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of the condition of practical religion, both among the clergy and the laity, half a century or more ago, and then compare it with the present in districts where the new Anglican ideas prevail, is sufficient to convince any candid mind that the Oxford movement has been in a true sense a revival of real religion as well as of ecclesiasticism.

2. The next inquiry is regarding the effect of the Revival upon the activities of the English Church. No separate statistics can of course be adduced. We can only examine the present condition of the church as compared with that of 1833, and ask whether a revival of interest in church work dates from that time, and whether any great measures indicating progress have been brought forward with the suggestion or assistance of the Tractarian school. It is evident at once that a change as from death to life has been wrought. To begin with the revival of Convocation. This, the highest council of the church, had not been called together for discussion since 1711; the Tractarians were the first and most persistent in advocating its restoration. After repeated attempts to have a call issued, the first meeting was held in connection with Parliament in 1861. Important questions were at once brought before it, the "Essays and Reviews" were condemned, and meetings soon came to be held every year. The benefit of this reform in developing the unity of the church is untold. A Pan-Anglican Conference with delegates from America and all the English colonies was held in 1867 for the first time, and others since. Church congresses, gatherings of laymen as well as clergy, were established in 1861; diocesan conferences and synods have been revived; guilds, confraternities, penitentiaries, orphanages, missions, "Retreats," "Quiet Days," etc., have been multiplied almost without limit. All this has been just in the line of the new movement and largely a result of its working. The work of the church has extended wonderfully in the colonies; the number of colonial bish

ops being increased within the present period from 6 to over 80. Records of communicants are not reported in England, but the number of clergy has increased from 14,600 in 1841 to upward of 23,000 in 1886. The estimated expenditure for improvement of church property in the past forty years equals about $200,000,000, or $5,000,000 a year. The average stipend of curates has been raised from $400 to $750, and the value of benefices has developed still more. The Anglican Church has expended in the work of elementary education alone more than $140,000,000 since 1811, more than nine-tenths of this sum in the past fifty years. In this period the church has established over thirty colleges, mainly for theological and missionary education.' It is true, all these figures may doubtless be equalled in proportion, and possibly exceeded by reports from the Nonconformist bodies in the same period. Still in comparison with the Anglican Church herself in former epochs, the advance is certainly unprecedented; and while great credit must be given to all branches of her adherents, the Oxford Revival must be regarded as having had a leading share in it.

3. On the last inquiry, What seems to be the relation of the Anglo-Catholic movement to the future of the Church of England? a few words only are left us. In the first place, the new leaven seems to be working in connection with other influences toward disestablishment of the national church. To be sure, a great portion of the school look with horror upon the possibility of reduction to the same level before the state as the dissenting bodies, and regard the disendowment of the church revenues as positive sacrilege. But none the less, their hostile attitude toward whatever they consider as state interference, and their determined support of ritualistic infractions of the law, tends no doubt to foster a coldness between the liberal elements of Parliament and the entire establishment. If so, with the Evangelicals, Dissenters, and a 1 The Church in England (Hore. London 1886), passim.

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portion of the Broad Church ready for a change, the present status quo would seem to be doomed. Suppose disestablishment to come, in any shape, what would be the probable effect upon the Anglo-Catholics? Evidently a considerable loss of power and prestige, an outburst of anguish of spirit, and a feeling of fierce hatred against the state altogether. Pride in the national elements of their faith might suffer a fall; and with new emphasis upon their chosen title "Catholic" the "Anglo" prefix might lose its charm. In other words, they might be driven still further toward Romanism. Then, if the prophecy of the recent writer in the Contemporary Review should be verified, the Papacy delivered from Italian control (in which lies the greatest barrier to its obtaining English converts), even transplanted to British soil (if such a thing could be imagined), the wholesale secession of the entire ritualistic faction might be reasonably expected.

In any case, the spiritual earnestness of the present movement, it would seem, cannot be lasting, zeal for a church in place of the love of Christ and loyalty to the Christian Scriptures, must sink, ere very long, back to something like the formalism and spiritual paralysis of the High Church of the last century.

Finally, for history is ever repeating itself, a new evangelical revival, of greater breadth of spirit and less pietistic tone than its Methodist predecessor, led by the Nonconformists, in union with elements both Low and Broad from the national church, will, let us hope, in the near future, be largely instrumental in leading England back to "the true faith of the fathers."

ARTICLE VI.

WRIGHT'S "ICE AGE IN NORTH AMERICA AND ITS BEARINGS ON THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN."'

BY PROFESSOR CHARLES H. HITCHCOCK, DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, HANOVER, N. H.

IN 1874 Mr. James Geikie, of the Geological Survey of Scotland, published a book entitled, "The Great Ice Age and its Relations to the Antiquity of Man." From long continued observations of his own and from a collation of facts stated by others, he was able to present a well-written sketch of the great winter which formerly prevailed over much of the northern hemisphere. For a quarter of a century earlier the generality of writers had accepted the views of the older geologists, that the coldness of the climate had resulted from the multitudinous icebergs originating in the remote north and floating southerly over a submerged continent. To these Mr. Geikie's book came like a revelation; for he does not even take the pains to refute the iceberg theory, and all the facts are explained upon the assumption of the presence of a thick mantle of glacial ice, covering more than the existing terra firma because of a continental elevation. The book had a wide circulation, and would seem to have been an important factor in convincing the public of the truth of the glacier theory, besides awakening an interest in the study of surface geology.

1 With an Appendix on “The Probable Cause of Glaciation by Warren Upham, F. G. S. A., Assistant on the Geological Surveys of New Hampshire, Minnesota, and the United States. With many new maps and illustrations. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

1889. (pp. xviii. 622. 6x3.)

It was in this same year that the Rev. G. F. Wright, then settled as pastor over the Free Congregational Church in Andover, Mass., commenced that special study of glacial phenomena which has eventuated in the publication of the book now under review. It was not his first thought of geological subjects, as the writer knows by correspondence with him at least a dozen years earlier. He had been a student of various scientific questions that must be discussed in their relations to theology and biblical interpretation, from the very beginning of his ministry; and these investigations show themselves in the interest taken in "Darwiniana" by the late Professor Asa Gray (whose index was prepared by Mr. Wright); in the "Logic of Christian Evidences," "Studies in Science and Religion," "Divine Authority of the Bible," etc. The appearance of Geikie's book undoubtedly stimulated Mr. Wright in the prosecution of researches in glacial geology, as it certainly did his friend Warren Upham, who contributes to this book the Appendix respecting the Probable Cause of Glaciation.

The first subject taken up by our author was the origin of the curious "Indian ridges" visible from his residence, together with the analogous deposits scattered over the neighborhood in Eastern New England. Next came the study of the boundary of the glaciated area in Pennsylvania, in company with the late Professor H. Carvill Lewis, whose joint report constitutes volume Z, of the Second Geological Survey of that State. The summers of 1882 and 1883 were spent in continuing the investigation of this glacial boundary through Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. In 1884 and 1885 he was employed by the United States Geological Survey in tracing this boundary across Illinois and reviewing the field in Ohio and Pennsylvania. The summer of 1886 was spent in Washington Territory and upon the Muir Glacier in Alaska. In 1887 and 1888 there were further studies in Dakota and other districts in the Northwest. Fortunately, an opportunity

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