THE AMERICANA A Universal Reference Library COMPRISING THE ARTS AND SCIENCES, LITERATURE, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, OF THE WORLD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF FREDERICK CONVERSE BEACH EDITOR SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MANAGING EDITOR GEORGE EDWIN RINES ASSISTED BY MORE THAN ONE THOUSAND OF THE MOST EMINENT Issued under the Editorial Supervision of The Scientific American IN TWENTY VOLUMES ILLUSTRATED SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN COMPILING DEP'T 225 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 1711 THE AMERICANA DEPARTMENT AND ADVISORY EDITORS ASTRONOMY SIMON NEWCOMB, Ph.D., LL.D., D.Sc. PHILOSOPHY JAMES E. CREIGHTON, A.M., Ph.D. Professor of Philosophy, Cornell University PHYSICS ROBERT S. WOODWARD, Ph.D., LL.D. President of Carnegie Institution PURE MATHEMATICS CASSIUS J. KEYSER, M.A., Ph.D. Adrain Professor of Mathematics, Columbia University EDUCATION ANDREW SLOAN DRAPER, LL.D. Commissioner of Education, State of New York ZOOLOGY DAVID STARR JORDAN, Ph.D., LL.D. President of Leland Stanford Jr. University ENGLISH LITERATURE WILLIAM P. TRENT, A.M., LL.D. Professor of English Literature, Columbia University WILLIAM T. BREWSTER, A.M. Professor of English, Columbia University AMERICAN LITERATURE EDWARD EVERETT HALE, S.T.D., LL.D. Author of "The Man Without a Country" CLASSICAL LITERATURE JAMES H. KIRKLAND, Ph.D., LL.D. Chancellor of Vanderbilt University ARCHITECTURE AND THE FINE ARTS RUSSELL STURGIS, F.A.I.A. Author of "Dictionary of Architecture" RELIGION AND THEOLOGY SYLVESTER BURNHAM, D.D. Dean of Hamilton Theological Seminary, Colgate University REV. P. A. HALPIN Saint Angela's College, New Rochelle, N. Y. MEDICINE SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D., Ph.D. ALLAN DOUGLAS RISTEEN, PhD. MINERALOGY GEORGE LETCHWORTH ENGLISH New York LAW HENRY M. EARLE New York |