blindly along, fatiguing and hopelessly puzzling himself. By a river or stream course, it is pretty certain to be a very circuitous route, and full of rugged and broken ground, where a false step might at once plunge you in the water. For the same reason, on the cliff or braehead is a bad line of road. It is generally far from houses, and intersected by ravines, the crossing of which will exhaust your remaining strength. And by a dim or uncertain light, and with driving mist or snow blinding the eyes, it is very easy to step over the side of a precipice before you know what you are about. The very best way is to sit down at once and make yourself as comfortable as you can, until either the mist lifts or morning breaks. If you have to camp out for the night, a little extra trouble in making your bed as comfortable as circumstances will permit will amply repay the exertion. Follow the wisdom of the hare, and choose for shelter the side of a wall, bank, or even a furrow, or turf raised on end, in preference to a tree or four bare poles roofed with furze. The under side should be as well cared for as the upper, and the man who sleeps on the bare ground with a plaid over him, will be much more damp and chilly than if he had swathed himself in it. Even a sheet of stiff cardboard, or a couple of newspapers, will be better than nothing. Brown paper is an excellent non-conductor of heat, and a bit of mackintosh, even of a small size, is invaluable. A few dead ferns or branches of heather afford a really comfortable bed; but if these cannot be had, a little hollow scraped in the earth just where the hip-bone should rest, gives amazing ease, and a veil or pocket handkerchief over the face adds to the warmth and deprives the air of that nipping damp and frost which is so dangerous to those unaccustomed to face it; or a firebrand held in the hand near the mouth acts like a respirator, and is said to be very grateful. If a horse has to be provided for, which cannot be trusted to let itself be caught again, and there is nothing to tether it to, it is a good plan to fasten its head by the bridle short to your own wrist, and sleep with that arm extended on the ground. A horse is commonly both a careful and a generous animal, and will not trample on its rider willingly. If a gun has to be disposed of when you lie down, let the smooth side of the butt rest on your arm, and lay your head on it, the muzzle being between the knees and the hands on the lock. As for picking up food, a knowledge of the properties of the different kinds of fungi would often enable a person to satisfy hunger. There are at least seven commonly met with which are quite innocuous and fairly palatable, Accidents and Emergencies. 231 either raw, or broiled on a skewer over a wood or turf fire. Generally, whatever grains or berries birds will eat, are harmless to man. Nettles and some kind of ferns are undoubtedly good when cooked, and for a rough and ready emetic, in case of poisoning, a charge of gunpowder in a tumbler of water is very effective. Old bones afford nourishment to a person in extremities, though the idea sounds disgusting; and the same thing may be said of old hides, skins, &c., so that they have not been tanned. The still, clear, brown-coloured water found in pools on the moors should not be drunk unmixed, or if possible at all, as dysentery has often ensued from doing so. For the stings of wasps and scorpions the oil scraped out of a foul tobacco pipe eases the pain. Accidents from guns are quite as common as they used to be. The guns do not burst so often as formerly, but they seem to go off with a dangerous facility and very unexpectedly to the owners. The golden rule is to look at your gun but never to let your gun look at you or at any one else. To this may be added, never carry a loaded gun or pistol with the cock down upon the nipple; as, to this habit, at least three out of four gun accidents are due. Every one ought to be aware of the different appearance presented by bleeding from a vein or bleeding from an artery; the first a bandage may stop; in the second, nothing less than tying the artery or the skilful application of a tourniquet will avail, and some such expedient must instantly be adopted if life is to be saved. Many a man has died while being carried to the hospital, and many a horse has bled to death unnoticed for want of this knowledge. When any accident occurs by which a person is maimed or injured, the first thing is to ascertain the history and place of the injury either from the patient or from bystanders, and in all cases to unfasten tight portions of clothing, and allow a free access of fresh air. It is by no means always advisable to force alcoholic stimulants down a man's throat; cold water, sal volatile, and plenty of air being often the best remedies. Sometimes in a forced regimental march men have fallen down fainting from no other cause than that, being in the centre body, the close atmosphere has half suffocated them. For this reason officers should see that their men have a frequent change of position, and that those in the inner ranks should be placed outside from time to time. Boys and girls, in Government and other schools, might be usefully taught the proper way of treating drowned people; and if they learned it practically, the master himself superintending, and one of the pupils representing the supposed inanimate inanimate body, it would be a lesson which they would never forget. To extemporise a litter is a thing which many a one heartily wishes he had known how to do, when some mischance in hunting or shooting has made such aid necessary. A good plan is, to employ one or a couple of guns carried between two men, when the horizontal position is not called for; the patient sitting on the guns, with his arms linked into those of the bearers, so as to steady himself as well as he is able. A shop shutter forms a very good conveyance in fractures, dislocations, and other injuries. The usual blanket litter is too well known to need description, but every man should know how to tie one or two kinds of good and safe knots to secure ropes for that or any other purpose. A badly tied knot renders a rope worse than useless in case of an attempt to escape either from fire or water. In default of other means, a sufficient number of handkerchiefs, straps, or cravats should be laid side by side on the ground; the patient should be placed gently on his back across them; and then the ends should be knotted to a musket or hedge stake on either side, taking care that the straps beneath the head should be strung up rather more tightly than the rest, so as to give the requisite support. In all cases where an important limb is fractured, or even a serious sprain or dislocation, some such conveyance will be absolutely necessary to enable the sufferer to reach home. In order to discriminate in cases of injury, it should be remembered that fractures very rarely implicate joints, but occur rather in the shaft of the bone. The fractured bone is quite moveable in a bystander's hand, and sometimes the grating of the two ends together can be distinctly heard. Morcover the terminal end will fall inwards or outwards by its own weight. In dislocation all these conditions are reversed; it especially implicates the joints; the limb is partially under the patient's control, and will require forcible and systematic extension to replace it in its proper position. A sprain may be defined as a dislocation begun, but not completed; the ligaments are torn or stretched, but the bone is not actually displaced. It is wise to rip or slit up the boot, stocking, or sleeve rather than to attempt to draw it off, and also to abstain from handling or further displacing the injured limb when it has once been placed in a right direction. It should be simply supported in that position, and covered with a wet handkerchief, on which a few drops of cold water should be thrown occasionally. Sometimes, in the case of a broken leg, as a temporary expedient while in course of transport, it is quite easy to make the sound limb serve as a splint for the injured one, by placing some thin pads between the Accidents and Emergencies. 233 the knees and ankles, and fastening the legs together with a handkerchief, taking care that the foot be so supported that it may not fall from side to side with the motion of the litter. In carrying persons suffering from gunshot wounds, or anything which causes bleeding, a lying-down posture is not always the best, unless there is a disposition to faint. If the patient has to go a long distance, he will experience much distressing thirst. Cold tea is perhaps the best beverage which can be administered, or acidulated water. Meat and stimulants should be avoided. It does not fall to every one's lot, but it certainly does to that of some, to enter a chamber and find a friend or relative suspended from the bedpost apparently dead; and as any assistance must be rendered. without delay if it is to be of the slightest use, people should be instructed how to endeavour to restore consciousness after strangulation. Cut the body down instantly and set to work; the time lost in sending for a doctor is often a mauvais quart d'heure for the intended suicide. After removing all ligatures and placing the patient on the ground with the head a very little elevated, the neck and chest should be stripped and exposed to the air; cold water should be dashed on them, and artificial respiration be tried similar to that attempted for drowned people. If there is much livid blood about the head or chest, an unskilled person may very well immerse the patient's hand in warm water, and, with a razor or sharp knife, cut some of the prominent veins on the back of the hand, as these may easily be stopped from bleeding by pressure with the finger. The attention should be given first to the breathing, and every means to induce it should be tried. When that has commenced, continuous gentle friction should be employed-but not before-because if circulation begins before respiration the consequences are not beneficial. In all cases of suffocation, whether from foul air, drowning, or strangulation, friction of the general surface by relays of active men should be persevered in for a long time, as restoration has been known to take place after five hours of apparent lifelessness. The rubbing should be up the limbs, so as to send the blood along the veins towards the heart, and it should be continued under the blanket or dry clothing. Lastly, when a person is found dead, whether death has been natural though sudden, or whether it has been brought about by violent means, it is important that the person who discovers it should make a memorandum at the time of all the circumstances connected with the case, especially noting such things as foot-prints around, indications of a struggle or of force having been used, marks of blood, the absence or presence presence of valuables, rings, pins, &c., since all these matters will probably be the subject of inquiry before the coroner, or possibly in a court of justice. Presence of mind in these as in all other emergencies will save a man from much blame and vexation of spirit. The want of it endangers life and limb-and sometimes reputation. FULL a cheery face. attached to the ART. IV.-PETER BEDFORD. ULL of years, and of honours of the best class, died at Croydon, a few months back, Peter Bedford, a genuine philanthropist. Eighty-four years ago, the man of whom we are now writing was an infant in his mother's arms, at Old Sampford, in Essex. He grew a gentle, rather a precocious child, having, like the rest of us, a temper of his own, which it became one of the arduous tasks of his adult life to conquer; but abounding in the sunshine of the breast, and known then, as throughout all his days, for a genial heart and His father, part draper, part farmer, was Society of Friends;' and of that society his son Peter was to the last a faithful member. One more seal his life was, to the many already set to the striking success of the Quaker doctrine and discipline in developing living philanthropy; a success as remarkable, when we count up the many notable instances of it, and compare these with the numerical insignificance of the body, that if it were allowable to judge the formulæ and rules of religious societies by their apparent fruits only, a very high, probably a superlative, rank we should be forced to assign to those of George Fox's followers. There is not much record extant of Peter Bedford's early years. We get a glimpse of him as a boy, eight or ten years of age, offended by one of his father's labourers, whom in momentary irritation the little Quaker curses aloud; and we see him paying for this slip by days of self-reproachful anguish, heightened by a dread of the pains of hell. We are shown the intensity of this feeling by the very device the child adopted to impress on his own mind more vividly the horror of everlasting burnings, deliberately placing his finger on the hot coals in order to realise for himself a vivid conception of the anticipated awfulness of the award of sin.' It was nearly a week before the boy's contrition was crowned by a feeling of the Divine forgiveness; and of the curse thus bitterly |