English Language in Its Elements and Forms: with a History of Its Origin and ... - William Chauncey Fowler - Google Books

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CONTENTS.

HISTORICAL ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

GENERAL RELATIONS OF LANGUAGE.

1. Definition of Language

1 14. Diversities in Languages

2. The Origin of Language

1 15. The Causes of Diversities in Lan-

3. The Growth of Language

4. The Birth-place of Language 316. The study of Language

8

5. The Primitive Language.

3 17. The Connection between Words

6. The Value of Language

7. The Permanent Value of Language 4 18. The Connection between Language

8. Imperfection of Language

and History....

9. Decay of Language.

19. The Discovery of the lost Meaning

10. The Death of Language.

11. The Original Unity of Language .. 5 20. Relations of Language to the Laws

12. Analogies in the Gothic Family,

showing their Affinity... 6 21. Mutual Influence of Language and

13. Miscellaneous Analogies in different Opinion....

Families of the Indo-European 22. The study of the English Lan-

THE OLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES.

23. The Classification of Languages .. 11 29. The Greek Family..

24. Classification adopted in this Work 11 30. The Celtic Family.

25. Classification of the Indo-Europe 31. The Gothic Family,

12 32. The Teutonic Branch

26. The Sanscrit Family.

12 33. The Scandinavian Branch..

27. The Iranian Family

12 34. The Slavonic Family

28. The Latin Family

12 35. The Lithuanian Family..

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

36. The Introduction of the Celtic El 140. Introduction of the Danish Ele-

37. The Introduction of the Latin El 41. Introduction of the Anglo-Norman

38. The Introduction of the Anglo 42. Norman French spoken by the

Saxon Element..

15 higher Classes..

39. The Names of the Immigrating 43. Why one Language is used rather

16) than the other...

17

Tribes ........

STAGES AND PERIODS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

44. The Lord's Prayer in Anglo-Sax 146. Specimen of Old English......

1947. Specimen of Middle English...... 21

45. Specimen of Semi-Saxon

1948. Specimen of Modern English

DIALECTS AND PROVINCIALISMS.

49. Dialects and Provincialisms. 22 54. Dialect of the Southern Coun.

50. Diversities of Language in Great

22 55. Dialect of the Western Coun.

51. Lowland Scotch

52. Dialect of the Northern Counties. . 22 56. American Dialects...

53. Dialect of East Anglia, or the East- 23 57. Classification of Americanisms ... 24

23 58. Local Peculiarities..

CHARACTER OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

59. The English Language Compo 163. The Expressiveness..

27 64. English Grammar and the Anglo-

60. Copiousness

61. The Number of Anglo-Saxon 65. The English the Universal Lan-

62. The Kind of Anglo-Saxon Words.. 28 66. Historical Analysis

PHONETIC ELEMENTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

SEPARATE PHONETIC ELEMENTS.

67. Definitions

33|78. The Summation of Surd and So-

68. Organs of Production

33 nant Elements...

69. Classification of the Phonetic Ele 79. The Summation of Explosive and

34 Continuous Elements........ 37

70. Vocalic or Vowel Sounds

34 80, Classification of the Elementary

71. Consonantal or Consonant Sounds 34 Consonantal Sounds according to

72. Articulate Sounds..

35 their Organic Formation ....... 37

73. Analysis of Syllabic Sounds.. 35 81. Compound Sounds ....

74. Surds and Sonants...

35 82. Phonetic Elements not in some oth-

75. Continuous and Explosive Sounds 36 er Languages

76. Table of the Phonetic Elements in 83. Difference of Quality in the same

the English Language .........

Element, both Vowel and Con-

77. Cognate Consonant Elements..... 37 sonantal

THE PHONETIC ELEMENTS IN COMBINATION.

84. Pronounceable Combinations ..... 39 87. Importance of the Fact just stated 40

85. Unpronounceable Combinations... 39 88. The Accumulation of Consonantal

86. A change of Elements in Pronun-

40 89. Combinations not in the Language 41

COMBINATIONS IN BYLLABLE.

90. Combinations in Syllables... 4293. Rules of Syllabication.

91. Names of Words from their Divis 94. Combinations in Words...

ion into Syllables........ 42 95. Monosyllabic Character of the En.

92. Principles of Division............ 43 glish Language...

96. Classical Accent

................. 4598. Rules for English Accent.. 46

97. English Accent..

45 99. Accent on Monosyllables... 46

100. Accent on Dissyllables

101. Accent on Trisyllables.

102. Accent on Polysyllables

47 103. The Effect of Emphasis upon Ac-

47 cent in changing the place of

.... 47 Accent in Words

104. Classic or Syllabic Quantity 48 107. Common Rules ..

105. English or Vowel Quantity.. .... 48 108. The Relation of Accent to Quan-

106. The two Modes of Measurement.. 49 tity..

EUPIIONIO CIIANGER.

109. Definitions

50 111. Vowel Changes..

110. Euphonic Figures, with their Ety 112. The comparative Euphony of the

511 English Language..

53 117. Orthoepy in respect to Quantity.. 55

114. Orthoepy in respect to the Phonet 118. Pronunciation.

53 119. Causes and Conditions of incor-

115. Orthoepy in respect to Syllabica-

rect Pronunciation...

54120. Doubtful Orthoepy..

116. Orthoepy in respect to Accent ... 54 121. Phonetic Analysis

ORTHOGRAPHICAL FORMS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

THE RELATIONS OF ORTIIOGRAPLY TO ORTHOEPY.

122. Definitions

61 125. The English and other Alpha-

123. The Priority of Orthoepy

124. A perfect System of Literal Nota 126. Classification of the Elementary

THE RELATIONS OF THE LETTERS TO THE ELEMENTARY BOUNDS,

127. Vowel Letters-A..

64/141. Consonant Letters-K...

134. Consonant Letters-B,

69 153. Equivalent Letters representing

691 certain Elements ..

66

DEFECTS OF THE ENGLISH ALPHABET.

154. It is Deficient

72 156. It is Inconsistent

155. It is Redundant...

72|157. It is Unsteady..

73

THE ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISII ALPIIABET ACCOUNTS FOR ITS DEFECTS.

153. The Origin of the English Alpha 161. The Greek Alphabet...

bet accounts for its Defects.... 73 162. The Roman Alphabet..

15). The Invention of Letters........ 74 163. The Anglo-Saxon Alphabet..

160. The Hebrew Alphabet.

74164. Old English Alphabet..

ORTHOGRAPHICAL EXPEDIENTS.

165. Orthographical Expedients ....

ORTLIOGRAPHY.

166. In what Orthography consists 78 170. The Normal Use of the Letters .. 79

167. Inconsistencies of English Or 171. Grammar as a Science and Gram-

mar as an Art .........

168. Doubtful Orthography.

79 172. English Grammar.

79 173. Orthographic Analysis...... 80

ETYMOLOGICAL FORMS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

THE PARTS OF SPEECII.

174. Definitions

83 176. Becker's Classification of the Parts

175. Classification of the Parts of

of Speech into Notional Words

and Relational Words...... 85

THE NOUN OR SUBSTANTIVE

177. The Noun or Substantive........ 85 187. Additional Statements...

94

178. Classification of Nouns.

86 188. Comparative Etymology

179. Genders of Nouns.....

87 189. Cases of Nouns

180. Additional Facts..

89 190. Declension of English Nouns 97

181. English Gender, Philosophic and 191. Inflection of the Possessive.. 97

90/192. Transition from the Anglo-Saxon

182. Grounds for a choice of Gender

in Personification

90 193. The Number of Cases

183. Numbers of Nouns..

91194. Import of the Genitive.

184. Formation of the Plural

91 195. Comparative Etymology

185. Double Forms of the Plural...... 93 196. The Difference between Ancient

186. Foreign Words

94 and Modern Languages.

TIIE ADJECTIVE.

197. The Adjective.

99/206. Defective Comparison......... 103

198. Classification .

100 207. Comparison by Intensive Words 104

199. Other Classifications.

100 208. Adjectives not admitting Com-

200. The Derivation of Adjectives... 101 parison

201. Comparison of Adjectives. 101 209. Comparative Etymology... 100

202. Simple or Terminational Com 210. Numerals

102 211. Classification ..

203. Compound Comparison

102 212. Compound Numerals

204. Irregular Comparison..

103 213. Plural Forms of Cardinal Num-

205. Irregular Terminations..

214. The Article

107 216. The Article "an" or "a".

215. Relation of the Articles to the 1217. The Article "the"

...... 107/218. Comparative Etymology

219. The Pronoun

109 232. Self used with the Personal

220. Classification

Pronouns as a Reflective Pro-

221. The Extent of Pronouns

222. The Value of Pronouns ........ 110 233. Self a Substantive ............ 115

223. Personal Pronouns,

110 234. “Self" emphatic

224. Declension of Personal Pronouns 111 235. Demonstrative Pronouns.

225. Pronouns of the First Person... 111 236. Comparative Etymology

226. Substitution of Plurality for 237. Relative Pronouns.

112 238. Compound Relatives.

227. Pronouns of the Second Person 112 239. Subjunctive and Prepositive Pro.

228. Substitution of Plurality for

113 240. Interrogative Pronouns

229. Pronouns of the Third Person .. 113 241. Comparative Etymology

230. The German Usage

114 242. Adjective Pronouns.

231. Emphatic and Prepositive Forms 243. Reciprocal Pronouns

of the Possessive Case ....... 114 244. Indeterminate Pronouns ....

123 270. Classification of Auxiliary Verbs 134

246. Becker's Views

123 271. Derivation of Auxiliary Verbs .. 134

247. Classification of Verbs

123 272. Classification of Auxiliary Verbs,

248. Transitive Verbs..

in respect to their Mode of

249. Intransitive Verbs

250. The Attributes of Verbs. 125 273. Conjugation of the Auxiliary

251. The Persons of Verbs....

252. Numbers of Verbs

126 274. The Verb Substantive.

253. Tenses of the Verb...

126 275. Conjugation of the Verb "to be" 139

251. Forms for the Present Tense ... 127 276. The Ancient or Strong Conjuga-

255. Forms for the Past Tense

256. Forms for the Future Tense... 127 277. Conjugation of the Strong Verb

257. Forms for the Present Perfect

128 278. Two Forms of the Subjunctive

258. Forms for the Past Perfect Tense 128

259, Forms for the Future Perfect 279. Progressive Forms.

129 280. Emphatic Forms

260. Modes of the Verb....

129 281. Interrogative Forms

261. The Anglo-Saxon Modes

130 282. The Modern or Weak Conjuga-

262. The Characteristics of the Modes 131

263. Inflection of the Infinitive 131 283. Conjugation of the Weak Verb

264. The Number of Modes

265. The Participles. ....

132 284. Irregular Verbs.

266. The Present Participle..

132 285. Derived Verbs..

267. The Past Participle.

133 286. Reflective Verbs

............. 161

268. Conjugation .....

133 287. Impersonal Verbs.............. 162

269. Auxiliary Verbs

134 288. Defective Verbs................ 163

289. Adverbs...

164 294. Adverbial Phrases

290. Origin of Adverbs

165 295. Comparison of Adverbs.

291. Adverbial Pronouns...

165 296. Classification of Adverbs

292. Adverbs from Cases..

166 297. Primitive Adverbs of Place, with

293. Adverbs having the same Form

the analogous formations from

as Adjectives.......

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