which they form a part has had time to appear in print, to be, of course, succeeded by others of the same type in either larger or smaller numbers according to the conditions prevailing in the permanent factory industries, on the prosperity of which they are dependent. Another, and probably a better reason for their exclusion, is the fact that very few of them, such as bakeries, small producers of confectionery, custom shoe makers, milliners, etc., are really manufactories in any other than a technical sense.

The following table, compiled from the latest Federal census (1910) of manufacturing industry in New Jersey, shows the comparative importance of the 8,817 establishments, as indicated by the number of wage earners and value of products reported for each of the five classes into which they are divided.

The above table shows that of the 8,817 establishments reporting, 2,288, or nearly 26 per cent. of the total number, accounts for less than I per cent. of the total number of wage earners, and only one-half of 1 per cent. of the value of all products. The 3,094 persons engaged in this group averages 1.3 to each establishment. Combining the first, second, and third groups into which the table is divided, it is shown that the 7,422 establishments included in them represent more than 84 per cent. of the total number credited to the State, 19.3 per cent. of the total number of wage earners, and only 11.2 per cent. of the total value of all products. The fourth and fifth groups combined consist of only 1,394 establishments, which furnish employment to 80.7 per cent. of the total number of wage earners employed in all industries, and these produced 88.7 per cent. of the total value of all products; but the entry on the table which demonstrates most clearly the correctness of what has been said as to the unwisdom of attaching any importance to the mere number

of establishments as an indication of the real volume of industry, is that relating to the fifth or last group, which, while consisting of only 194 establishments, or 2.2 per cent. of the total (8,817) reporting, yet accounts for nearly 39 per cent. of the total number of wage earners employed, and nearly 58 per cent. of the total value of all products.

This brief digression from the subject matter of the report seems necessary in order to explain the difference in the number of establishments which figure in the census reports as compared with those considered in this compilation, and also to meet possible criticism of these statistics arising therefrom. In establishing these statistics it was not the purpose to establish an actual annual census of every form of industry, great and small, found to be in existence at the time of making the canvass, nor was it intended that the work should ever come to be so regarded. It is, however, true that the data entering into this compilation is drawn from absolutely every manufacturing establishment in New Jersey, conducted on the factory system and having records from which the required statistical details could be obtained. The law aimed to show, annually, the indutrial status throughout the State by means of these statistics, and through comparisons of the current year data with those of preceding years, to show whether our industrial interests are increasing or diminishing in the value of products, numbers employed, and diversification of form. Limited as they are to the real factory occupations of the State, these comparisons and deductions can be, and are made with the utmost possible accuracy each year. A view is thus presented of the conditions surrounding our factory and workkshop wage earners, which is of the greatest value to students of general economic conditions existing among that part of our population engaged in manufacturing industry.

The number of establishments considered in this report is 2,638; the aggregate average number of persons employed in all these plants was 333,018; of these, 242,339 were males 16 years of age and over, 84.109 were females 16 years of age and over, and 6,570 were children of both sexes under the age of 16 years.

The establishments considered are grouped under eighty-nine industry headings, each covering not less than three individual plants, and one large group under the heading "unclassified."

composed of establishments that could not, by reason of dissimilarity in the character of products, be placed under any one of the specified industry groups. Separate headings could not be used for tabulating the data reported by these establishments for the reason that not more than two of them were engaged in the same industry, and the rule never departed from, is not to allow less than three to appear at any time under any one distinctive heading. This rule was adopted by the Bureau for the protection of manufacturers who fill out these reports, with the assurance that they are to be regarded as confidential and any departure from it might involve a possible exposure of business conditions which might be detrimental to the interests of the firms concerned.

The presentation follows strictly the standard forms which are proven by experience to be the best for the purpose of showing clearly the most interesting features of the general industrial situation. The tables, ten in number, are in the form of abstracts which give only the totals for each industry group, thus rendering the separation therefrom of the data relating to any one establishment absolutely impossible.

These ten tables show for each industry group: First, the character of management, whether the same is by corporation, partnership, or individual owner, with the number of stockholders, partners, or individual owners as the case may be; second, the capital invested divided so as to show the amounts standing for land and buildings, machinery, tools and implements, and cash on hand or in bank; third, the cost value of all stock or material merged into the finished products or consumed in the process of manufacture, and also the selling value of all goods made or work done; fourth, the greatest, least, and average number of persons employed during the year; fifth, the average number of persons employed by months for each industry and for all industries; sixth, the total amount paid in wages and the average yearly earnings of employes by industries; seventh, classified weekly earnings of employes by industries; eighth, the average number of days in operation throughout the year, and the average working hours per day and per week; ninth, the proportion of business done, that is to say-the extent to which the operation of the various industries during the year approached full pro

ductive capacity; and tenth, the character of power generating motors in use, and the aggregate horse power of the same.

Forming a part of the extended analysis of these statistics which follow are a number of smaller tables in which the data relating to twenty-five selected industries, the most important in the State, are compared with those for 1912, so as to show such increases or decreases as may have occurred in either or all of them. These comparisons are interesting and valuable for the light shed by them on the general trend of industry during the year.

Table No. I shows the character of the ownership of individual establishments included in each industry group, that is to say, the number owned by corporations, by partnerships and by individuals. The number of stockholders classified as males, females, trustees holding stock for the estates of minors, is given for corporations, and the number of partners-male, female and special, is also given for the establishments not under corporate management.

Of the 2,638 establishments reporting, 1,879, or 71.2 per cent. are owned by corporations, and 759, or 28.8 per cent., are under the control of partnerships or private owners. In 1912, the proportions of corporate and non-corporate establishments were 70.5 and 29.5 per cent. respectively; in 1911, the proportions were, corporate management, 69.1 per cent. and non-corporate, 30.9 per cent. The increase of corporate ownership of industry between 1911 and 1912 was 1.4 per cent.; and between 1912 and 1913, the increase was 0.7 per cent. As a matter of course, a corresponding reduction is shown in the proportion of establishments under non-corporate management for both these years. The corporate form of management with its many recognized advantages, such as abundant capital, limited liability, and division of risks and hazards among many interested persons, is steadily growing in favor, and the increase will average about one per cent. per year.

The number of partners and individual owners of the 759 noncorporate establishments is 1,303, or 1.7 to each establishment, and the number of stockholders interested to a greater or less extent in the 1,879 plants under corporate management is 140,848, or an average of almost exactly 75 for each establishment.

The total number of stockholders, partners and private owners interested in all the establishments reporting is 142,151.

The statistics of management of all industries are compared for the years 1913 and 1912 in the table below.

Number of establishments owned by individuals and partnerships.
Number of individual owners or partners..

......

Average number of owners per establishment...
Number of establishments owned by corporations...
Number of stockholders...

Average number of stockholders per establishment..
Aggregate number of partners and stockholders..

Of the eighty-nine general industries for which the statistics of management are given on Table No. 1, there are twelve, with a total of 117 establishments that are under corporate management exclusively. All the others are under corporate and noncorporate managment, the larger number of establishments being corporate.

Of the 1,303 partners and individual owners of the 759 noncorporate establishments, 1,229 are males, 51 females, 8 special, and 15 trustees for estates. The 140,848 stockholders of corporations are divided into 82,420 males, 49,860 females, and 8,568 trustees of estates. The grand total of stockholders, partners, and individual owners in whose hands are all the manufacturing interests of the State, is 142,151. This number of proprietors and part proprietors is equal to almost 50 per cent. of the working force employed as wage earners in all our factories and workshops.

Table No. 2 shows the aggregate amount of capital invested in each of the eighty-nine industries, and the total for all industries combined. The capital is classified under three divisions, which show, respectively, the amount represented by land and buildings, by machinery, tools and implements, and the fluid capital in the form of cash on hand or in bank, bills receivable, and the cost value of wholly or partly finished products on hand at the time of making the establishment reports.

The total amount of capital invested in all the industries is, as shown by the table, $969,796,504; only three establishments of the entire number considered failed to report this item, and sixteen establishments reported the capital invested in one sum without making a division of the same, as called for by the statistical