No attempt has been made to ascertain the number of the people of different races that can still be distinguished by their speech or by their characters; but an account has been taken of the town, or the parish and county, or the country of each person's birth; and from the returns elaborate tables of the birthplaces of the inhabitants of the several counties, towns, and districts have been framed.*

These tables are interesting, as they show the composition of the town and other communities; the intimate blending of people together who are born in town and in country; the concentration of people in every county, and almost in every district, who were born in other counties, as well as in other countries; and the migration that is constantly going on, and was directed in the last ten years, chiefly from the country to the towns, from Ireland to Scotland and to England, and from the United Kingdom to Canada, the United States, and Australia.

72,637 persons were enumerated in Great Britain who were born at sea or in Foreign Parts; 3,198 having been born at sea, and 69,439 in different countries. Of the latter class 12,774 are declared to be British sub

*The column for the reception of the information in the English schedule was headed "where born;" and the instruction directed the Householder to write the name of the County and Town or Parish opposite to the names of those born in England, of the Country against the names of persons born in Scotland, Ireland, the British Colonies, the East Indies, or in Foreign Parts; of the latter class, "British Subjects" were to be distinguished. The Scotch Schedule was the same, except that the names of "Scotland" and "England were transposed.

jects, while 56,665 are the subjects of Foreign States: 50,289 of the foreigners are in England, 3,070 in Scotland, and 3,306 in the Islands of the British Seas.

Official returns of 33,775 British subjects in fifteen foreign states, comprising 20,357 in France, 3,828 in Belgium, and 2,783 in Russia, were noticed in a previous section, where it is stated that no returns were obtained from many countries, comprising the whole of Germany, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Portugal, and the United States of America; so that there can be no doubt that, independently of the East Indies and the Colonies, the number of British subjects abroad who are not counted in the population greatly exceeds the 56,665 foreigners that figure in our tables.

The total population of Great Britain and the Islands in the British Seas is set down at 21,121,967; and if the soldiers and seamen abroad, of the army, Royal navy, and merchant service, are excluded, 20,959,477 inhabitants remain, whose birth-places determined.

are

Among this number it is found that 17,234,490 were born in England and Wales; 2,754,360 were born in Scotland; 122,808 were born in the Islands of the British Seas; 733,866 were born in Ireland; and 41,316 were born in the British Colonies; while 72,637 were born abroad.

Above 82 per cent. of the people of Great Britain were born in England and Wales; 13 per cent. in Scotland; 34 per cent. in Ireland;

6

per cent. in the Islands of the British Seas; per cent. in the British Colonies : about per cent. are subjects of Foreign states: of the 17,927,609 inhabitants of England and Wales, 761,953 (=44 per cent., or 1 in 24) were born beyond its limits; namely, 130,087 in Scotland, 13,753 in the Islands of the British Seas, and 519,959 in Ireland, and the rest elsewhere. About per cent. of the population of England and Wales were born in Scotland; 3 per cent. in Ireland: of the

2,888,742 inhabitants of Scotland, 266,022 (=9 per cent., or 1 in 11) were born beyond its borders; 46,791 or 13 per cent., in England and Wales; and 207,367, or 7 per cent., in Ireland.

As the population in Scotland is to the population in England and Wales nearly as 1 to 6, it is evident from the above numbers that the proportion of Englishmen in the population of Scotland is twice as great as the proportion of Scotchmen in the population of England. Upon the other hand, 130,087 Scotchmen had crossed the Tweed and entered England, while 46,791 Englishmen had passed the borders of Scotland; so that of every 100,000 persons born in England and Wales 271 were found in Scotland, while of every 100,000 persons born in Scotland 4,723 were enumerated in England; and the tendency of the people born in Scotland to enter | England has hitherto been seventeen times as great as the tendency of the English to enter Scotland.

The stream of the Irish migration has flowed during the last ten years in a strong current towards Scotland, with a tendency proportional rather to what the native population of that great country should be than what it is; for of every 100 persons in Great Britain who were born in Ireland, 28 were living in Scotland, 71 in England.

It is observable of the Irish in England, and of the English in Scotland, that the proportion of young persons under 20 is to those of 20 and upwards as 34 and 45 to 100 respectively. Of the Scotch in England, the proportion of the young is much less, or only as 24 to 100; whence it is presumable, that the Scotch do not so frequently enter England in families as singly, and that Scotchmen, leaving their fair countrywomen behind them, marry English wives, under the English marriage law to which no exception can be taken in England, as neither race thereby suffers any deterioration; but it is another proof, as it appears to us, that the women of Scotland have some right to complain of the working of the Scottish marriage law, which is not adapted to their present state of civilization.

The number of persons in England who were born in Scotland was 103,238 in 1841, and 130,087 in 1851; so that, to supply the place of those of them who have died in England, and to produce the increase, probably 50,000 of the people born in Scotland entered England in the ten years 1841-51. For the same reasons, about 17,000 persons born in England must have entered Scotland at the same time.

The number of persons in Great Britain, who were born in Ireland, was 419,256 in 1841, and 733,866 in 1851; the increase in the ten years has therefore been 314,610; and to supply the place of those of them who have died, and to constitute the increase, probably about 400,000 of the Irish population entered Great Britain in the 10 years 1841-1851.

The children of Irish parents who in the ten years 1841-51 were born in England are

counted among the English people, and therefore do not, in the Census of 1851, supply the loss by death of any of the original 419,256 who were returned as born in Ireland in 1841. But it is exceedingly probable that the Irish immigrants at least sustain their original numbers by births; consequently if we add those who entered Great Britain in the ten years 1841-51 to those who were already in the country in 1841, we have the number 819,256; which as they do not include the persons born here before 1841 of Irish parents, will not represent the whole of the Irish race in Great Britain. The same reasoning may be applied to the Scottish people in England, and to the English people in Scotland.

In 1841, of the English people in Scotland, 18,562 were males, and 19,234 were females; of the Scottish people in England and Wales, 60,704 were males, and 42,534 females; of the Irish people in Great Britain, 219,397 were males, and 199,859 were females. The respective numbers of the ages under and above 20 were not distinguished in 1841; but the proportional numbers of males and females support the conclusion that Scotchwomen are forsaken in greater numbers than Englishwomen-by their countrymen.

Besides the migration exclusively to and from England, Scotland, Ireland, and the Islands in the British Seas, and the emigration to the colonies and to foreign parts, there is a constant migration from house to house, parish to parish, town to town, and county to county. A certain number of the people are born, live, and die under the same roof: others migrate from the home in the detached house or village to the town, the county town, the manufacturing town, to London; from the small town in which they were born to another, to the county town, to the manufacturing town, or to London; from the birthplace in the county town to another, or to the manufacturing town, or to London; from one manufacturing town to another, or to London. And all these migrations may be reversed; or there may be, as a Danish writer has ingeniously suggested, a perpetual circulation of the constituent elements of the population through certain prescribed courses.

As there is scarcely a county, or town, or parish in which this movement of migration has not been observed, so there are few instances in which the influx and efflux of inhabitants have been equal. Thus in Cumberand 162,115 persons are enumerated who were born in the county and 33,377 persons who were born elsewhere; while it had sent out 39,680 natives of the county into other parts of England and Wales, where they were enumerated. For 201,795 of the people inhabiting England and Wales were born in Cumberland, which has a population of 195,492. Again, 1,653,206 of the people of England and Wales were born in Lancashire, while 2,031,236 people inhabit the county (proper); consequently the population of Lancashire exceeds by 378,030 the number of persons in England and Wales who were born in that county.

Born in

Born in

Foreign Subjects Born at Sea •

A comparison of the number of inhabitants of each county with the numbers in England and Wales who were born in the said counties, shows that certain counties have sent out large numbers of people which have been absorbed in other counties where mining and manufacturing operations are actively carried

on.

Thus thirty counties have sent out numbers equal to their immigrants; and, in addition, the following numbers have been sent out: by Shropshire, 41,775; Wilts, 46,211; Hereford, 18,553; Suffolk, 47,231; Essex, 37,961; Norfolk, 39,237; Bucks, 18,873; Oxford, 18,322; Berks, 16,735; Dorset, 17,215; Somerset, 38,836; Hertford, 13,391; Northampton, 16,236; Derby, 19,573; Devon, 37,421; Cornwall, 22,425; Leicester, 14,235; Kent (exclusive of Greenwich, &c.), 20,898: and Lincoln, 12,287 people. The migration from the other counties is less considerable. The emigrants who leave England and Wales are not here brought into account.

London and the manufacturing and mining counties receive large numbers of the above people; for London contains 673,916; Lancashire, 378,030; Durham, 65,024; Warwickshire, 50,335; Cheshire, 43,753; Monmouthshire, 38,138; Staffordshire, 39,128 persons more than the numbers born within their limits.

The full extent of the migration can only be shown by reference to the ages of the people; as it is certain that great numbers of those who during childhood and youth remain in their native place, leave it in after years. Accordingly, it will be observed that in all the tables, where the birth-places of those under 20, and of those at and above that age, are now for the first time distinguished, the proportion of the adults who have immigrated in every district is much greater than the proportion of children and of young persons. This is particularly evident in the large towns.

The numbers who were born in London

20. According as the immigrants are from this or that county, the proportions vary from 1 under the age of 20, to as many as 6 and 7, and even 10, of that age and upwards. 30,401 of the inhabitants of London, of all ages, were born in Scotland; 2,211 in the Islands in the British Seas; 108,548 in Ireland; 11,136 in the British Colonies. Of the 29,352 persons in London who were born in Foreign States, 10,237 were born in Germany, 7,217 were born in France. Belgium has sent 703 of her people to London; Holland, 1,930; Denmark, 292; Norway, 322; Sweden, 335; Russia, 1,169; Persia, 7; China, 78; Arabia, 10; Egypt, 62. Switzerland has sent 835 natives to London; Spain, 564; Portugal, 376; Italy, 1,604; Greece, 177; Turkey, 139. From America, the United States sent 1,054 citizens; Mexico, 30; Brazil, 45.

Upon comparing the actual increase in the population of each county with the numbers by which the births exceeded the deaths, in the ten years 1841-51, the proportion of the increase that is due to natural causes and immigration is apparent. Thus the births that were registered in London exceeded the deaths by 144,688; while the increase of numbers in the same time, as shown by the Censuses, was 413,819; so that, had all the births been registered, 269,131 of the latter numbers must have been referable to immigration. In Lancashire and Cheshire the increase by births was 218,443; by immigration, 205,375. In Sussex, Hants, and Bedford, a small portion of the increase was due in the ten years to immigration, and a much larger proportion in the counties of Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, the West and the East Ridings of York, Durham, Northumberland, Monmouth, and South Wales. The other counties, if we may borrow a phrase from Natural History, send out swarms of their population every year. Thus the births in the Eastern Counties were 118,574 in the ten years; the increase, as determined by the Census, was 73,366; so that 4,521 of the youth of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex, leave their native counties every year to reap elsewhere the fruits of the education, skill, and vigour which they have derived, at great expense, from their parents at home.* The district in which they labour

* The present value of the future earnings of an agricultural labourer in Norfolk is about 4821. at the age of 20. The present value of his subsistence from that age is 248l.; leaving 2347. as the

VII. THE BLIND AND An inquiry into the numbers of the Blind and of the Deaf-and-Dumb in Great Britain was instituted for the first time at the Census of 1851. Notwithstanding the great interest attaching to these classes, both in a social and a physiological point of view, the statistics of blindness and deaf-muteism in this country have not hitherto advanced beyond estimates and conjectures founded chiefly upon returns

is the district in which they contribute, directly or indirectly, to the poor-rate; and in it they should receive relief. A free circulation of the people is now necessary in Great Britain, to meet the varying requirements of the Public Industry.

Such is a brief digest of the answers which have been received from the inhabitants of Great Britain to the question: "Where were you born?"

The separation of families which is inevitable in a population like that of Great Britain is in some respects painful; but the facilities of travelling, of meeting, and of intercourse by letters, have happily increased faster than the population, so as to mitigate the evil; and the whole of the inhabitants will gradually grow acquainted with the different parts of their native land, to which, as well as to the town or village of their birth, it is desirable that the people of the United Kingdom should be attached.

Hitherto the population has migrated from the high or the comparatively healthy ground of the country to the cities and seaport towns, in which few families have lived for two generations. But it is evident that henceforward the great cities will not be like camps-or the fields on which the people of other places exercise their energies and industry-but the birth-places of a large part of the British race.

About seventy-seven thousand children are born in London annually. Such arrangements of the houses, and of the squares and open spaces, should therefore be progressively made, as it is known, by experience, are conducive to the health, vigour, and efficient training of children. Facilities for the distribution over wider areas, and for the periodical concentration of the town population, can be made by the agency of the railways; and as the working people go and return to the shops at regular hours, they may evidently be conveyed at as little cost as any kind of merchandise; and thus we may hope that the worst of all Birth-places-the crowded room, or the house of many families--will never be the Birth-place of any considerable portion of the British population.

net value of his services. Consequently, the 4,521 emigrants of this class from the Eastern Counties carry away a large amount of capital which they have acquired in their native counties.

THE DEAF-AND-DUMB.

obtained in foreign states, or the limited experience of a few public institutions. Great disadvantages have resulted from this entire absence of authentic information, not only to society at large, but more especially to these afflicted persons, on whose behalf the appeals and efforts of philanthropy, unsupported by a reference to facts illustrative of their numbers and condition, have lost much of their