this ifland, which ftand in the fame degree of affinity to the mulberry and these are the nettle, the box-tree, the birch, and the alder.' This is a mistake the box, the birch, and the alder are not of the fame natural order with mulberry.

Admitting it as a fact that no other vegetable can ever be fubflituted with advantage, as food for filk worms, Mr. Swayne fays, that, before any attempt to breed them upon an extenfive plan can fucceed, it is abfolutely neceffary that the mulberry trees fhould become much more numerous than they are at prefent.' He adds feveral ufeful directions for the fpeedy propagation of these trees, and recommends to the Society to hold out proper encouragements for raifing them, either from feed, layers, or cuttings.

The next article contains farther experiments confirming the great difficulty of preparing the Giant Hemp. See Rev. vol. Ïxxv. p. 419.

Under the title COLONIES and TRADE, are two letters from Mr. Mylne, relative to a red earth, lately received from Jamaica. We are informed that it is a kind of Puzzolana,' and that it has been (we fuppofe from actual experiments) found to anfwer extremely well as a fubftitute for Dutch Terras, or Puzzolana earth from Italy; they are all three,' fays our Author, volcanic fubftances, and have the fame peculiar qualities.' As Naturalifts, we muft differ with Mr. Mylne in attributing peculiar qualities to volcanic substances: the lava thrown out by different volcanos are extremely diffimilar, and perhaps have no other peculiar quality than that of having once been in a fluid ftate. With refpect to the Dutch Terras, Mr. Mylne adds, that it is a Tufa ftone;' he meant doubtless Tophus, which is by no means a volcanic fubftance, but a concretion, and is generally compounded of calcareous or argillaceous earth. Whatever this red earth may be, if it is experimentally found to be a good fubftitute for the Italian Puzzolana, now used by our architects, another question remains to be folved, viz. Can it be afforded in England, at a cheaper rate than thofe fubftances for which it may be fubftituted? Mr. Mylne fays, On enquiry into the means of bringing it into this country, I find the expence of carriage to the water-fide there, and freight to this country, will prevent the use of it here. I wish it however to be made as public as poffible. It may be of ufe to the inhabitants of the WeftIndia Iflands, and fome other of our Colonies.'

Of the Papers in Agriculture,' we shall give an account in a future Review.

The remainder of the volume contains an account of the rewards adjudged by the Society-Prefents received-Premiums offered-Lifts of the Officers, Members, &c. &c.

[To be continued.]

ART.

ART. XI. Chemical Effays. By R. Watfon, D. D. F. R. S. Regius Profeffor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge *. Vol. V. 12mo. 4s. fewed. Evans. 1787.

N our review of the fourth volume of thefe Effays, we la

which chemitry had

gration there recorded +; that lofs is, however, in some small degree, recompenfed by the publication of this 5th volume, which contains feven Chemical Tracts, that have formerly appeared, in collections which are in few hands.

The firft is on the Sulphur Wells at Harrogate, and was publifhed in the Philofophical Tranfactions of the Royal Society, vol. lxxvi.; for an account of which we refer our Readers to the Review for March laft, p. 187.

II. Experiments and Obfervations on various Phenomena attending the Solution of Salts; publifhed in vol. Ix. of the fame work, for an account of which, fee Monthly Review, vol. xlvi. p. 432. III. An Efay on the Subjects of Chemistry, and their general Divifion.

This very curious Effay was written about twenty years ago 3 a few copies of it were printed in 1771, not for general publication, but for private diftribution among friends. Though chemiftry is the principal subject which the Author here treats, he takes an extenfive view of natural hiftory, and examines with uncommon judgment, the difcriminating characteristics of minerals, vegetables, and animals. His Lordship points out the difficulties which occur in most of the writings of Naturalifts refpecting the diftinguifhing marks between animals and vegetables. He rejects, as infufficient, both figure and fpontaneous motion; and if perception be fubftituted in their ftead, it will be found to be a criterion that is in many refpects liable to exceptions. He produces many chemical, phyfical, and metaphyfical reafons, which feem to render the fuppofition not altogether indefenfible, that vegetables are endowed with the faculty of perception. We cannot lay before our Readers the whole of the Author's ingenious arguments to prove the perception of vegetables; and, being written with all the ftrictnefs of a mathematical demonftration, they admit not of abridgment: we can, therefore, only recommend, to inquifitive Naturalifts, to read the book,-from the perufal of which they will gain much real knowledge; they will perceive the defects and advantages of feveral fyftems; and, at the fame time, they will admire the great ingenuity of the writer,

That animals have perception, and are endowed with the powers of enjoyment, is not, we apprehend, difficult to prove ;

Now Bishop of Landaff. + See Review for Jan. 1787, p. 32.

but

this ifland, which ftand in the fame degree of affinity to the mulberry and these are the nettle, the box-tree, the birch, and the alder.' This is a mistake: the box, the birch, and the alder are not of the fame natural order with mulberry.

Admitting it as a fact that no other vegetable can ever be subflituted with advantage, as food for filk worms, Mr. Swayne fays, that, before any attempt to breed them upon an extenfive plan can fucceed, it is abfolutely neceffary that the mulberry trees fhould become much more numerous than they are at prefent. He adds feveral useful directions for the fpeedy propagation of these trees, and recommends to the Society to hold out proper encouragements for raifing them, either from feed, layers, or cuttings.

The next article contains farther experiments confirming the great difficulty of preparing the Giant Hemp. See Rev. vol. Ixxv. P. 419.

Under the title COLONIES and TRADE, are two letters from Mr. Mylne, relative to a red earth, lately received from Jamaica. We are informed that it is a kind of Puzzolana,' and that it has been (we fuppofe from actual experiments) found to anfwer extremely well as a fubftitute for Dutch Terras, or Puzzolana earth from Italy; they are all three,' fays our Author, volcanic fubftances, and have the fame peculiar qualities. As Naturalifts, we muft differ with Mr. Mylne in attributing peculiar qualities to volcanic fubftances; the lava thrown out by different volcanos are extremely diffimilar, and perhaps have no other peculiar quality than that of having once been in a fluid ftate. With refpect to the Dutch Terras, Mr. Mylne adds, that it is a Tufa ftone;' he meant doubtlefs Tophus, which is by no means a volcanic fubftance, but a concretion, and is generally compounded of calcareous or argillaceous earth. Whatever this red earth may be, if it is experimentally found to be a good fubftitute for the Italian Puzzolana, now ufed by our architects, another question remains to be folved, viz. Can it be afforded in England, at a cheaper rate than thofe fubftances for which it may be fubftituted? Mr. Mylne fays, On enquiry into the means of bringing it into this country, I find the expence of carriage to the water-fide there, and freight to this country, will prevent the use of it here. I with it however to be made as public as poffible. It may be of ufe to the inhabitants of the WeftIndia Iflands, and fome other of our Colonies.'

Of the Papers in Agriculture,' we shall give an account in a future Review.

The remainder of the volume contains an account of the rewards adjudged by the Society-Prefents received-Premiums offered-Lifts of the Officers, Members, &c. &c.

[To be continued.]

ART.

ART. XI. Chemical Effays. By R. Watfon, D. D. F. R. S. Regius Profeffor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge *. Vol. V. 12mo. 4s. fewed. Evans. 1787.

N our review of the fourth volume of thefe Effays, we la

Ioutert the lofs which chemistry had fuffered by the confla

gration there recorded +; that lofs is, however, in some small degree, recompenfed by the publication of this 5th volume, which contains feven Chemical Tracts, that have formerly appeared, in collections which are in few hands.

The firft is on the Sulphur Wells at Harrogate, and was publifhed in the Philofophical Tranfactions of the Royal Society, vol. lxxvi.; for an account of which we refer our Readers to the Review for March laft, p. 187.

II. Experiments and Obfervations on various Phenomena attending the Solution of Salts; publifhed in vol. Ix. of the fame work, for an account of which, fee Monthly Review, vol. xlvi. p. 432. III. An Effay on the Subjects of Chemistry, and their general Divifion.

This very curious Effay was written about twenty years ago 3 a few copies of it were printed in 1771, not for general publication, but for private diftribution among friends. Though chemiftry is the principal subject which the Author here treats, he takes an extenfive view of natural hiftory, and examines with uncommon judgment, the difcriminating characteristics of minerals, vegetables, and animals. His Lordfhip points out the difficulties which occur in most of the writings of Naturalifts respecting the diftinguifhing marks between animals and vegetables. He rejects, as infufficient, both figure and fpontaneous motion; and if perception be fubftituted in their stead, it will be found to be a criterion that is in many respects liable to exceptions. He produces many chemical, phyfical, and metaphyfical reafons, which feem to render the fuppofition not altogether indefenfible, that vegetables are endowed with the faculty of perception. We cannot lay before our Readers the whole of the Author's ingenious arguments to prove the perception of vegetables; and, being written with all the ftrictnefs of a mathematical demonftration, they admit not of abridgment: we can, therefore, only recommend, to inquifitive Naturalifts, to read the book,-from the perufal of which they will gain much real knowledge; they will perceive the defects and advantages of feveral fyftems; and, at the fame time, they will admire the great ingenuity of the writer.

That animals have perception, and are endowed with the powers of enjoyment, is not, we apprehend, difficult to prove ;

Now Bishop of Landaff. + See Review for Jan. 1787, p. 32.

but

but whether vegetables have or have not these faculties, is one of the many questions frequently occurring to the Naturalift, which it is pleafant to difcufs, but difficult to decide. The arguments in favour of the affirmative fide, which the Bishop here uses, have, we must acknowledge, convinced us, that plants are not altogether deftitute of perception.

The queftion then recurs, What are the diftinguishing marks between the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms? We fhall answer in his Lordship's own words:

It appears probable, yet with reverence and confcious ignorance be it fpoken, that the One Eternal Incomprehenfible God hath eftablished an uninterrupted concatenation in all his works, which he hath fubmitted to our view. Different individuals hath he mingled together into the fame Species; different fpecies into the fame genus; different genera into the fame kingdom; and different kingdoms he hath diftinguished, perhaps, but by lines of divifion too minute for our obfervation. This ftrong analogy, by which men and minerals, and all intermediate existences, are bound together in a common chain, and thence, it would feem, naturally fubjected to a common fate, may appear humiliating to fuch as have been wont to entertain high notions of the phyfical dignity of human nature; but it cannot offend nor difquiet thofe, who feel within themselves faculties effential to the conftitution of moral agency, and who from thence become capable at least of retribution, of punishment, or reward in another state.

In the number of our fenfes, and in the modifications of the intellectual faculties which spring therefrom, we have a great refemblance to many animals which inhabit this planet as well as we. The genus to which man belongs includes a great many fubordinate Species; or, to fpeak in a manner more conformable to nature, and more confonant to the account we have of its origin, the human fpecies, from the diverfities of climate and of food, from changes introduced by disease, and continued, perhaps, by propagation, and from other caufes which are unknown to us, hath been branched out into a great many varieties: thefe, however, are as much diftinguished in shape and intellect from one another as they are from animals which have fprung from a different flock. Anatomifts, whether they confider the brain as an inftrumental, or an efficient cause of intelligence, are agreed in acknowledging a great refemblance between the contents of the human cranium and thofe of quadrupeds; and Puties hath proved, contrary to the opinion embraced by Pliny, and commonly received, that we have not the medullary fubftance in a greater proportion than other animals. Nor are we characterized by a circumftance generally esteemed effentially neceffary to the fupport of the human foetus, and exclufively appertaining to our fpecies: nations are mentioned to whom it doth not belong, and whatever degree of credit may be given to that narration, it is certain that a great many species of animals have been difcovered to which it doth. Notwithstanding this analogy, by which we are to be claffed with the rest of the animals around us, yet hath it pleafed Him, who called forth from nothing both us and them, and thankful we ought to be for the pre

ference