35. periclitari periculi causa: 'to incur danger for danger's sake'.

PAGE 26. 3. Iugulantur homines, &c.: 'men cut one another's throats lest there should be nothing doing'; from Seneca, Epis. vii, § 5. The other reference below I have been unable to find.

8. volunteers: i. e. all who serve in an army without being compelled.

16. affect have an affection for '.

without hope of burial'.

sine spe sepulturae: 19. quorum felicitas, &c. :

able, if they waft them to the wars'.

20. ad custodiendam, &c.: 'to preserve the proper temperature of the sky and earth'.

23. ut legiones, &c.: to carry legions and cavalry'. A legion was an infantry unit.

26. imbrue 'stain'.

PAGE 27. 1. inhibited: 'forbidden '.

18. therefore for the following reason PAGE 28. 6. polished:

embellished'.

10. the equal Redeemer of mankind: the Redeemer of all mankind equally '.

26. disquisition: inquiry'.

28. but as it is: except in so far as it is'.

PAGE 29. 2. is to demand: has to demand'. 11. administer justice: 'make just amends'.

19. any other just cause: i.e. other than the neces sity of obtaining redress for injuries.

6

21. that war: that state of war'.

PAGE 30. 6. bellum, a belluis: bellum (war) from bellua (a wild beast). Bellua is more correctly spelt belua. This derivation is wrong; the old form of bellum is duellum (i.e. a struggle between two parties). 7. immane quiddam, &c.: a thing monstrous and

of the nature of wild beasts'.

6

14. Servi tua est conditio, ratio ad te nihil: thy condition is that of a slave, reason concerns thee not at all'. This looks like a line from Plautus or Terence, but I have not yet been able to find it.

19. how to live: how to earn their living'.

31. appetite:

desire'.

PAGE 31. 4. instances enough: e. g. the defence of the Swiss against Charles the Bold.

6. upon the advantage: 'in the interests'.

17. as in that between Christians: e. g. in the French Huguenot wars.

23. without the slaughter of men: so far is this from being the case that one of the precedent conditions of a triumph was that at least 5,000 of the enemy must have been slain in a single battle.

24. the modern Christian Romans: i.e. the papal authorities.

PAGE 32. 7. bulls: 'papal edicts', so called from the bulla or leaden seal attached to them.

two popes: Urban VIII (1623-44), who soon after negotiations for concluding the Thirty Years' War were started issued a bull protesting against peace being made; and Innocent X (1644-55), who by his famous bull' Zelo domus Dei' on November 26, 1648, protested against the Peace of Westphalia, which freed Germany from the war, and against the Peace of Münster, between Spain and the Low Countries, which brought the war to an end.

12. vicars-general: the Popes are styled Christ's vicars-general. A vicar-general is an ecclesiastic who exercises jurisdiction in the name of a bishop.

PAGE 33.

ABRAHAM COWLEY (1618-67)

A poet of great contemporary celebrity, whose works are remarkable for subtlety and scholarship. He was a Royalist, and went into exile with the royal family. In 1656 he returned to England, and acted for some time as a Royalist spy. After the Restoration he retired to Chertsey, where he spent the rest of his life in agricultural pursuits.

THE DANGERS OF AN HONEST MAN IN MUCH COMPANY. No. 8 of a miscellaneous collection entitled

Several Discourses by way of essays in Verse and Prose (1669).

5. If twenty thousand... Spaniards, &c.: a reference to the massacre of Cholula, which occurred in the course of Cortes's conquest of Mexico; though on that occasion he had 500 Spaniards and 6,000 Indian allies.

9. furnished cap-à-pie: armed head-to-foot'. 15. campaign: 'level country'.

17. avenues: 'ways of approach'. Formerly a technical military term for the ways of entrance to a fortification.

PAGE 34. 6. Man is to man, &c. : cf. 'Lupus homo homini' (Plaut. Trin. II. iv. 46).

8. dissembling crocodile: the epithet is well-deserved by the crocodile, not so much on account of his proverbial tears, as because he often entraps his prey by remaining motionless, so that he resembles a floating log.

9. decoy a wild duck tamed and kept to lure other ducks into a trap.

12. Toupinambaltians: an indigenous tribe of Brazil, from whom is derived the French name for the Jerusalem artichoke (topinambour).

26. cozen: 'cheat".

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34. conjure: call upon to do their bidding'. In this sense the accent is upon the first syllable.

PAGE 35. 3. from this topic: 'from this point of view'. A topic was the technical expression of the old logicians for any group of considerations from which arguments could be drawn.

5. tinkling: an allusion to the fact that bees when swarming are attracted by any loud metallic noise.

17. a concourse of thieves: Romulus, according to the legend, in order to people his new city, made it a sanctuary for homicides and refugees of all sorts from the neighbouring towns.

19. twelve vultures: Romulus and Remus agreed to settle by augury the question which should give his

name to the new city. Romulus won the day by seeing twelve vultures as against Remus's six. Remus leapt in derision over the wall Romulus was building; whereupon Romulus slew him.

22. first town.. in the world: the city built by Cain shortly after Abel's murder, and called Enoch. See Gen. iv. 17.

PAGE 36. 20. Quid Romae faciam ? &c.: Juv. Sat. iii. 41: What am I to do at Rome? I know not how to lie.'

PAGE 37. 13. by his favour: 'if he will allow me to say so '.

16. Democritus: see above, note to p. 20, 1. 9; for his attitude towards life he was known as the Laughing Philosopher'.

21. Bedlam: the famous London madhouse, which derives its name from the old priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem in Bishopsgate, where it was formerly situated.

30. depravation: corruption'.

PAGE 38. 6. ut nec facta, &c. : that he may not hear of the deeds of the descendants of Pelops'. A quotation from an old poet made by Cicero (Ad Fam. vii. 30. 1). The family history of the descendants of Pelops (Atreus, Thyestes, Agamemnon, &c.) constituted a unique record of barbarous crime.

11. Qua terra, &c.: Ovid. Metam. i. 241: Wherever earth stretches, a fell Fury reigns; thou wouldst think that men had bound themselves to crime by an oath.' 16. sold themselves to sin': cf. Rom. vii. 14, 1 Kings xxi. 20.

23. Sir Philip Sidney: (1554-86), the Elizabethan poet and soldier; author of the pastoral romance, Arcadia.

24. Monsieur d'Urfé, &c.: Honoré D'Urfé (1567– 1625), a French writer of the time of Henry IV, author of the pastoral romance Astrée, the scene of which is laid on the banks of the Lignon, a tributary of the Loire, which flows through the district of Forez, called 'La Forrest' below.

27. Chertsea Chertsey, on the Thames, twenty-two miles west of London, the scene of Cowley's retirement. 32. conversation: 'intercourse'.

PAGE 39. 1. Exchange: the Royal Exchange opened by Elizabeth in 1571; a public building where merchants met to transact business.

Westminster Hall: at that time the seat of the Law Courts.

13. 'mundum ducere' and not 'mundo nubere': 'take the world as a wife and not as a husband'.

PAGE 40.

JOHN DRYDEN (1631-1700)

Poet, dramatist, and critic. Originally a Parliamentarian, but went over to the Royalist party, and was Poet Laureate from 1677 till the accession of William and Mary in 1688, when he was removed from his office for having joined the Church of Rome two years before. This essay was prefixed to Dryden's translation of St. Evremont's essays, published in 1692.

M. ST. EVREMONT. Charles de St. Denis, Seigneur de St. Evremont, (1613-1703) was a French wit and man of letters. Having offended Louis XIV by an imprudent piece of satire, he was forced to retire to England, where he became a favourite of Charles II. This probably explains the flattering tone adopted by Dryden, usually a ruthless critic.

4. nice: delicate'.

5. Father Bouhours: a Jesuit writer (1628–1702), author of a Life of L. de Bellefonds, some lives of saints, Remarks on the French Language, and many other works.

23. Petronius: named 'Arbiter elegantiae' by Nero, whose boon-companion he was. Author of a work called Satyricon, which contains a vivid picture of his times.

the Monarchy: it should rather be termed the Empire.

PAGE 41. 3. Epicurus: see note to p. 13, 1. 30.