The following summary table shows the distribution of female labor among the seventy-five industries presented in this table:

The number of women and children employed per 1,000 wage earners in these seventy-five industries is given on the table below for 1913 in comparison with 1912.

The above table shows that of every 1,000 wage earners engaged in these seventy-five industries, there were in 1912, 731 men 16 years of age and over, 249 women 16 years of age and over, and 20 young persons under the age of 16 years. In 1913 there were for every 1,000 wage earners 728 men, 252 women, and 20 young persons of both sexes under the age of 16 years. It is thus shown that while the proportion of young persons is the same for both years, there has been a falling off of three in the number of men and a corresponding increase in the number of women per 1,000 employes; the proportion of men shows a decrease of 0.4 per cent., and of women, an increase of 1.2 per cent. is shown. The tendency for several years back has been toward a small fractional increase in the proportion of male over female wage earners and the turn of the balance in the other direction shown by the statistics for 1913 should not be regarded as an indication that male labor is being displaced by female, which is certainly not the case. The slight change is due entirely to the fact that among the large number of new establishments included in this year's statistical presentation after having completed their first full year of operation, there were many in which the proportion of female labor was much greater than that which prevailed before their inclusion, as to incline the balance in the direction shown by the table. In other words, the slight increase in the proportion of female labor is due entirely to the fact that

in the composition of working forces of new establishments considered in these statistics for the first time, the female wage earners were relatively more numerous than the male.

Further discussion of the data relating to these seventy-five industries must necessarily take the form of a mere repetition of the figures appearing on the table. Investigators of female and child labor in New Jersey have here a complete list of the factory and workshop occupations in this State in which both these classes. of labor are employed, together with all details relating to numbers and percentages that may be necessary to a full understanding of that interesting subject. Practically all the women and children engaged in manufacturing industry here are employed in the occupations analyzed on this table.

Resuming consideration of wage earners employed without distinction of sex or age, the numbers reported by the "twentyfive selected industries," are shown in the table which follows for 1913, in comparison with the employment record of the same industries for 1912. "Other industries" and "all industries" are also compared and increases and decreases are shown in numbers. and by percentages:

123 +

276

391

85

785

69

4,397

262

70

174 +

899+

8,729 +

+++++++++ | | |+++++++1+1+1++

0.8

5.3

2.9

3.7

3.5

21.2

4.0

3.6

7.8

2.5

4.7

2.0

12.8

15.6

0.8

4.6

3.7

10.4

1.4

8.8

1.1

20.8

7.0

2.7

1.2

0.5 6.6

All industries

2,638

323,390

333,018 + 9,628 +

3.0

As shown by the above table, the average number of wage earners employed in the "twenty-five selected industries" was, in 1913, 191,090. In 1912, the number employed was 190,191. The figures for both years are not far apart, but 1913 shows an increase in the number employed of 899, or 0.5 per cent. "Other industries" show an increase of 8,729, or 6.6 per cent. in employment in 1913 as compared with 1912, and in "all industries," which includes the entire number of establishments considered, an increase is shown of 9,628, or 3 per cent., in the number of wage earners employed in 1913 as compared with 1912.

Seven of the industries appearing in the comparison show decreases in the number of wage earners ranging from 2 per cent. in jewelry, to 20.8 per cent. in the manufacture of "silk goods-broad and ribbon." The remarkably large falling off in the silk goods industry was, doubtless, due to the great strike of silk mill operatives which practically closed about 90 per cent. of the mills in the State during six months of 1912, causing a degree of disorganization from which the industry had not recovered in 1913.

Table No. 5 shows for each industry the average number of persons employed by months, classified as men 16 years of age and over; women 16 years and over; and children under the age of 16 years. The fluctuations in employment are shown in this table for each industry, all of which are arranged in alphabetical order, the periods of greatest and least activity being those months during which the greatest and smallest number of persons respectively were employed.

The final division of this table is a summary of the average number of persons employed in all industries by months, which will enable the investigator to determine at a glance the fluctuations in employment, and the periods of greatest and least activity in our factory and workshop industries.

The period of greatest activity is shown by this summary of Table No. 5 to have been the month of November, during which the total number of persons employed was 342,608, and the period of least employment, May, when only 322,121 persons were employed.

Considering the three classes of wage earners separately, employment for men was most abundant in October, when 246,085 were employed, and scarcest in June, when only 238.250 was the average number reported on the pay rolls. For women the most

prosperous month was November, when 89,903 were employed, and June the poorest, with 77,613 on the pay rolls. For the children below the age of 16 years, the periods of greatest and least employment were the months of November and April, with 6,987 and 6,098 respectively on the pay rolls of the establishments in which they were employed. ·

Table No. 6 shows the total amount paid in wages during the year by each of the eighty-nine general industries, and also the average per capita distribution of the amounts among wage earners which constitute their yearly earnings.

Only actual wages paid to wage earners are included in this compilation; salaries of officers, managers, superintendents, foremen, and all others whose compensation is fixed upon a yearly basis and not subject to deduction for any cause, are excluded from these totals and averages.

In considering the averages presented on this table it should be remembered that they apply to the three classes of wage earners-men, women and children, and that they are arrived at by the simple process of dividing the total amount paid in wages by the number of persons employed. Averages obtained in this way are of little value as an aid to a study of the wage conditions of any industry; the units represented by the wide variations in the wage rates of practically every industry are so dissimilar that, like all composite pictures, it cannot be said to resemble any of them. There is, however, no other method of arriving at averages, but still, notwithstanding their unrepresentative character, they serve some statistical purposes that do not require the minute view of wages and earnings presented in the next table (No. 7).

As a matter of course, the highest average yearly earnings are shown in the industries employing few or no women or children. Chief among these are "brewery products," with a yearly average of $959.94 per employee, an amount which far exceeds the earnings of any other class of workmen, not excepting those requiring the highest degree of technical skill, together with a broad, liberal education. The success of brewery workers in maintaining their present high standard of wages is doubtless due, in part at least, to their union.

Other industries showing yearly earnings far above the general average are : "Cornices and skylights," $794.99; "furnaces, ranges and heaters," $776.88; "mining (iron ore)," $769.74;

"jewelry," $732.42; and “machinery," $710.53. There are seven other industries credited with average earnings in excess of $700, but under $800, and these are of the class that may be termed men's industries, as practically no women or children are employed in any of them.

Among the eighty-nine general industries, in which are included all the factory and workshop establishments of the State, there are twenty-seven in which the average earnings are less than $500 per year; twenty-four with earnings between $500 and $600; twenty-six with earnings ranging between $600 and $700; and twelve in which the average earnings are in excess of $700. The industries employing the largest number of women and children show, as a matter of course, the lowest average yearly earnings. These may be identified by referring to table on page 20.

Average yearly earnings for 1913 in the "twenty-five selected industries," are compared with the earnings of 1912 in the table which follows. The earnings in "other industries" and "all industries" are also with increases and decreases noted numerically and by percentages: