TENTER, TO PUT A PIECE OF CLOTH ON THE. While the piece is yet quite wet, one end is fastened to one of the ends of the tenter; then it is pulled by force of arms towards the other end, to bring it to the length required; that other end being fastened, the upper list is hooked on to the upper cross-piece, and the lowest list to the lowest cross-piece, which is afterwards lowered by force, till the piece have its desired breadth. Being thus well stretched, both as to length and breadth, they brush it with a stiff hair-brush, and thus let it dry. Then they take it off; and, til they wet it again, it will retain the length and breadth the tenter gave it. TENTERDEN, a market-town in Tenterden hundred, lathe of Scray, Kent, five miles east by south from Cranbrook, and fifty-seven east by south of London. The church, standing at the north end of the town, has a lofty steeple, on which formerly was a beacon, for alarming the country in case of invasion. Here are two chapels for dissenters, a free-school, a town-hall in which assemblies are occasionally held, and a market-house. At the first introduction of the woollen manufacture, this place had a considerable trade in weaving, but at present the grazing business is the chief occupation of its inhabitants. This is a member of the cinque ports, and is annexed to the town of Rye; the corporation consists of a mayor, twelve jurats, and twelve common-councilmen. Market on Friday. Fairs, first Monday in May, for cattle and pedlary. TENTH, AND FIRST FRUITS OF SPIRITUAL PREFERMENTS, a branch of the king's revenue. See REVENUE. These were originally a part of the papal usurpations over the clergy of this kingdom; which were annexed to the revenue of the crown. By statute 26 Hen. VIII. c. 3 (confirmed by stat. 1 Eliz. c. 4) queen Anne granted her royal charter, which was confirmed by the stat. 2 Anne c. 11, whereby all the revenue of first fruits and tenths is vested in trustees for ever to form a perpetual fund for the augmentation of poor livings. This is usually called Queen Anne's bounty; which has been still farther regulated by subsequent statutes. TENTHREDO, the saw-fly, a genus of insects belonging to the order of hymenoptera. The mouth is furnished with jaws, which are horny, arched, dentated within; the right jaw being obtuse at the apex; the lip cylindrical, trifid; there are four feelers, unequal and filiform; the wings are plain and turned; the sting consists of two serrated laminæ, and the scutellum of two grains placed at a distance. Gmelin mentions 143 species. These insects are not very shy. Some by means of their saw deposit in the buds of flowers, others on the twigs of trees or shrubs, eggs from which are produced caterpillars. The implement with which they are armed is nowise formidable; as it appears only destined to the purpose of depositing their eggs. TENTZELIUS (William Ernest), a learned German, born at Armstadt in Thuringia, in 1659. He wrote, 1. Saxonia Numismatica, in 4 vols.; and 2. Supplementum Historiæ Gothanæ, 3 tom. 4to.-Moreri. TENU'ITY, n. s. Į Fr. tenuité; Lat. tenu- exility; smallness; meanness: the adjective corresponding. Firs and pines mount of themselves in height without side boughs; partly heat, and partly tenuity of juice, sending the sap upwards. Bacon's Natural History. The tenuity and contempt of clergymen will soon let them see what a poor carcass they are, when parted from the influence of that supremacy. King Charles. Another way of their attraction is by a tenuous emanation, or continued effluvium, which after some distance retracteth unto itself. Browne's Vulgar Errours. Consider the divers figurings of the brain; the strings or filaments thereof; their difference in teGlanville's Scepsis. nuity, or aptness for motion. Aliment, circulating through an animal body, is reduced to an almost imperceptible tenuity before it can serve animal purposes. Arbuthnot. At the height of four thousand miles the æther is of that wonderful tenuity, that if a small sphere of common air, of an inch diameter, should be expanded to the thinness of that æther, it would more than take up the orb of Saturn; which is many million times bigger than the earth. Bentley. TEN'URE, n. s. Fr. tenure; Lat. teneo. The legal manner in which a tenement is held. The service follows the tenure of lands; and the lands were given away by the kings of England tc those lords. Spenser. The uncertainty of tenure, by which all worldly things are held, ministers very unpleasant meditation Raleigh. Man must be known, his strength, his state, TENURE, in the English law, signifies the manner whereby lands or tenements are held, or the service that the tenant owes to his lord. Almost all the real property of England is by the policy of the law supposed to be granted by, dependent upon, and holden of, some superior lord, by and in consideration of certain services to be rendered to the lord by the tenant or possessor of this property. The thing holden is therefore styled a tenement, the possessors thereof tenants, and the manner of their possession a tenure. Thus all the lands of the kingdom are supposed to be holden, mediately or immediately, of the king; who is styled the lord paramount, or above all. Such tenants as held under the king immediately, when they granted out portions of the lands to inferior persons, became also lords with respect to those inferior persons, as they were still tenants with respect to the king; and, thus partaking of a middle nature, were called mesne or middle lords. All tenures being thus derived from the king, those that held immediately under him, in right of his crown and dignity, were called his tenants in capite, or in chief. 'Tenements are of two kinds, franktenement and villenage. And, of frank-tenements, some are held freely in consideration of homage and knight-service; others in free-soccage, with the service of fealty only. And again, of villenages, some are pure, and others privileged. He that holds in pure villenage shall do whatsoever is commanded him, and always be bound to an uncertain service. The other kind of villenage is called villein-soccage; and these villeinsocmen do villein-services, but such as are cer are agreed to be a Danish custom, are a render of the best beast or other good (as the custom may be) to the lord on the death of the tenant. This is plainly a relic of villein tenure; there being originally less hardship in it, when all the goods and chattels belonged to the lord, and he might have seized them even in the villein's lifetime. These are incident to both species of copyhold; but wardship and fines to those of inheritance only. Wardship, in copyhold estates, partakes both of that in chivalry and that in soccage. Like that in chivalry, the lord is the legal guardian, who usually assigns some relation of the infant tenant to act in his stead; and he, like guardian in soccage, is accountable to his ward for the profits. Of fines, some are in the nature of primer-seisins, due on the death of each tenant; others are mere fines for alienations of the lands; in some manors only one of those sorts can be demanded, in some both, and in others neither. They are sometimes arbitrary and at the will of the lord, sometimes fixed by custom; but, even when arbitrary, the courts of law, in favor of the liberty of copyholders, have tied them down to be reasonable in their extent; otherwise they might amount to disherison of the estate. No fine therefore is allowed to be taken upon descents and alienations (unless in particular circumstances) of more than two years improved value of the estate. From this instance we may judge of the favorable disposition that the law of England (which is a law of liberty) hath always shown to this species of tenants, by removing, as far as possible, every real badge of slavery from them, however some nominal ones may continue. It suffered custom very early to get the better of the express terms upon which they held their lands; by declaring that the will of the lord was to be interpreted by the custom of the manor; and, where no custom has been suffered to grow up to the prejudice of the lord, as in this case of arbitrary fines, the law itself interposes in an equitable method, and will not suffer the lord to extend his power so far as to disinherit the tenant. 4. There is yet a fourth species of tenure, described by Bracton, under the name sometimes of privileged villenage, and sometimes of villein-soccage. See VILLENAGE, PRIVILEGED. There is still one other species of tenure, reserved by the statute of Charles II., which is of a spiritual nature, and called the tenure in FRANK ALMOIGN; see that article. tain and determined.' Of which the sense seems to be as follows: first, where the service was free, but uncertain, as military service with homage, that tenure was called the tenure in chivalry, per servitium militaire, or by knight-service. Secondly, where the service was not only free, but also uncertain, as by fealty only, by rent and fealty, &c., that tenure was called liberum socagium, or free soccage. These were the only free holdings or tenements; the others were villenous or servile: as, thirdly, where the service was base in its nature, and uncertain as to time and quantity, the tenure was purum villenagium, absolute or pure villenage. Lastly, where the service was base in its nature, but reduced to a certainty, this was still villenage, but distinguished from the other by the name of privileged villenage, villinagium privelegiatum; or it might still be called soccage (from the uncertainty of its services), but degraded by their baseness into the inferior title of villanum socagium, villein-soccage. 1. The military tenure, or that by knight-service, was done away by stat. 12 Car. II. For an account of this species of tenure see FEUDAL SYSTEM, and KNIGHT-SERVICE; and for its incidents, see RELIEF, PRIMER-SEISIN, WARDSHIP, MARRIAGE, FINES, and ESCHEAT. 2. The second species of tenure or free-soccage, not only subsists to this day, but has in a manner absorbed and swallowed up (since the statute of Charles II.) almost every other other species of tenure. See SOCCAGE. The other grand division of tenure, mentioned by Bracton, is that of villenage, as contradistinguished from liberum tenementum, or franktenure. And this he subdivides into two classes, pure and privileged villenage; whence have arisen two other species of our modern tenures. 3. From the tenure of pure villenage have sprung the present copyhold tenures, or tenure by copy of court-roll at the will of the lord. See MANOR. Two main principles are held to be the supporters of a copyhold tenure, and without which it cannot exist: 1. That the lands be parcel of and situate within that manor under which it is held. 2. That they have been demised, or demisable, by copy of court-roll immemorially. For immemorial custom is the life of all tenures by copy; so that no new copyhold can, strictly speaking, be granted at this day. In some manors, where the custom hath been to permit the heir to succeed the ancestor in his tenure, the estates are styled copyholds of inheritance; in others, where the lords have been more vigilant to maintain their rights, they remain copyholds for life only; for the custom of the manor has in both cases so far superseded the will of the lord, that, provided the services be performed or stipulated for by fealty, he cannot in the first instance refuse to admit the heir of the tenant upon his death; nor, in the second, can he remove his present tenant so long as he lives, though he holds nominally by the precarious tenure of his lord's will. The fruits and appendages of a copyhold tenure, that it hath in common with free tenures, are fealty, services (as well in rents as otherwise), reliefs, and escheats. The two latter belong only to copyholds of inheritance; the former to those for life also. But, besides these, copyholds have also heriots, wardship, and fines. Heriots, which TEQUENDAMA, CATARACT OF, a remarkable fall of the Rio Bogota, in South America. This river receives numerous tributary streams as it passes over the plain of Bogota, and it is about 140 feet in breadth, a short distance above the fall. Approaching the crevice through which it dashes, its breadth is diminished to thirty-five; when, with accumulated force, it rushes down a perpendicular rock at two bounds, to the astonishing depth of 600 feet, into a dark unfathomable gulf, out of which the river again issues under the name of Rio Meta, and continues its course, by an immense descent, till it joins the Magdalena. In the fall of this river may be observed a strange variety of climate. The plain of Bogota is covered with crops of wheat, with oaks, elms, and other productions of a temperate region. At the foot of the fall are seen the palms of the equinoctial low lands. The face of the rock, which finishes and borders the vast plain of Bogota, near the cataract, is so steep that it takes three hours to descend from the river Funza to the Rio Meta; and the basin or gulf cannot be approached very close, as the rapidity of the water, the deafening noise of the fall, and dense mass of vapor, render it impossible to get nearer the edges of the abyss than 400 or 500 feet. The loneliness of the spot, the dreadful noise, and the beauty of the vegetation, render this situation one of the wildest and most picturesque scenes in the whole world. TERAPHIM, or THERAPHIM, a word in the Hebrew language, which has exercised much the ingenuity of the critics. It occurs thirteen or fourteen times in the Old Testament, and is commonly interpreted idols. TERCE, n. s. Fr. tierce; Lat. triens. A vessel containing forty-two gallons, or the third part of a butt or pipe of wine. TERCERA, an island forming part of the group of the Azores, near the coast of Africa. The Portuguese gave this name to it from its being the third in succession that was discovered. In consequence of its central situation, and the safety of the roadstead at Angra, it has been made the seat of government; and it is about fifty-four miles in circumference, surrounded with steep rocks, which render it inaccessible, except at a few points, which are strongly fortified. The interior is extremely agreeable, the summits of the mountains consisting, for the most part, of beautiful and fertile plains, abundantly supplied with fine water. Vines are cultivated, but the wine is by no means excellent. Agriculture and pasturage are the chief employments; and fruit, grain, and cattle, are in such abundance, that the population, though amounting to 50,000 souls, subsist in the greatest plenty, and export corn to Lisbon. The only two places of consequence are Angra and Praya. TEREBELLA, the piercer, in entomology, a genus of insects belonging to the class of vermes and order of molusca. The body is filiform, the mouth placed before; the preputium puts forth a pedunculated tubulous gland. There are several : Salt serum may be evacuated by urine, by terebinthinates as tops of pine in all our ale. Floyer. TEREBRATULÆ, in zoology, or rather ich thyology, a species of anomia which have been supposed not to exist now but as petrified shells. See ANOMIA. This, however, is a mistake. The anomia is an inhabitant of every region, and has existed in every age. TER'EBRATE, v. a. Latin, terebro. To TEREBRATION, n. s. bore; perforate; pierce: the noun substantive corresponding. and also it maketh the fruit sweeter and better. Terebration of trees makes them prosper better; Bacon. Consider the threefold effect of Jupiter's trisulk, to burn, discuss, and terebrate. Browne's Vulgar Errours. Earth-worms are completely adapted to their way of life, for terebrating the earth and creeping. Derham. TEREDO, in entomology, a genus of vermes belonging to the order of testacea. The animal is a terebella; there are two valves, calcareous, hemispherical, and cut off before, and two lanceolated. The shell is tapering, bending, and capable of penetrating wood. There are only three species; viz. 1. T. clava, the nail worm. 2. T. navalis, the ship worm, has a very slender smooth cylindrical shell, inhabits the Indian seas, whence it was imported into Europe. It penetrates easily into the stoutest oak-planks, and produces dreadful destruction to the ships by the holes it makes in their sides; and it is to avoid the effects of this insect that vessels require sheathing. The head of this creature is coated with a strong armour, and furnished with a mouth like that of a leech; a little above this it has two horns which seem a kind of continuation of the shell; the neck is furnished with several strong muscles; the rest of the body is only covered by a very thin and transparent skin, through which the motion of the intestines is plainly seen by the naked eye. This creature is wonderfully minute when newly excluded from the egg, but it grows to the length of four or six inches, and sometimes more. When the bottom of a vessel, or any piece of wood which is constantly under water, is inhabited by these worms, it is full of small holes; but no damage appears till the outer parts are cut away. Then their shelly habitations come into view; in which there is a large space for enclosing the animal and surrounding it with water. There is an evident care in these creatures never to injure one another's habitations; by these means each case or shell is preserved entire. Dissection has shown that every individual has the parts of both sexes, and is therefore supposed to propagate by itself. 3. T. utriculus, the bottle worm. TEREDON, in ancient geography, a town on the coast of the Arabic Gulf.-Dion Perieg. TERENCE. See TERENTIUS. TERENTIA, 1. the wife of Cicero, and mo God to Satan first his doom applied ther of his son Marcus and his daughter Tul- man. TERENTIANUS. See MAURUS. TERENTIUS AFER (Publius or Terence), a celebrated comic poet of ancient Rome, born at Carthage in Africa. He was slave to Terentius Lucanus the senator, who gave him his liberty on account of his wit, his good mien, and great abilities. Terence, on his becoming a freedman, applied himself to the writing of comedies. Terence died while on a voyage into Greece, about the fifteenth year before the ChristThere are six of his comedies extant, of which the best editions are the Elzevir one ian era. Too long vacation hastened on his term. What are these to those vast heaps of crimes Hale. Dryden. Id. Men term what is beyond the limits of the universe imaginary space, as if nobody existed in it. Locke. Those parts of nature into which the chaos was divided, they signified by dark and obscure names, which we have expressed in their plain and proper terms. Burnet. We flattered ourselves with reducing France to our own terms by the want of money, but have been still rica. Addison. No; let us draw her term of freedom out Why should Rome fall a moment ere her time? In its full length, and spin it to the last. Did religion bestow heaven, without any terms or conditions, indifferently upon all, there would be no Bentley. ld. 1635, 12mo.; that cum integris notis Donati, et disappointed by the great sums imported from Ameselectis variorum, 1686, 8vo.; Westerhovius's, in 2 vols. 4to. 1726; and that of Bentley the same year, 4to. A very good English translation was published in 4to. 1768, by Mr. Colman. TERGIVERSATION, n. s. Lat. tergum and verso. Shift; subterfuge; evasion. Writing is to be preferred before verbal conference, as being freer from passions and tergiversations. Bishop Bramhall. The colonel, after all his tergiversations, lost his life in the king's service. Clarendon. TERLIZZI, a large town of Italy, in the south-east of Naples. Its population is said to amount to 8000, and it stands on the high road leading from the town of Bari on the coast, in a north-west direction, across the Ofanto or Aufidus. This part of Italy, the ancient Apulia, is thinly peopled; and Terlizzi has few manufactures. It stands twenty miles south of the site of Cannæ, and sixty north-west of Tarentum. TERM, n. s. & v. a. Lat. terminus. Limit; boundary: hence words expressing a certain TERM'ER, n. s. thing or meaning; lan guage; condition; limited time: for legal terms Id. Doomed for a certain term to walk the night. To apply notions philosophical to plebeian terms, or to say, where the notions cannot be fitly reconciled, that there wanted a term or nomenclature for it, be but shifts of ignorance. Bacon. Corruption is a reciprocal to generation; and they two are as nature's two terms or boundaries, and the guides to life and death. Id. Natural History. The clerks are partly rewarded by that means also, besides that termly fee which they are allowed. Nor have my title leaf on post or walls, Or in cleft sticks advanced to make calls For termers, or some clerk-like serving man. Bacon. Ben Jonson. The term suiters may speed their business for the end of these sessions delivereth them space enough to overtake the beginning of the terms. Carew. infidel. Had the Roman tongue continued vulgar, it would have been necessary, from the many terms of art required in trade and in war, to have made great additions to it. Swift. tion of time or estate; as a lease for term of life pression in a language. The word term (from TERM, in the arts, or term of art, is a word which, besides the literal and popular meaning which it has or may have in common language, bears a further and peculiar meaning in some art or science. The TERMS in law above enumerated are not observed by the high court of parliament, the chancery, and inferior courts; only the courts of which are the highest courts at common law. king's bench, common pleas, and exchequer, These terms are supposed by Mr. Selden to have been instituted by William the Conqueror; but Sir H. Spelman hath shown that they were gradually formed from the canonical constitutions of the church; being no other than those leisure seasons of the year which were not occupied by the great festivals or fasts, or which were not liable to the general avocations of rural business. Throughout all Christendom, in very early times, the whole year was one continued term for hearing and deciding causes. Oxford terms.-These are four; which begin and end as below: N. B. The Act is the first Monday after the 6th of July. When the day of the beginning or ending happens on a Sunday, the terms begin or end the day after. Cambridge terms.—These are three, as below: LENT-TERM Begins . January 13th. Ends Begins Friday before Palm-Sunday. EASTER-TERM Wednesday after Low-Sunday. Begins.. October 10th. Ends . December 16th. N. B. The commencement is the first Tuesday in July. There is no difference on account of the beginning or ending being Sunday. TERMS, IRISH. In Ireland the terms are the same as at London, except Michaelmas term, which begins October 13th, and adjourns to November 3rd, and thence to the 6th. perly under the neuroptera. The mouth has two horny jaws; the lip is horny and quadrifid, the lacinia being linear and acute; there are four feelers, which are equal and filiform. The antennæ are moniliform in most species, and the eyes two. There are eight species according to Gmelin; viz. T. arda, Capensis, destructor, divinatorius, fatalis, fatidicus, mordax, and pulsatorius. But, as Gmelin has followed the classification of Linnæus in arranging the termes under the order of aptera, it is not improbable that several of those which are mentioned as species of the termes may belong to a different genus. It will be sufficient here to describe the fatalis, which we are enabled to do from very accurate information. T. fatalis bellicosus, or the white ant, is of a yellow color above; the wings also yellowish; the costa is ferruginous; the stemmata are near the eyes, the central point being somewhat prominent. Of the white ant we have a very curious and interesting description in the Philosophical Transactions for 1781 by Mr. Henry Smeathman of Clement's Inn. According to this account the works of these insects surpass those of the bees, wasps, beavers, and other animals, as much at least as those of the most polished European nations excel those of the least cultivated savages. In the interior construction of their habitations they appear greatly to exceed any work of human construction. The most striking parts of these structures are the royal apartments, the nurseries, magazines of TERMS, SCOTTISH. The court of session has provisions, arched chambers and galleries, with two terms, the winter and summer. The winter their various communications; the ranges of gobegins on the 12th of November, and ends the thic-shaped arches, projected, and not formed 11th of March, only there is a recess of three by mere excavation, some of which are two or weeks at Christmas. The summer term com- three feet high, but which diminish rapidly like mences on the 12th of May, and ends the 11th the arches of aisles in perspective; the various of July. The court of exchequer has four terms. roads, sloping staircases, and bridges, consisting 1. Candlemas term begins January 15th, and of one vast arch, and constructed to shorten the ends February 3rd. 2. Whitsuntide term begins distance between the several parts of the buildMay 12th, and ends June 2nd. 3. Lammas ing, which would otherwise communicate only term begins June 17th, and ends July 5th. 4. by winding passages. In some parts near SeneMartinmas term begins November 24th, and gal their number, magnitude, and closeness of ends December 20th. situation, make them appear like the villages of the natives. But these and many other curious instances of the great sagacity and powers of these insects cannot be understood without viewing the plates in which their feeble frames, and comparatively stupendous works, are delineated. See Philosophical Transactions above referred to. There are three distinct ranks among them. These are, first, the laborers, or working insects; next the soldiers, or fighting order, who do no kind of labor, and are about twice as long as the former, and equal in bulk to about fifteen of them; and, lastly, the winged or perfect insects, which may be called the nobility or gentry of the state; for they neither labor nor fight, being scarcely capable even of self-defence. These only are capable of being elected kings or queens; and nature has so ordered it that they emigrate within a few weeks after they are elevated to this state, and either establish new kingdoms or perish within a day or two.' The first order, the working insects, are most numerous, being in the proportion of 100 to one of the soldiers. In this state they are about a quarter of an inch long, TER'MAGANT, adj. & n. s. I Sax. zyn and "Twas time to counterfeit, or that hot termagant For zeal's a dreadful termagant, Tatler. The eldest was a termagant, imperious, prodigal, profligate wench. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull. The sprites of fiery termagants in flame Mount up, and take a salamander's name. Pope. By a violent termagancy of temper, she may never suffer him to have a moment's peace. Barker. TERMES, in entomology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of aptera according to Linnæus; but by others it is arranged more pro |