Metropolis out of the City, Town Improvement Commissioners or Trustees (if any), or the Justices in petty sessions. Any Petroleum so kept in contravention to be forfeited, and the occupier of the premises to incur a penalty not exceeding 2017. a day (ss. 3, 4). Any two of the persons constituting the Local Authority may grant a license; but conditions may be annexed, any violation of which will cancel the license (s. 5). Appeal to the Secretary of State in Great Britain, or Lord-Lieutenant in Ireland, in case such license be refused, or against conditions, who may grant license, or modify conditions (s. 6). Penalties. recoverable before two Justices as therein set forth (ss. 7, 8). Petroleum may be searched for in the same manner as Gunpowder under 23 & 24 Vict. c. 139 (vide supra), s. 9. Powers to be in addition to previously existing powers, or as to penalty in respect of a nuisance (s. 10).

PROTECTION OF CHIMNEY-SWEEPERS.

To put an end to the cruelty formerly practised upon children employed by Chimney-Sweepers, usually called climbingboys, it is enacted by the Chimney-Sweepers Act, that any person who compels, or knowingly allows, any person under the age of twenty-one years to ascend or descend a Chimney, or enter a flue for the purpose of sweeping, cleaning, or coring the same, or for extinguishing fire therein, shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding 107. (3 & 4 Vict. c. 85, s. 2), or imprisonment not exceeding six months, with or without hard labour (27 & 28 Vict. c. 37, ss. 9 and 11). No Child under ten years old is to be employed to assist in doing any work in the business of a Chimney-Sweeper elsewhere than within the House, Place of business, or Yard of such Chimney-Sweeper (27 & 28 Vict. c. 37, s. 6). No Chimney-Sweeper shall allow any person under sixteen years old under his control to enter any house for the purpose of sweeping, cleaning, or coring any chimney, or extinguishing fire in any Chimney therein, or to be therein while he is him

self so employed (s. 7), under penalty for either offence not exceeding 107. (s. 8). In any case the proof of age shall lie on the defendant (s. 10). No child under sixteen years shall be apprenticed to a Chimney-Sweeper, and every such indenture is declared void (a) (3 & 4 Vict. c. 85, s. 3) (b). All partitions between any Chimney or flue to be built or rebuilt must be of brick or stone at least equal to half a brick in thickness, of sound materials, and well cemented within; and every Chimney or flue thereafter to be built in any wall of greater length than four feet out of the wall, not being a circular Chimney, or flue twelve inches in diameter, must be in every section of the same not less than fourteen inches by nine inches; and no Chimney, &c., is to have any angle therein less obtuse than 120 degrees; and every projecting angle in any Chimney, &c., is to be rounded off at least four inches, upon pain of forfeiture by every master builder who causes to be made such Chimney, of not less than 107., nor exceeding 501.: Provided that Chimneys may be built at angles with each other of 90 degrees and more, such Chimneys having proper doors or openings not less than six inches square (s. 6). Penalties, on conviction before two Justices, to be levied and applied in manner prescribed, subject to appeal to the Quarter Sessions (ss. 7 to 12).

SAFETY FROM FIRE.

In Districts where the Public Health and Local Government Acts are applied, or places under any Local Act with which the provisions of the Police Clauses Act with respect to Fires

(a) By 24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, it is enacted, that any person wilfully neglecting to provide any apprentice or servant necessary food, clothing, or lodging, or causing the same any bodily harm, so that life or health be endangered or permanently injured, or exposing any child under two years with like effect, shall be liable to penal servitude for three years, or imprisonment, not exceeding two years, with or without hard labour (ss. 26, 27).

(b) In R. v. Epsom, 24 L. J. M. C. 119, it was held, that a child might voluntarily bind himself apprentice to a chimney-sweeper, provided he be in fact above eight years old.

are incorporated, any person wilfully setting fire to any Chimney is liable to a penalty not exceeding 57., but not thereby to be exempted from indictment for felony (10 & 11 Vict. c. 89, s. 30). Penalty not exceeding 10s. for carelessness, whereby any Chimney accidentally catch fire (s. 31). The Local Board of Health may provide Fire-Engines, buckets, pipes, escapes, &c., and employ Firemen (s. 32); and may send the same beyond the district, at the expense of the owner of the premises on fire, to be determined by two Justices (s. 33). The Board must also cause Fire-plugs, with all necessary works and Water in connection therewith, to be provided and maintained, and indicate the situation thereof on the neighbouring walls, &c. (10 & 11 Vict. c. 34, s. 124).

Under the Metropolitan Building Act (18 & 19 Vict. c. 122, s. 109), the provisions of the 14 Geo. 3, c. 78, which guard against fire within the City of London and the Bills of Mortality, &c., are expressly continued. By the last-named Act it is provided that Fire-Engines and ladders shall be kept in certain known places; fire-plugs fixed on the mains; and marks placed to indicate where such plugs are to be found, with keys to open the same (s. 74). Engines and ladders to be kept by every parish under penalty on the Churchwardens for default (s. 75). Turncocks to be rewarded for early supply of water at fires (s. 76). The expenses are to be paid out of the Poor Rates (s. 81). Insurance Companies may lay out insurance in rebuilding houses destroyed by fire (s. 83). Servants by negligence causing any buildings to be fired liable to forfeit 1007., and in default to be imprisoned with hard labour for the space of eighteen months (s. 84).

FOOD AND POISON.

MANUFACTURE OF BREAD.

ADULTERATION OF BREAD ACT.

WITH a view to prevent injury to health by the improper adulteration of Bread, it is provided by the 6 & 7 Will. 4, c. 37 (practically extending the 3 Geo. 4, c. 106, which contains similar provisions, within the bills of mortality and ten miles of the Royal Exchange), that beyond the bills of mortality and ten miles from the Royal Exchange, no Baker shall use any mixture or ingredient in the making of Bread for sale other than flour or meal of wheat, barley, rye, oats, buck-wheat, Indian-corn, peas, beans, rice, or potatoes, with any common salt, pure water, eggs, milk, barm, leaven, potato or other yeast (s. 2), on any pretence, under a penalty for every offence not exceeding 107. nor less than 57., or, in default, imprisonment not exceeding six months; and the offender's name may be published in the newspaper (s. 8). Penalty for adulterating corn-meal or flour, or for selling flour of one kind of grain as the flour of another sort of grain, not exceeding 207. nor less than 57. (s. 9). All Bread made wholly or partly of potatoes, or any corn or grain other than wheat, is to be marked with a large roman M, under penalty of 10s. for every pound sold without being so marked (s. 10). Justices may cause premises to be searched for any ingredient intended for adulteration, and seize any meal, flour, dough, or bread, deemed to have been adulterated,

and dispose of the same at their discretion (s. 11). Penalty on any such articles being found, not exceeding 107. nor less than 40s. for the first offence, 51. for the second, and 107. for every subsequent offence, or, in default, not exceeding six months' imprisonment. And the offender's name may be published in the newspapers (s. 12). Penalties for obstructing search, mode of proceeding for recovery thereof, &c. (ss. 13 to 32).

The Local Authority, under the Nuisances Act, may enter any premises at all reasonable hours to inspect any fruit, vegetables, corn, bread, flour, &c. (18 & 19 Vict. c. 121, s. 11). [See "Diseased Meat."]

ADULTERATION OF FOOD AND DRINK.

FOOD ANALYSIS ACT.

By the 23 & 24 Vict. c. 84, every person who sells any article of Food or Drink with which, to the knowledge of such person, any ingredient injurious to health, &c., has been mixed, or sells as pure any such article Adulterated or not pure, shall, on summary conviction, forfeit not exceeding 51. and costs; and on repetition of the offence, offender's name may be published at his expense in the newspapers (s. 1). The Local Authorities (a), subject to the approval of the Secretary of State, and in Ireland of the Lord-Lieutenant, may appoint persons possessed of competent medical, chemical, and microscopical knowledge, as Analysts of all articles of Food and Drink purchased within their districts (s. 2). Notice by the purchaser of his intention to have the Analysis to be given to the seller, who may attend the Analyst, together with the purchaser (s. 3).

(a) The Commissioners of Sewers in the city of London, Vestries and District Boards under the Metropolis Local Management Act, the Court of Quarter Sessions in counties in England and Ireland, the Commissioners of Supply in Scotland, and the Town Council in Boroughs.