In places solemnly dedicated for that purpose, is a more direct service and testification of our homage to God. South. TESTIMONY, n. s. & v. a. Lat. testimonium. Evidence given; proof by witness; public or open attestation: to witness.

The proof of every thing must be by the testimony of such as the parties produce. Spenser.

If I bring you sufficient testimony, my ten thousand ducats are mine. Shakspeare. Cymbeline. Let him be but testimonied in his own bringings forth, and he shall appear a scholar, a statesman, and a soldier. Shakspeare.

To quote a modern Dutchman, where I may use a classic author, is as if I were to justify my reputation, and neglect all persons of note and quality that know me, and bring the testimonial of the scullion in the

kitchen.

Selden.

Hospitable people entertain all the idle vagrant reports, and send them out with passports and testimonials, and will have them pass for legitimate.

Government of the Tongue. TESTUDO, the tortoise, in zoology, a genus belonging to the class of amphibia, and order of reptilia. The body has a tail, and is defended with a bony or coriaceous covering. The mouth has naked mandibles without teeth. There are thirty-three species, of which

TESTUDO MIDAS, the common sea turtle, is the most remarkable. It is found in the island of Ascension and other places in the South Sea. The shell is so very strong that it can carry more than 600 lbs. on its back, or as many men as can stand on it loaded. It digs round holes in the sand, in which it lays a vast number of eggs yearly, to the amount of 1000, it is said. It broods on them during the night. Its flesh is of a greenish color, makes excellent food, and is the favorite dish of sailors as well as of epicures. It lives on cuttle and shell fish, and grows to a prodigious size, some having been found to weigh 480 lbs. The Americans find so good account in catching turtle, that they have made themselves very expert at it; they watch them from their nests on shore, in moon-light nights; and, before they reach the sea, turn them on their backs, and leave them till morning; when they are sure to find them, since they are utterly unable to recover their former posture; at other times they hunt them in boats, with a peculiar kind of spear, striking them with it through the

shell; and, as there is a cord fastened to the spear they are taken much in the same manner as the whales.

TESTUDO, in antiquity, was particularly used among the poets, &c., for the ancient lyre; because it was originally made by its inventor Mercury, of the back or hollow of the testudo aquatica, or sea tortoise, which he accidentally found on the banks of the river Nile. See LYRE.

TESTUDO, in the military art of the ancients, was a kind of cover or screen which the soldiers, e. gr. a whole company, made themselves of their bucklers, by holding them up over their heads, and standing close to each other.

TESTUDO was also a kind of large wooden tower which moved on several wheels, and was covered with bullock hides, serving to shelter the soldiers when they approached the walls to mine them, or batter them with rams. It was called testudo, from the strength of its roof, which covered the workmen as the shell does the tor

toise.

TETANUS, a dreadful spasmodic disorder, in which the whole body becomes rigid and inflexible. It most commonly proves mortal. See MEDICINE.

TETBURY, a market-town in the county of Gloucester, and on the verge of the county of Wilts. It once boasted of a good trade in the woollen manufactory, which has of late years declined materially; indeed the place is rendered uncommonly dull, in consequence of the desertion of trade. The town is much esteemed for the salubrity of its air, and richness of its soil; the streets are capacious and clean, and the houses principally built of small stone, covered with mortar. The church, which was rebuilt in 1781, is a rich and beautiful specimen of modern Gothic architecture. There is a spacious markethouse and a convenient town hall. The Bristol Avon river takes its rise in this parish, which it leaves immediately, and passing by Brokenborough, Malmesbury, Chippenham, Bradford, and Bath, (where it becomes navigable), runs to Bristol, and thence on to the spacious bosom of the channel. The town is governed by the feoffees and a bailiff, who is chosen annually. Market day is Wednesday. Fairs Ash Wednesday, and 22d of July, for cattle, sheep, and horses; Wednesday before old Lady day, Wednesday before old Michaelmas, and Wednesday after, for hiring servants. Population 2734. TETCHY, adj. Ital. testaccio. Froward; peevish or a corruption of testy or touchy, perhaps.

TETHYS, in the mythology, the greatest of all the sea goddesses, the daughter of Coelus or Uranus, and Terra, and the wife of Oceanus, and mother of the river gods, the sea nymphs, &c.

TETHYS, in entomology, a genus of insects belonging to the class of vermes, and order of mollusca. The body is oblong, fleshy, and without feet; the mouth consists of a cylindrical proboscis under the duplicature of a lip; and there are two foramina at the left side of the neck. The species are two, both inhabitants of the ocean.

TETRACERA, in botany, a genus of plants belonging to the class of polyandria, and order of tetragynia, and in the natural system ranging under the doubtful. The calyx is hexaphyllous, and the capsules four. There is only one species, viz. T. volubilis.

TETRADYNAMIA (reσoapes, four, and duvaus, power), four powers; the fifteenth class of Linnæus's sexual system, consisting of plants with hermaphrodite flowers having six stamina, four of which are long, and two short; it corresponds to the siliquose of Ray, and cruciformes of Tournefort. All the species are distinguished by cruciform flowers. It comprehends two orders, gymnospermia, those plants which have naked seeds, being four in number; (except phryma which is monospermous); and angiospermia, which contains those plants the seeds of which are enclosed in a capsule. See BoTANY, Index.

TETRAEDRON, or TETRAHEDRON, in geometry, is one of the five platonic or regular bodies or solids, comprehended under four equilateral and equal triangles. Or it is a triangular pyramid of four equal and equilateral faces.

TETRAGON, in astrology, denotes an aspect of two planets with regard to the earth, when they are distant from each other a fourth part of a circle, or 90°. The tetragon is expressed by the character, and is otherwise called a square or quartile aspect.

TETRAGON, in geometry, a quadrangle, or a figure having four angles. Such as a square, a

parallelogram, a rhombus, and a trapezium. It sometimes also means peculiarly a square.

TETRAGʼONAL, adj. Gr. Terpaywvoc. Four

square.

From the beginning of the disease, reckoning on unto the seventh day, the moon will be in a tetragonal or quadrate aspect, that is, four signs removed from that wherein the disease began; in the fourteenth day it will be in an opposite aspect, and at the end of the third septenary tetragonal again. Browne's Vulgar Errours.

TETRAGONIA, in botany, a genus of plants belonging to the class of icosandria, and order of monogynia; and in the natural system ranging under the thirteenth order, succulenta. The calyx is divided into three, four, or five parts. There is no corolla; the drupæ is beneath, and the nut three or eight-celled. There are seven species; the puticosa, decumbens, herbacea, echinata, expansa, crystallina, and japonica.

TETRAGRAMΜΑΤΟΝ (τετραγράμματον, denomination given by the Greeks to the Hebrew name of God in, Jehova, because in the Hebrew it consists of four letters.

TETRAGYNIA, (reσσapec, four, and yʊvn, a woman), the name of an order in the fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, and thirteenth classes in the sexual system; consisting of plants which, to the classic character, whatever it is, add the circumstance of having four styles or female organs. Herb paris and grass of Parnassus furnish examples. See BOTANY.

TETRANDRIA (Teσσapes, four, and ɑvno, a man or husband), the name of the fourth class in Linnæus's sexual system, consisting of plants with hermaphrodite flowers, which have four stamina or male organs that are of equal length. In this last circumstance consists the main difference, according to Linnæus, between the plants of the class in question and those of the fourteenth class didynamia, in which the four stamina are of unequal length, two of them being long, and two short. The orders of this numerous class are three, founded upon the number of styles or female organs. Scabious, teazel, barren wort, the starry plants of Ray, and the greater number of genera in this class, have one style; dodder and hypecoum have two; holly and a few others have four.

TETRAO, in ornithology, a genus of birds belonging to the order of gallina, and thus characterised by Linnæus: there is a spot near the eyes naked or papillose, or covered, though more rarely with feathers. Gmelin has enumerated about sixty-six species. The genus tetrao comprehended both the grous partridge and quail; but Dr. Latham, with great judgment and propriety, has made two genera of them, under the names of tetrao, comprehending the grous; and perdix, comprehending the partridge and quail. See PERDIX. Dr. Latham thus distinguishes the genus tetrao: the bill is like a crooked cone, with a naked scarlet skin above each eye, and the feet feathered to the toes. He reckons twenty species. The four following are found in Britain:

1. T. lagopus, the white game, or ptarmigan, is fifteen inches in length, and weighs nineteen ounces. Its plumage is of a pale brown or ash

color, elegantly crossed or mottled with small dusky spots and minute bars; the head and neck with broad bars of black, rust color, and white: the belly and wings are white, but the shafts of the greater quill-feathers black. In the male the gray color predominates, except on the head and neck, where there is a great mixture of red, with bars of white. The females and young birds have a great deal of rust color in them. The tail consists of sixteen feathers; the two middle of which are ash colored, mottled with black, and tipped with white; the two next black, slightly marked with white at their ends, the rest wholly black; the feathers incumbent on the tail are white, and almost entirely cover it. Ptarmigans are found in these kingdoms only on the summits of the highest hills of the Highlands of Scotland, of the Hebrides, and Orkneys; and a few still inhabit the lofty hills near Keswick in Cumberland, as well as the mountains of Wales. They live amidst the rocks, perching on the gray stones, the general color of the strata in those exalted situations. They are very silly birds; so tame as to bear driving like poultry; and, if provoked to rise, take very short flights, making a great circuit like pigeons. Like the grouse, they keep in small packs; but never, like those birds, take shelter in the heath, but beneath loose stones. To the taste they scarcely differ from a grouse. These birds are called by Pliny lagopi, their feet being clothed with feathers to the claws, as the hare's are with fur: the nails are long, broad, and hollow. The first circumstance guards them from the rigor of the winter; the latter enables them to form a lodge among the snow, where they lie in heaps to protect themselves from the cold. The feet of the grouse are clothed in the same manner; but those of the last two species here described, which perch upon trees, are naked, the legs only, being feathered, not be ing in want of such a protection.

2. T. Scoticus, the red game, or moor-fowl, is peculiar to the British islands. The male weighs about nineteen ounces; and is in length fifteen inches and a half. The bill is black: the irides hazel colored. The throat is red. The plumage on the head and neck is of a light tawny red; each feather is marked with several transverse. bars of black. The back and scapular feathers are of a deeper red; and on the middle of each feather is a large black spot; the breast and belly are of a dull purplish brown, crossed with numerous narrow dusky lines; the quill-feathers are dusky; the tail consists of sixteen feathers of an equal length, all of them (except the four middlemost) are black, and the middle feathers are barred with red; the thighs are of a pale red, barred obscurely with black; the legs and feet clothed to the very claws with thick soft white feathers. The claws are whitish, very broad and strong. The female weighs only fifteen ounces. The colors in general are duller than those of the male; the breast and belly are spotted with white; and the tips of some of the coverts of the wings are of the same color. These birds pair in the spring, and lay from six to ten eggs. The young brood follow the hen the whole summer; in the winter they join in flocks of forty or fifty, and become remarkably shy and wild;

they always keep on the tops of the hills, are scarcely ever found on the sides, and never descend into the valleys. Their food is the mountain berries and the tops of the heaths. See SHOOTING.

3. T. tetrix, black grouse, or black cock, like the woodcock, is fond of woody and mountainous situations; feeding on bilberries and other mountain fruits, and in the winter on the tops of the heath. In the summer they frequently descend from the hills to feed on corn. They never pair: but in the spring the male gets upon some eminence, crows and claps his wings; on which signal all the females within hearing resort to him. The hen lays seldom above six or seven eggs. When the female is obliged, during the time of incubation, to leave her eggs in quest of food, she covers them up so artfully with moss or dry leaves that it is very difficult to discover them. On this occasion she is extremely tame and tranquil, however wild and timorous at other times. She often keeps to her nest, though strangers attempt to drag her away. As soon as the young ones are hatched, they are seen running with extreme agility after the mother, though sometimes they are not entirely disengaged from the shell. The hen leads them forward for the first time into the woods, to show them ant's eggs and the wild mountain berries, which, while young, are their only food. As they grow older their appetites grow stronger, and they then feed upon the tops of the heather and the cones of the pine tree. In this manner they soon come to perfection. An old black cock is in length twenty-two inches, and weighs nearly four pounds. The bill is dusky; and the plumage of the whole body black, glossed over the neck and rump with a shining blue. The coverts of the wings are of a dusky brown; the inner coverts white; the thighs and legs are covered with dark brown feathers; the toes resemble those of the former species. The tai. consists of sixteen black feathers, and is much forked; the exterior feathers bend greatly outwards, and their ends seem as if cut off. The female weighs only two pounds; and its length is one foot six inches. The head and neck are marked with alternate bars of dull red and black; the breast with dusky black and white, but the last predominates. The back, coverts of the wings, and tail, are of the same color as the neck, but the red is deeper. The tail is slightly forked; it consists of eighteen feathers variegated with red and black. The feathers under the tail are white, marked with a few bars of black and orange. This bird hatches its young late in the summer. It lays from six to eight eggs, of a dull yellowish white color, marked with numbers of very small ferruginous specks; and towards the smaller end with some blotches of the same hue.

4. T. urogallus, the woodcock, inhabits woody and mountainous countries; in particular, forests of pines, birch trees, and junipers; feeding on the tops of the former and berres of the latter; the first often infects the flesh with such a taste as to render it scarcely eatable. In the spring it calls the females to its haunts with a loud and shrill voice; and is at that time so very inatten

TEUCER, the son of Scamander by Ida the founder and first king of Phrygia, from whom his subjects were called Teucri. Dardanus married his daughter Batca, and succeeded him.Virg. Æn. iii. 108.

TEUCER, a son of Telamon and brother of Ajax. He built a town in the isle of Cyprus, which he called Salamis from his birth-place. TEUCRI, a name given the Trojans from Teucer their first king.

TEUCRIUM, germander, in botany, a genus of plants belonging to the class of didynamia, and order of gymnospermia; and in the natural system ranging under the forty-second order, verticillatæ. The corolla has no upper lip, is divided into two parts beyond the base, and is divaricated where the stamina issue out. There are thirty species; of which three are natives of Great Britain, viz.

1. T. chamædrys, the smaller creeping germander, has fibrous, very creeping, spreading roots; many four cornered, very branchy, trailing stalks, nearly a foot long; oval, cuneiform, cut, crenated leaves on short foot-stalks; and reddish flowers, growing almost in a verticillus, on whorls, round the stalk, three on each peduncle; appearing in June and July.

2. T. scocodonia, wood sage, or germander, is distinguished by leaves which are heart-shaped, serrated, and petiolated; by racemi, which are lateral and ranged in one row; and by an erect stem. The flowers are straw-colored, and the filaments red. The plant has a bitter taste, and smells like hops with a little mixture of garlic. It is used in brewing in the isle of Jersey instead of hops.

3. T. scordium, the common water germander, has creeping perennial roots, sending up many square, procumbent, or trailing stalks, branching diffusely; oblong, indented, serrated, close-sitting, opposite leaves; and small reddish flowers, generally two together, from the sides of the stalks and branches, in July and August. This plant was formerly considered as medicinal, but has now fallen into disuse. It grows naturally in marshy places, in the isle of Ely and other parts of England, and most parts of Europe; and is sometimes admitted into gardens, in moist places, for variety, and as a medicinal plant.

TEURART, an ancient town of Africa, in Fez, seated on a mountain, near the river Za; it was anciently a very important city.

TEUTHIS, in ichthyology, a genus of fishes belonging to the order of abdominales. The head is somewhat truncated on the fore part; the branchil membrane has five rays; the teeth equal, rigid near each other, forming a regular series. There are two species, viz. 1. T. hepatus; and 2. T. Java.

TEUTHRAS, king of Mysia. See TELEPHUS. TEUTOBOCHUS, a gigantic king of the

Teutones.

TEUTONES, or TEUTONI, an ancient people, always by historians joined with the Cimbri;

and

both seated, according to Mela, beyond the Elbe, on the Sinus Codanus, or Baltic; there, it is supposed, lay the country of the Teutones, now Ditmarsh ; diversity of dialects producing the different terms Teut, Tut, Dit, Tid, and Thod, which in the ancient German language signified people. Of these Teutones Virgil is to be understood in the epithet Teutonicus, an appellation which more lately came to be applied to the Germans in general, and later still the appellation Alemanni.

The TEUTONIC LANGUAGE is supposed to have been the language of the ancient Germans, and hence is reckoned amongst the mother tongues. See PHILOLOGY.

TEUTONIC ORDER, an order of military kuights, established towards the close of the twelfth century, in the Holy Land, where, after the death of Barbarossa, the Germans behaved with so much bravery, that Henry king of Jerusalem, the patriarch, and several other princes, determined to reward their valor by instituting the order. They had at first the title of the knights of St. George, and afterwards were called Equites Mariani, or knights of St. Mary. Among their other obligations it was required that every knight should be of noble parentage; that the order should defend the Christian religion and the Holy Land; that they should exercise hospitality towards the Christians in general, but particularly those of their own country; and that they should with all their power endeavour to propagate and extend the Christian faith and the religion of Jesus. In 1190, having become rich by donations from the superstitious, they elected their first grand master, Henry Walpot, a German, who had distinguished himself by his zeal and valor. In 1191 pope Celestine III. confirmed their privileges already granted, giving them the title of the Teutonic knights of the hospital of St. Mary the Virgin. By the conditions of this bull they vowed perpetual continence, obedience, and poverty; obligations which it may well be imagined were not very strictly kept. See POLAND, and PRUSSIA. TEW'EL, n. s. Fr. tuyau or tuyal. Defined below.

In the back of the forge, against the fire-place, is fixed a thick iron plate, and a taper pipe in it about five inches long, called a tewel, or tewel iron, which comes through the back of the forge; into this tewel is placed the bellows.

Moron.

TEWIT, in ornithology. See TRINGA. TEWKESBURY, a market town and borough of England, in the county of Gloucester, situated on the eastern bank of the Avon, near its confluence with the Severn. The access to the town is by several commodious bridges. That over the Avon is a stone structure of considerable length. The town is large, handsome, and populous. It consists mostly of three principal streets, with several lanes and alleys branching off, which are mostly well paved and lighted. The houses in the town are chiefly built of brick, but the old habitations with projecting stones, and pyramidal roofs, have been mostly pulled down. The act for paving and lighting the streets was obtained in 1786; and, from that period, a growing spirit of improvement has diffused itself among the inhabitants. Of the