the Committee of Council for the affairs of Trade and Plantations. For the laft fituation, his lordship's regular and progreffive rife, added to the various offices in which he had acted, admirably qualified him.

Further emoluments were, however, referved for him, for on the decease of his relation, the late Sir Banks Jenkinson, who held the lucrative patent place of collector of the cuftoms Inwards, he procured the grant. Nothing can more clearly demonftrate his great influence than that occurrence; for this finecure was one of those which the premier had repeatedly declared it was his intention to abolish.

To these favours, in 1796, was added the title of Earl of Liverpool, on which creation he was authorized by his Majefty to quarter the arms of that commercial city with those of his own family. These are great honours, but the motto which he has adopted for his efcutcheon, proves that he confiders himself as not undeferving of them.

While in the House of Commons, Mr. Jenkinson fpoke frequently, but fince his recent elevation, he rifes but feldom ; whatever he fays, however, is lif tened to with the utmost attention, and the throbbings

Sir B. J. died in 1780.

† PALMA NON SINE PULVERE.

In one instance, when the writer of this note happened to be in the House of Peers, and at a period when his lordship did not poffefs any oftenfible poft, in fpeaking of the prefent ministry he made ufe of the word we, which gave the Earl of Carlisle (then in oppofition) an opportunity to infer that Lord Hawkesbury had, at length, owned his connexion and influence with the minister.

of

of expectation are never more feelingly experienced by the fervants of the crown, than when he hints his wishes either at the council-board, or in parliament.

His lordship formerly experienced much odium, which, indeed, is always attached to the charge of favouritifm for when the Earl of Bute made his apothefis, his political mantle was fuppofed to drop on the fhoulders of Mr. Jenkinfon. He is now, however, a peer and a privy counsellor, and in one of thefe fituations has become the temporary, and, in the other, the conftitutional advifer of the crown: he is, therefore, empowered both by office and by law to deliver his opinion to his fovereign.

It would be unjust to omit that the Earl of Liverpool has always paid great attention to the trade of this country. It was he who drew up the treaty of commercial intercourfe with America; and it is alfo faid that he not only pointed out, but created the whale fishery in the South Seas.

Refpecting the part which he took during the American war, the public voice has long fince decided; no one ever spoke more decifively, or, perhaps, more intemperately on that fubject than his affociate the late Chancellor of the Exchequer and of the fhare which Lord Liverpool now has or is supposed to have in public measures of more recent date, the cool and impartial voice of pofterity will fpeak more faithfully than either living friends or foes.

MR.

man,

MR. ABRAHAM NEWLAND.

THE name of this gentleman is familiar throughout every part of Great Britain; and seems to give the fame currency to a bank-note that the celebrated and notorious John Doe and Richard Roe confer on a capias. Abraham Newland has, however, this in his favour, that he is no fictitious perfon, made up of fhreds of parchment, but a man-a real living conftituted of flesh, blood, bones, finews, marrow, and muscles; and while the place of abode of the former gentlemen is fo little known, even in Chancery-lanc, Lincoln's-inn, Gray's-inn, Serjeant'sinn, or the Temple, that the Sheriffs of Middlesex, if ordered to take one of the rogues into cuftody, must be under the neceffity of returning non eft inventus on the back of the writ,-there is not a boy about the Royal Exchange who cannot point out the great house, where he is for several hours every day!

The trade of Europe, during the middle ages, was confined almost exclufively to the provinces that fkirt the Mediterranean and the Baltic. The oppreffions every where experienced by the Jews from the brotherly affection of the Chriftians, taught them, from cruel neceffity, the art of transferring their riches from one nation to another; and the myfteries of banking, and bills of exchange, are supposed to have originated in Italy.

A colony of Lombards, by means of the arms of their duchy, and the name of their country, have * The three balls of Lombardy.

given fign-pofts to our pawnbrokers, and an appellation to the refidence of our principal bankers.*

It was not, however, until nearly two centuric after this epoch, notwithstanding the growing increase of our commerce, that a national bank was eftablished; and notwithflanding David Hume, towards the latter period of his life, affected to confider public eredit as a hardier plant than he had at firft imagined, yet it is a long time before mankind becomes fo metaphyfical as to fuppofe that a horfe, a fhip, an eftate, or even a province, may be reprefented by a fquare flip of flimfy paper.

Indeed, this mode of reafoning is fupported by facts, for it was found impoffible to create a great national bank, either under the houses of Tudor or Stuart. Such a tyranny as that exercised by Henry VIII. would have driven the proprietors into beggary in the course of a fortnight. Charles II. who cheated the goldsmiths, or bankers of his day, by plundering. the exchequer of the money lodged there, and whom the Gothamites of later times have placed in the centre of the Exchange, dreffèd in a Roman habit, as if he had been the protector of trade! might have proved nearly as fatal to a banking company, by his own diftreffes, joined to the perpetual cravings of his courtiers and miftreffes, as the indifcriminate ferocity of Henry. Nel Gwyn alone would have put a

German fubfidy in requifition!

.In fine, we all know, that an establishment of this kind failed in monarchical France, and that it has

Lombard-ft: eet,

been

been feveral times ineffectually attempted under the republic. It was not until five years fubfequent to our own revolution, that the bank of England was established (in 1693), under the aufpices of a prince emphatically termed "the DELIVERER;" thus proving to demonftration, that liberty and public credit are infeparable from each other. At Berlin, Vienna, and Madrid, we hear of court bankers, but a national bank is ftill unknown.

The bank of England has combated and overcome a multitude of difficulties; for its notes at one time, in confequence of the arts practifed by the adherents to the houfe of Stuart, experienced a difcount; and at the prefent moment the precious metals contained within its vaults are kept from circulation, and all money-payments fufpended by act of parliament. Even this, however, it has furvived; for the known wealth and high credit of the establishment have attracted and most deservedly retained the confidence of the nation.

The higheft officer of the bank is the refpectable fubject of thefe memoirs. Mr. Newland, born in 1729, or 1730, at the house of his father, a baker, in King street, Southwark, was appointed a clerk in the bank of England, more than half a century ago, being nominated on the 27th February, 1748. Diftinguishing himself by that regularity and attention. fo peculiarly neceffary in fuch cftablishments, he rofe through the various gradations of fervice, until January 19, 1775, when he attained the refpectable

and