use of red lead and of the red colour in general in

wedding rites, p. 446 sq.-The use of animal blood, p. 447 sq.-The

eating together of bride and bridegroom, PP. 448-452.—The rite of

drinking together, pp. 452-454-Some other kindred rites, p. 455 sq.—

Certain rites supposed to ensure the durability of the marriage,

P. 456 sq.-Rites intended to ensure or facilitate the consummation

of the marriage, PP. 457-467.-The breaking of eggs at weddings,

PP. 457-459. Of earthenware vessels or objects of glass, pp. 459–463.

Of a staff or rod or tree, p. 463 sq.—Of a loaf of bread or a cake,

p. 464.-The red colour perhaps regarded as a means of ensuring

defloration, p. 466 sq.-Rites practised, or supposed to be practised,

with a view to making the wife fruitful or the mother of male offspring,

pp. 467-486.-Little children used for this purpose, pp. 467-469.—

The bridal pair or the bride being seated on the skin of an animal,

P. 470. The throwing of some kind of cereals or fruit on the bride or