notice to the Board of Trade, within one month after which the Board may appoint an Inspector to report thereon (ss. 5, 6), and certify their approval or the contrary (s. 7). After disapproval the Company must not use such source (s. 8). The Board of Trade may also, on complaint of twenty ratepayers, inquire as to the quantity or quality of the water supplied by any Company (ss. 9, 10). Penalty not exceeding 101. for obstructing Inspector (s. 11). If well founded, the Company must remove the grounds of complaint (ss. 12, 13). Every steamengine of any Company is to be constructed to consume its own smoke (s. 14). Subject to the provisions of any special Act, every company is to keep in their mains a constant supply of pure water, sufficient for the use of all houses supplied at such pressure as will make the water reach the top story of the highest house (within certain limits in the case of the Kent, Hampstead, and East London Companies), if so required by fourfifths of the owners or occupiers of such houses, they being first supplied with arrangements for such distribution, which may be ascertained by the Company's Surveyor-provided that, with consent of the Board of Trade, such supply may be given in succession to the districts of the Company; and they may cut off such supply, after notice, from any house not provided with arrangements in conformity with their regulations (s. 15). Any Company shall be liable to a penalty of 2007. for non-compliance, and 1007. a month during neglect (s. 16). Every Company shall keep a map of the mains in their district open to inspection (s. 17), and furnish information thereon to any person supplied (s. 18). Yearly accounts to be kept and audited, and a copy furnished to the vestry clerk of every parish, under penalty of 207., &c., and open to inspection, by any person, on payment of 1s. (s. 19). The Board of Trade may prosecute any Company for violation of the provisions of the Act (ss. 20, 21). Where water is constantly laid on all houses are to be supplied with proper apparatus for preventing waste or undue consumption, &c., which may be inspected by the Surveyor, and in case of non-repair, after notice, the supply may be cut off (s. 22).

Every receptacle supplied must be so constructed as to prevent waste or undue consumption, and the return of foul air into the pipes, otherwise such cisterns, &c., may not be supplied (s. 23). No person to lay down pipes without notice to the Company (s. 24). The supply may be cut off, in case of wilful waste or contamination of the water by any person, against whom damages may also be recovered (s. 25). Companies may make regulations, with the approval of the Board of Trade, as to size and use of pipes, &c., to prevent waste, &c. (s. 26). The owner or occupier of any house not supplied with water may be required by the Churchwardens or Overseers (with the consent of the Vestry) of the parish to obtain such supply and do all necessary works within a time specified by notice, and in case of noncompliance the Churchwardens, &c., may execute such works at the expense of the owner, recoverable in like manner as poorrates; and the Company must supply such house at a rate, after deducting an allowance of 20 per cent., not exceeding 3d. per week, payable by the owner or his agent (s. 27).

BATHS AND WASH-HOUSES.

PUBLIC HEALTH AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACTS.

In Districts to which the Public Health and Local Government Acts are applied, the Local Board of Health may supply water from any works belonging to them to any Public Baths or Wash-houses (11 & 12 Vict. c. 63, s. 77). They may also construct new cisterns, pumps, &c., for the gratuitous supply of such Baths or Wash-houses not established for private profit or supported out of rates (s. 78); and the Local Board may, at the option of the Vestry, be the Commissioners for the execution within their District of the Public Baths and Wash-houses Acts (21 & 22 Vict. c. 98, s. 47). The Board may make ByeLaws with respect to any public bathing-place within their Dis

trict, for regulating the position and use of Bathing Machines (a), Boats, &c. (Ib. s. 44; and 10 & 11 Vict. c. 89, s. 69).

BATHS AND WASH-HOUSES ACTS.

To encourage the establishment of Public Baths and Washhouses, it is enacted by the 9 & 10 Vict. c. 74, that the Council of any Borough, or Commissioners appointed with the approval of the Secretary of State, in any parish, upon resolution of twothirds of the ratepayers voting at a Vestry specially called for the purpose (ss. 3 to 11), may erect or convert any buildings. into Public Baths and Wash-houses, with or without open drying grounds, and make any open bathing places and supply the same with all requisite furniture, conveniences, &c. (b) (s. 25). For which purpose they may appoint officers (s. 12), and shall keep minutes of their proceedings (s. 13), and accounts open to inspection (s. 14), to be duly audited, &c. (s. 15). Any expenses above receipts, except in Boroughs, to be paid out of the poor-rate upon order of the Vestry (ss. 16 and 17). Any receipts beyond expenses to be paid in aid of the poor-rate (s. 18). Several parishes may concur in providing Baths, &c. (s. 19). Commissioners incorporated (s. 20) may borrow money on security of the rates (s. 21), which the Public Works Loan Commissioners may lend (c) (s. 22). The Companies Clauses

(a) Parts of the sea-shore at H. had been used from time immemorial for bathing, before machines were used. A Board under the Local Government Act incorporating the Police Clauses Act, (by which bathing except from licensed machines is prohibited,) licensed defendant to place his machines on plaintiff's part of the shore: Held, that the defendant had no right to do so. Erle, C. J.-"The statutes relied on are prohibitory only. For the sake of decency they have required that bathing should be subject to certain restrictions. But I cannot find that the restrictive provisions of the Acts take away any rights of the owners of the sea-shore." (Mace v. Philcox, 3 New

Reports, 472.)

(b) Where injury was caused to a person who had paid for the use of a wringing machine, the dangerous condition of which had been pointed out, it was held that the Commissioners, who had undertaken a statutory duty (under the 9 & 10 Vict. c. 74), which bound them to exercise ordinary care in providing machines reasonably safe, were liable for the injury sustained. (Cowling v. Sunderland, Mayor, &c., 6 H. & N. 565.)

(c) See note, p. 126.

D

Act, 1845, with respect to Mortgages, Accountability of Officers, Bye Laws, Recovery of Damages and Penalties, &c., incorporated (s. 23) (a). Lands may be purchased with the sanction of the Vestry, and borough or parish lands may be appropriated with the approval of the Treasury (s. 24; and 10 & 11 Vict. c. 61, s. 4). Commissioners empowered to make contracts for the purposes of the Act in manner prescribed (9 & 10 Vict. c. 74, s. 26), or to purchase existing Baths, &c. (s. 27). Water and gas companies may supply such Baths, &c., gratuitously, or on favourable terms (s. 28).

(a) Under the Companies Clauses Act (8 Vict. c. 16), the Commissioners may borrow from time to time on mortgage or bonds (s. 38), and reborrow to pay off existing charges (s. 39). Mortgages and bonds to be under seal and stamped, &c. (s. 41). No mortgagee or obligee to have priority over another by reason of date (ss. 42, 44). Register of incumbrances and transfers to be kept, and be open to inspection (ss. 46, 47). If no time fixed by the instrument, such charges may be paid off after the expiration of twelve months on giving six months' notice, or payment may be demanded on like notice (ss. 51, 52). Accounts to be open to inspection of incumbrancers (s. 55). Commissioners shall take security from any officer entrusted with money (s. 109), who shall duly account (s. 110), and on failure may be summoned before two Justices, who may levy any balance by distress, or in default commit the offender without bail for not exceeding three months (s. 111). For refusing to deliver up books, &c., offender may be committed until he deliver them up (s. 112). [See note, p. 114.] If any officer about to abscond, warrant may issue (s. 113). Commissioners may make Bye-Laws, under seal, to be given to every officer affected thereby (s. 124); and impose penalties not exceeding 51. for breach of such Bye-Laws (s. 125). Production of ByeLaws under seal to be evidence (s. 127). Damages, costs, or expenses may be determined by two Justices, leviable after seven days by distress (s. 142). Any such distress against the Commissioners for not exceeding 207., may, after notice, be levied on the Treasurer (s. 143). One or two Justices may act (s. 144). Penalties under Bye-Laws to be printed on boards, and published on the premises (s. 145). Penalty for defacing such boards not exceeding 57. (s. 146). All penalties may be recovered in a summary manner (s. 147), and levied by distress (s. 148). In default offender may be imprisoned not exceeding three months (s. 149). Mode of distress (s. 150). Not unlawful for want of form (s. 151). One-half of penalty may be paid to the informer, and the remainder for the benefit of the poor (s. 152), to be sued for within six months of the offence (s. 153). Damage may be recovered in addition to any penalty (s. 154). Witnesses failing to give evidence shall forfeit not exceeding 57. (s. 155). Any offender whose name and residence is unknown may be apprehended by any officer or agent without warrant (s. 156). Conviction not to be quashed for want of form (s. 158).

Commissioners not to be personally liable (s. 29). If, after seven years, any such Baths, &c., be found too expensive, they may be sold, with the approval of the Treasury, for the benefit of the borough or parish (s. 32). Commissioners may make Bye-Laws, with the approval of the Secretary of State (s. 34), which are to be hung up in every bath-room, &c. (s. 35). The number of baths, washing-tubs or troughs, for the labouring classes, not to be less than twice the number supplied for any higher classes (s. 36; and 10 & 11 Vict. c. 61, s. 5). Charges to be made for the use of such baths, wash-houses, and bathing places, not exceeding, for the labouring classes, one penny for a cold and twopence for a warm bath. Bathing in an open bathing place, one halfpenny; and one penny for one, and threepence for two, hours' use of a washing-tub, copper and boiler, and drying conveniences (ib. s. 7).

REMOVAL OF NUISANCES.

PUBLIC HEALTH AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACTS.

For the purpose of securing the proper Removal of Nuisances and means for periodical surface cleansing, Local Boards of Health may provide within their Districts boxes for the collection of dust, ashes, and rubbish; also places for the deposit of sewage, filth, dust, &c., collected by them (11 & 12 Vict. c. 63, 8.56). The Board may undertake or contract for the cleansing and watering of streets, removal of house refuse, cleansing of privies, ashpits, and cesspools; profits from the sale of such matters to be carried to the District fund account. Penalty for obstructing such removal, in case of the occupier of a house (except manure produced on his own premises, removed for sale, or applied to his own use, and kept so as not to be a nuisance), not exceeding 40s. ; in case of other persons, not exceeding 57. Where the Board do not undertake or contract for the cleansing of footways, or for such removal