PAGE Spinsters. Number, and Distribution over Great Britain, of Bachelors and Spinsters. Where Spinsters most abound. Natural Families and Children. Married Pairs with Children, and Childless Couples. Of Women living in a state of Celibacy, and of others. Children born of Unmarried Women. Some general deductions from the ascertained Conjugal Condition of the Population. Bachelors, Husbands, and Widowers, in the Army and Navy POPULATION AND MARRIAGE IN SCOTLAND AND ENGLAND.-The Scottish Law of Marriage. INFLUENCE OF CHANGES IN THE CONJUGAL STATE OF THE PEOPLE, ON THEIR INCREASE.— Population of Great Britain in 1651, 1751, and 1851. Causes of the remarkable Increase of Population during the last 100 Years. Depravity of manners during the period 1651-1751. Improvement and Progress of the Country after 1751. Reform in the Law of Marriage. Increase of Marriages after the passing of the Marriage Act of 1753. Manufactures, Canals, Railroads. Extraordinary progress of the Country. The Principle of Population. Theory Nature of the Inquiries into Occupations previous to 1851. Occupations in Great Britain, as classified in 1841. The Abstracts of Occupations in 1851. Steps taken to procure improved Returns. Distribution of the People in various Occupations over the Country. Description of Industrial Map. Masters in Trades, and Men in their Employ. Farmers and Labourers, and the Size of Farms. On Nomenclature and on the Classification of the People by Occupations. Double Occupations. The New Classification adopted. Characteristics of particular Occu- pations. Description of Seventeen Classes under which the whole of the People have been Foreigners in Great Britain and British Subjects abroad. Numbers and Proportions of the Popu- lation born in England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Migrations of the Population of Counties. Birthplaces of the Inhabitants of London and the principal Towns. High Proportion of the Irish and Scotch in large Towns. Increase of Population by Immigration VII. THE BLIND AND THE DEAF AND DUMB. Condition of the Blind and Deaf and Dumb. Mode of obtaining information respecting them. Public Institutions in Great Britain. Paupers in Workhouses. Sum expended on the Relief of the Poor. Number, Sex, Age, and Previous Occupations of Paupers. Prisoners; their Number, Sex, Age, and Occupations. Inmates of Lunatic Asylums. State protection for the Insane. Number and Proportions of Lunatics; their Ages and Previous Occupations. Patients in CONTENTS OF APPENDIX. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE PEOPLE. GREAT BRITAIN.—AREA, HOUSES, and POPULATION in 1851 HOUSES and POPULATION in 1801, 1811, 1821, 1831, 1841, and 1851 INCREASE and RATES of INCREASE of Enumerated POPULATION, 1801-51 ENGLAND AND WALES.-POPULATION and its RATE of INCREASE in the COUNTIES HOUSES and AVERAGE NUMBER of PERSONS to each HOUSE, in 1841 and 1851; and VALUE of PROPERTY, in the COUNTIES of ENGLAND and WALES AREA; with the POPULATION and HOUSES, in 1851, to a SQUARE MILE; and Number of ACRES to each PERSON and HOUSE HOUSES and POPULATION in 1851, in the COUNTIES and PARLIAMENTARY DIVISIONS of COUNTIES, with the number of MEMBERS returned AREA in Square Miles; HOUSES, FAMILIES, and POPULATION in 1851, in HOUSES and POPULATION in 1851 of DIOCESES, with the NUMBER of ARCHDEACONRIES, DEANERIES, and BENEFICES, in each POPULATION and INHABITED HOUSES in 1851, in the CITIES, BOROUGHS, and AREA, HOUSES, and POPULATION, 1841 and 1851, in the DISTRICTS of LONDON within the WEEKLY RETURNS of MORTALITY SCOTLAND.-POPULATION and its RATE of INCREASE in the COUNTIES of SCOT- AREA in Square Miles; HOUSES, PERSONS to a HOUSE, and FAMILIES in 1851; and VALUE of PROPERTY, in the COUNTIES of SCOTLAND HOUSES and POPULATION in 1851, in the COUNTIES of SCOTLAND, inclusive and exclusive of PARLIAMENTARY CITIES, BURGHS, and DISTRICTS of BURGHS; with the NUMBER of MEMBERS returned POPULATION and INHABITED HOUSES in 1851, in the CITIES, BURGHS, and BAPTISMS and BURIALS 1801-40, and BIRTHS and DEATHS 1841-50, in ENGLAND EMIGRATION from the UNITED KINGDOM from 1825 to 31st March, 1851 GREAT BRITAIN.-AGES of MALES and FEMALES enumerated in 1851 ENGLAND AND WALES.-AGES of MALES and FEMALES enumerated in 1851 SCOTLAND.-AGES of MALES and FEMALES enumerated in 1851 ISLANDS IN THE BRITISH SEAS.-AGES of MALES and FEMALES enumerated in CONJUGAL OR CIVIL CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE. GREAT BRITAIN.-NUMBER and AGES of UNMARRIED, MARRIED, and WIDOWED GREAT BRITAIN.-OCCUPATIONS in 1851 of MALES and FEMALES under 20 years, and 20 and upwards, in CLASSES and SUB-CLASSES OCCUPATIONS of the PEOPLE in 1851, arranged in ALPHABETICAL ORDER CLASSIFIED ARRANGEMENT of the OCCUPATIONS of the PEOPLE of GREAT NUMBER of the BLIND, the DEAF-AND-DUMB, IN-DOOR PAUPERS, PRISONERS, LUNATICS in ASYLUMS, and PATIENTS in HOSPITALS, in GREAT OCCUPATIONS of BLIND PERSONS, of IN-DOOR PAUPERS, of PRISONERS and of LUNATICS in ASYLUMS, in ENGLAND and WALES PROPORTION OF POPULATION to the BLIND and to the DEAF-AND DUMв in PROPORTION OF IN-DOOR PAUPERS, PRISONERS, LUNATICS in ASYLUMS, and ARMY, NAVY, and MARINES. NUMBER and AGES of EFFECTIVES serving at COUNTRY OF BIRTH of EFFECTIVES serving at HOME and ABROAD CIVIL SERVICE. PERSONS SERVING in the PRINCIPAL DEPARTMENTS of the CIVIL SERVICE in GREAT BRITAIN MERCHANT SERVICE.-NUMBER and AGES of MARINERS in BRITISH MERCHANT VESSELS or on SHORE in GREAT BRITAIN COUNTRY OF BIRTH of 120,186 MARINERS on board VESSELS EAST INDIA SERVICE.-EUROPEANS in the SERVICE of the EAST INDIA COM- PANY (with their FAMILIES) in the THREE PRESIDENCIES of INDIA. The LEGISLATURE.-HOUSE of LORDS. AGES of the PEERS of PARLIAMENT HOUSE OF COMMONS. AGES of the MEMBERS of PARLIAMENT STATISTICS OF POPULATION, &c., IN THE RESPECTIVE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND CENSUS OF GREAT BRITAIN In 1851. REPORT. THE Report, which is now reproduced in a condensed form, is presented by GEORGE GRAHAM, Esq., Registrar-General, and WILLIAM FARR and HORACE MANN, Esquires, to HER MAJESTY'S PRINCIPAL SECRETARY of STATE for the HOME DEPARTMENT. I. OBJECTS OF THE CENSUS, AND MACHINERY EMPLOYED, THE Census for 1851, of the United Kingdom, was taken by two distinct Departments, under the powers conferred by two Acts of Parliament-the one applying exclusively to Ireland, and the other being applicable to England, Wales, and Scotland. The Islands in the British Seas were not named in either of the Acts, and the Census in them was accomplished through the medium of the Home Office and the English Central Office. fore, pursued as a purely voluntary investigation.* The inquiries undertaken at the Census of 1851 were of a much more extensive character than those which had been pursued in the previous enumerations, although, at each successive period since 1801, they had acquired increased comprehensiveness. It was resolved to exhibit not merely the statistics, as before, of Parishes, and, more completely, of Parliamentary and Municipal Boroughs, but also of such other large towns in England and Scotland as appeared sufficiently important for separate mention, and of all the Ecclesiastical Districts and new Ecclesiastical Parishes which, under the provisions of various Acts of Parliament have, during the last 40 years, been created in England and Wales. In addition also to the inquiry concerning the Occupation, Age, and Birthplace, of the population, it was determined to ascertain the various Relationships (such as Husband, Wife, Son, Daughter) — the Civil Condition (as Married, Unmarried, Widower, or Widow) and the number of persons Blind, or Deaf and Dumb. Further, the design was formed of collecting statistics as to the accommodation afforded by the various Churches and other places of public religious worship throughout the country, and the number of persons generally frequenting them; and also as to the existing Educational Establishments, and the actual number of scholars under instruction. It was, however, subsequently considered doubtful whether, upon a rigid construction, the Census Act rendered it compulsory upon parties to afford information as to Religious Worship and Education; and the inquiry upon these points was, there The local machinery by which these objects were to be obtained in England and Wales was based upon the subdivisions of the country introduced by the Poor Law and Registration Acts. The 624 Registration Districts (which are generally identical with Poor Law Unions), each having a Superintendent Registrar, are divided into 2190 Subdistricts, each having a local Registrar of births and deaths. These Subdistricts were, for the purposes of the Census, again divided into 30,610 Enumeration Districts, each being assigned to one Enumerator, who was required to complete his enumeration in one day, March 31st. It was necessary that these Enumeration Districts should be formed with a careful reference to those various divisions of the country, the population of which was to be separately distinguished in the Returns. The Census Act prescribed the distinct enumeration of Parishes, Townships, Ecclesiastical Districts (in England and Wales), Parliamentary Boroughs, and Incorporate Cities and Towns; and, in addition to these, it was thought desirable to secure, as far as possible, the means of showing the population of the various subordinate divisions, such as Tythings and Hamlets, and also of such other Toums as, though unincorporate, were of considerable size and local importance. Accordingly, the Instructions for the formation of these districts directed that, while the boundaries of Parishes (or Townships) should be taken as the basis upon which to frame the various divisions of each Enumerator's District, attention should also be paid to the boundaries of other specified localities. The scheme for the division of each Sub carried out with success; and the duty of digest* The branch of inquiry thus undertaken was ing and reporting upon the returns of places of worship and schools was performed by Mr. Horace Mann, Barrister at Law.-See note (†) p. 3. B district into Enumeration Districts having been prepared on this principle by the Registrar, was revised by the Superintendent Registrar, and finally approved by the Registrar-General. The Registrar nominated persons to be the Enumerators of the various districts, and these nominations were, in like manner, subject to the approbation of the Superintendent Registrar and to the ultimate sanction of the Registrar-General. Public Institutions, such as Workhouses, Prisons, Asylums, Hospitals, were, if containing upwards of 200 inmates, enumerated by the Master or Head. Those containing less than this number of inmates were visited in the usual way by the ordinary Enumerator. In this manner the whole surface of the country was divided into suitable Districts, and an equal number of Enumerators appointed. Provision was thus made for obtaining an account of all persons residing on land; the enumeration of the persons on board vessels in harbours and navigable rivers was accomplished by a distinct agency-namely, the Ships of the Royal Navy through the Admiralty, and all other vessels through the officers of the Customs. in each case that no person who abode in the house on the previous night was omitted, and that no person then absent was included. When a house was uninhabited, or in process of erection, the Enumerator made a note of such a case on the Schedule last collected. The process of Enumeration being completed by the collection of all the Schedules, the Enumerator then copied the particulars into a book provided for the purpose, and made totals of the number of houses and persons. The number of persons thus given would, however, only include those who were inmates of dwelling-houses on the night of March 30th, 1851; with the addition of some peculiar classes, such as Miners and Policemen, who, although absent until the next morning, were to be returned at their homes. Each Enumerator, therefore, was directed to estimate the number of persons who slept or abode within his District, in barges, boats, or other small vessels, remaining stationary on canals or other navigable waters-in barns, sheds, or the like-and in tents, or in the open air. Office to accompany the published statement. The duties of the Enumerator then terminated; and both Schedules and Book, together with the Returns relating to Schools and Places of Worship, were forwarded by him to the Registrar by whom he was instructed. Lastly, he was required to state the probable number of persons (if any) only temporarily present in his District or absent from The first proceeding of the Enumerators their usual places of abode, so that notes of was to deliver, in the course of the week pre-explanation might be framed at the Census ceding the 31st March 1851, to every occupier of a house or tenement, a HOUSEHOLDER'S SCHEDULE. This Schedule was the Form which every such occupier was required to fill up with correct particulars concerning the Name, Relation to Head of Family, Condition, Sex, Age, Occupation, and Birthplace of every person who abode in the house or apartment on the night of Sunday, March 30th, 1851, and also as to how many of them were Blind, or Deaf and Dumb. For the use of the poorer native population of Wales a certain number of the Forms were printed in the language of that country. An adequate supply of Schedules, with a liberal allowance for contingencies and waste, was forwarded from the Census Office to the local Registrars and others: the total number thus distributed in Great Britain being nearly 7,000,000, the weight of which was nearly 40 tons.* At the same time that the Householders' Schedules were distributed, the Enumerators delivered Forms for collecting information respecting places of Religious Worship and Scholastic Establishments, to be filled up (at the option of the party) by the Master or Mistress of every School, the Secretary or Manager of every Literary and Mechanics' Institution, and the Clergyman or Warden, Minister or Deacon, of every Church or Chapel. On the day appointed, the Enumerators visited every dwelling-house, and collected the Schedules which they had left in the course of the week preceding. It was their duty to see that the Schedules had been properly filled up, and to ascertain by inquiry * The weight of the Schedules, blank Enumeration Books, and other Forms despatched from the Central Office, for use in Great Britain, exceeded 52 tons. The Masters or Heads of Public Institutions entered the particulars respecting every person at once in the Books, which, after the completion of appropriate Summaries, were forwarded to the Registrars. A careful examination and revision of the documents was then made by the Registrars, and subsequently, although with less minuteness, by the Superintendent Registrars; after which the Returns were transmitted to the Census Office in London, there to undergo final revision before the details were abstracted and generalized. In Scotland the Census was taken through the agency of the Sheriffs of Counties, usually acting by their Deputies, and the Provosts or other chief magistrates of Burghs, by whom fit persons, generally the parochial schoolmasters, were appointed to divide the parishes into Enumeration Districts, and to provide Enumerators. The services of 1010 Dividers or Superintendents, and of 7873 Enumerators, were thus engaged; and the Enumeration proceeded throughout Scotland in the same manner and at the same time as in England and Wales. In addition to the Census of the population at home, accomplished in the manner thus detailed, returns were obtained of the number of Seamen abroad or at sea in British Merchant Vessels, from the Registrar of Merchant Seamen,-of the Army and Navy abroad, from the Commander-in-Chief and the Admiralty,-of the Europeans in the East India Company's service, and of British subjects residing in various Foreign States. |