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The number convicted was
acquitted.

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87

79

79

17

22

10

19

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20

Males

7,577

8,144

4,109

19,830

Discharged by proclamation

Assuming that the population between 2 and 15 years of age has increased in the same proportion as the whole population since 1821, and that since 1831 the rate of increase At the assizes and sessions in 1836 there were 193 persons has been in the same ratio as in the ten preceding years: charged with crimes in this county. Of this number 15 there were in 1834 about 50,010 children in Dorsetshire, were charged with offences against the person, 10 of which between the ages of 2 and 15. A very large number of the were for common assaults; 13 with offences against pro-scholars attend both daily and Sunday-schools, but in what perty, committed with violence; 158 with offences against number or in what proportion is uncertain. Thirty-eight property, committed without violence; 1 was committed Sunday-schools, attended by 1268 children, are returned for arson; 2 for counterfeiting coin and uttering the same; from places where no other schools exist; but in all other 1 for poaching; 1 for prison-breaking; and 2 for riot. places Sunday-school children have opportunity of resorting Of the whole number of offenders, 118 were convicted and to other schools also. Thirty-one schools, containing 1841 75 acquitted, or no bill found against them. Of the number scholars, are both daily and Sunday schools, and duplicate convicted, 5 were sentenced to death, which sentence was entry is known to have been thus far created. We may commuted to transportation; there were also 14 other per- therefore conclude that not more than two-thirds of the sons transported; 1 sentenced to imprisonment for 2 years; whole population between the ages of 2 and 15 were re14 for 1 year and above 6 months; and 79 for 6 months ceiving instruction at the time of the inquiry. and under; 2 were fined, and 3 were discharged on sureties. Of the total number of offenders, 162 were males and 31 were females. Among the whole not one had received superior instruction; 19 could read and write well, 106 could read and write imperfectly; and 63 could neither read nor write; the degree of instruction of the remaining 12 could not be ascertained. The proportion of offenders to the population, in 1836, was 1 in 866.

The number of turnpike trusts in Dorsetshire, as ascertained in 1834, was 17; the number of miles of road under their charge was 359; the annual income arising from the tolls and parish composition was 23,0027. 2s. 4d, and the annual expenditure, 24,2817. 9s. 10d.

The number of persons qualified to vote for the county members of Dorsetshire was (in 1836) 6320, being 1 in 26 of the whole population, and 1 in 6 of the male population above twenty years of age. The expenses of the last election of county members to parliament were to the inhabitants of the county 2331. 13s. 11d., and were paid out of the general county-rate.

There are nine savings-banks in this county. The number of depositors and amount of deposits on the 20th of No

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Twenty-nine boarding-schools are included in the number of daily schools as given above. No school in this county appears to be confined to the children of the Established Church, or of any other religious denomination, such exclusion being disclaimed in almost every instance, especially in schools established by Dissenters, with whom are here included Wesleyan Methodists, together with schools for children of Roman Catholic parents.

Lending libraries of books are attached to 31 schools in this county.

DORSIBRANCHIATA, Cuvier's appellation for the second order of Annelids, which have their organs, and especially their branchia, distributed nearly equally along the whole of their body, or at least a part. Chloeia (Savigny) and Cirratulus (Lamarck), with many other genera, which our limits do not permit us to enumerate, belong to this order. The reader is referred to Lamarck (Animaux sans Vertèbres, tome v.); to Savigny (Eg. Annel.); and to Cuvier (Règne Animal, tome iii.) as the principal guides on this subject. [ANNELIDA.]

DORSTE'NIA, a genus of plants of the family of the Urticace. The roots of several species of this genus are

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all confounded under the appellation of Contrayerva root, | is more than probable that one of the principal reasons
but as they all possess nearly the same chemical compo- that engaged the members of the synod to reject this pro-
sition and properties, it is of little importance which par- posal, was a consideration of the genius and eloquence of
ticular species yields what is used. Indeed, by the time Episcopius, and an apprehension of the effects they might
the root reaches Europe, whatever virtues it originally produce upon the multitude. When all the methods em-
possessed are lost, so that it has scarcely any sensible quali-ployed to persuade the Arminians to submit to the manner
ties, and very little effect on the system. It consists of of proceeding, proposed by the synod, proved ineffectual,
volatile oil, extractive and starch. The first of these gives they were excluded from that assembly, and returned home
it some power over the nervous system, should it not have complaining bitterly of the rigour and injustice with which
been dissipated by time. Hence it is recommended in the they had been treated. Their cause was nevertheless tried
low stages of fever, especially of children; but serpentaria in their absence, and, in consequence of a strict examina-
root may at all times be advantageously substituted for it. tion of their writings, they were pronounced guilty of pes-
Contrayerva signifies antidote, and it was at one time sup- tilential errors, and condemned as corruptors of the true
posed to be an antidote to all poisons, whether animal, religion. This sentence was followed by its natural effects,
vegetable, or mineral, except mercury.
which were the excommunication of the Arminians, the
suppression of their religious assemblies, and the depriya-
tion of their ministers.

DORT or DORDRECHT, in antient times called Thuredrecht, a city of South Holland, is situated on an island formed by the Maas, which was separated from the opposite shore in November, 1421, by an irruption of the waters. By this irruption the dikes were broken down, more than 70 villages were destroyed, and an immense number of the inhabitants were drowned. The city is situated twelve miles south-east from Rotterdam, in 51° 49′ N. lat. and 4° 38' E. long.

Dort is said to have been founded by Merovæus in the fifth century. It is certainly one of the most antient cities in Holland, and was formerly the capital of the province. Its situation is naturally so strong, that although frequently invested it has always made successful resistance to the besiegers. It has a safe and good harbour, and is well situated for trade, having two canals, by means of which goods can be conveyed to warehouses in the heart of the city. The principal trade is that of corn and wood; large rafts of the latter are brought down the Rhine to this place, and there broken up for sale. There are many saw-mills in the town, and ship-building also forms a large branch of its industry. Dort contains about 18,000 inhabitants. Gerard Vossius and the brothers De Witt were natives of the town. The town-hall is a handsome building, and the principal church is 300 feet long and 125 feet wide, with lofty towers and chimes.

DORT, SYNOD OF, an Assembly of Protestant Divines conyoked at Dort in the year 1618, by the States General, under the influence of Prince Maurice of Nassau, by which the tenets of the Arminians, in five points, relating to predestination and grace, were condemned by the followers of Calvinism.

Brandt, in the second and third volumes of his 'History of the Reformation in and about the Low Countries,' fol. London, 1720-1722, has given a very minut edetail of the proceedings in the successive sessions of this synod; they were a hundred and eighty in number, and continued till May 29th, 1619. Brandt, however, was an Arminian, and though he is to be relied upon for facts, the reasoning which he occasionally deduces from them requires a comparison with other writers. Maclaine in his 'Notes on Mosheim,' says, the reader will do well to consult the letters of the learned and worthy Mr. John Hales of Eton, who was an impartial spectator of the proceedings of this famous synod, and who relates with candour and simplicity what he saw and heard. All that appeared unfair to the Arminians in the proceedings of this synod, has been collected together in a Dutch book entitled Nullitegten, Mishandelingen, ende anhyllike Proceduren des Nationalen Synodi gehonden binnen Dordrecht, &c.'

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Of the disputes which had prevailed in Holland for some years, between the Calvinists and Arminians, previous to the convocation of this synod, we have already spoken in the account of Barneveldt the grand pensionary, whose fate was sealed, when it had been sanctioned by the decision of this assembly. (See Brandt, ut supr.; Mosheim's Eccl. Hist.' 4to. Lond. 1765, vol. ii. pp. 524, 525; and The Articles of the Synod of Dort, and its rejection of errors: transl. from the Latin, with Notes, &c. by Thomas Scott,' 8vo. Lond. 1818.)

The presentation copy of the Acta Synodi Nationalis, autoritate illustr. et præpotentum DD. Ordinum Generalium Foderati Belgii Provinciarum Dordrechti habitæ anno MDCXVIII et MDCXIX, fol. Lugd. Bat. 1620,' formerly belonging to King James I., splendidly bound in crimson velvet and embroidered with the royal arms, is still preserved in the library of the British Museum. A wood-cut repre

At this synod ecclesiastical deputies were present from most of the States of the United Provinces, and from the churches of England, Hesse, Bremen, Switzerland, and the Palatinate. Those from England were Dr. George Carleton, bishop of Landaff; Dr. John Davenant, regius professor of divinity at Cambridge and master of Queen's College; Dr.senting the sitting of the synod is prefixed to Judicium Samuel Ward, master of Sidney College; and Dr. Joseph Synodi Nationalis reformatarum Ecclesiarum Belgicarum Hall, then dean of Worcester but afterwards bishop of Nor- habita Dordrechti, Anno 1618 et 1619. The Collegiat wich. Dr. Hall's health, after two months, requiring his Suffrage of the Divines of Great Britain concerning the return, he was replaced by Dr. Thomas Goad. To these Five Articles controverted in the Low Countries: by them was afterwards added Walter Balcanqual, a Scots divine, delivered in the Synod, March 6, 1619, being their vote or deputed by King James on behalf of the churches of that voice foregoing the joint and publique judgment of the nation. The synod was opened on November 13, 1618: it Synod,' was published in English, 4to., Lond. 1629. consisted of thirty-eight Dutch and Walloon divines, five professors of universities, and twenty-one lay-elders; the foreign divines amounted to twenty-eight. Those from England had the precedence, after the deputies of the States.

An Album containing the signatures of the different members of the synod was delivered to each person at the breaking up of the assembly; one of them was disposed of in London at the auction of Mr. Van Sybstein's MSS. in 1825. The gold medal struck by the States in commeThe person by whom the Arminians were headed in de-moration of the synod is engraved in the Histoire Metalfending their cause, was Simon Episcopius, at that time lique de la Republique de Hollande, par M. Bizot,' tom. i. professor of divinity at Leyden, who opened the proceed- p. 139.

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ings, on the part of his sect, with a moderation and elo- In the sixth session, which was held on the 19th Novem-
quence which did him honour. The remonstrants, how-ber, 1618, the synod of Dort proposed obtaining a transla-
ever, as the Arminians were called, desiring to rest the tion of the Bible from the original texts into Dutch, which
main defence of their cause, not upon the grounds in reason was judged to be a necessary work. In the seventh, and
and scripture on which their opinions were founded, but on some of the succeeding sessions, the translation was finally
their refutation of the opinions of the Calvinists their agreed to, and rules laid down for the direction of the trans-
adversaries, difficulties arose, and their proposal was re-lators. In the thirteenth session, on the 26th November,
jected. They were told that the synod was met to judge, the translators were appointed, when the following were
chosen by a majority of votes: John Bogerman, the pre-
The design of the Arminians, says Mosheim, in the pro-sident of the synod; William Baudart and Gerson Bucer,
posal they made, was probably to get the people on their for the Old Testament; Jacobus Roland, Herman Fauke-
side, by such an unfavourable representation of the Calvinis- lius, and Peter Cornelius, for the New Testament and Ap
tic system, and of the harsh consequences that seem deduci- crypha. The synod then chose sixteen supervisors of the
ble from it, as might excite a disgust in the minds of those translation; and also resolved, that in case any of the ident
who were present, against its friends and abettors. And it translation; and or be disabled by sickness, the president,

not to confer.

with the two assessors, and the scribes of the synod, should be empowered to appoint successors.

After a delay of nearly ten years, the translators of the Old Testament assembled at Leyden, in 1628, and the next year, 1629, the translators of the New Testament; but as Herman Faukelius, pastor of the church of Middleburg, and Peter Cornelius, pastor of the church of Enchusan, had died previous to their meeting together, Anthony Walæus and Festus Hommius were chosen in their stead. When the translation of the Old Testament had advanced as far as the first chapter of Ezekiel, Gerson Bucer died, and was succeeded in his office by Anthony Thysius: Jacobus Roland also died when the translation of the New Testament had advanced to The Acts of the Apostles. The translation of the entire Bible was completed in 1632. The supervisors of the Old Testament met at Leyden, with the translators, in 1633; and those of the New Testament in 1634; and the revision was completed in October, 1635. The printing of the Bible was finished in 1637, when it appeared in folio from the presses of Leyden and the Hague, and in octavo from the press of Amsterdam. This is what is called 'The Dort Bible.' Editions of it were soon rapidly multiplied and extensively circulated. (See Brandt, ut supr. vol. iii. p. 25-28; Leusdeni, Philologus Hebræo Mixtus, Diss. x. et.xi.; and Townley's Illustrations of Biblical Literature, 8vo. Lond. 1821, vol. iii. pp. 400, 401.)

DOT, in music, a point, or speck, placed after a note or rest, in order to make such note or rest half as long again. Thus a semibreve with a dot is equal to three minims: a crotchet rest with a dot is equal to three quaver rests. In modern music a double dot is often used, in which case the second is equal to half of the first. Thus a double dotted minim is equal to three crotchets and a quaver; a double-dotted quaver rest is equal to three semiquaver rests and one demisemiquaver rest. Examples:

DOTIS, one of the four circles of the county of Comorn, in north-western Hungary. Dotis (in Hungarian Tata), the chief town of the circle, lies to the south-east of the town of Comorn, in 47° 38′ N. lat. and 18° 20' E. long. The town is situate on an eminence next the river Tata, and with its suburb, Továros, which signifies Lake Town,' as it lies on the margin of a narrow lake about four miles in length, contains about 960 houses and 8870 inhabitants. Between the two are the ruins of an antient castle, celebrated for its strength in former days, and said to have been built by the Romans, which was a favourite residence of Mathias Corvinus, king of Hungary. Among the buildings of note are three churches, one of which is very old, a Capuchin and a Piarist monastery, the latter having a grammar-school, a head-district school, a military hospital, and some warm baths, much in repute. The inhabitants are industrious, have several flour and saw-mills, and manufacture coarse woollen cloths, earthenware and pottery, beer, bed-rugs, &c. In the adjoining village of Bay is a spacious cellar, capable of stowing away 50,000 aulms of wine among them is a tun which holds 1420 aulms. The Esterházy family have a splendid castle here, with grounds laid out in the English style. At St. Ivány, near Dotis, are quarries of fine marble and freestone. There are vineyards, large sheep-grounds, and extensive forests, in the neighbourhood. Dotis, and much of the surrounding land, are the property of the Esterházy family. There are well attended annual fairs.

DOTTREL. [PLOVERS.]

DOUAY, or DOUAI, a town in the department of Nord, on the river Scarpe, near where the canal of the Haute Deule meets it, on the road from Paris by Peronne and Cambray to Lille and Bruges, 121 miles from Paris. It is 108 miles from Paris in a straight line north by east, in 50° 21′ N. lat., and 3° 6' E. long.

Douay is advantageously situated for commerce. It is surrounded by antient walls, flanked with towers: the walls afford an agreeable promenade. The town is further defended by a fort on the left bank of the Scarpe. The area

inclosed by the walls is large, and contains almost as many gardens as dwellings. The streets are well laid out, and the town-hall, the church of St. Pierre (Peter), and the arsenal, one of the most considerable in France, are the principal buildings. The inhabitants, who amounted in 1832 to 18,793, are engaged in manufactures of various kinds, as linens, lace, gauze, cotton goods and yarn, soap, glass, leather, and refined sugar. A considerable trade is carried on in flax, woollen cloth, and cattle. There is every second year an exhibition of the articles of manufacturing industry; and prizes are distributed for the most useful and ingenious inventions or the best finished pieces of workmanship. Medals are likewise annually distributed by the Departmental Society of Agriculture, which has its seat in this town, not at Lille. Douay is the seat of a cour royale, which exercises jurisdiction over the departments of Nord and Pas de Calais. It is also the capital of an arrondissement. There are at Douay an académie universitaire or university, a collège or high school, a school for the artillery, and a school of drawing and music. The public library consists of 27,000 volumes, and there are a museum of natural history, a botanic garden, and a collection of paintings and antiquities, a foundling hospital, a theatre, two other hospitals (one military), and a military prison.

Douay is a place of great antiquity: it existed in the time of the Romans, and became under the counts of Flanders a place of considerable importance. Phillippe le Bel having a dispute with the count of Flanders, possessed himself of this town A.D. 1297, but it was restored to the counts in A.D. 1368 by Charles V. of France. With the rest of Flanders it passed under the dominions of the kings of Spain; and in A.D. 1552 Philip II. of Spain founded a university here. In 1667 Louis XIV. of France took pos session of Douay: it was taken in 1710 by the allies under Marlborough and Eugene, but the French retook it after the English withdrew from the coalition against France. The arrondissement is divided into six cantons, and seventy communes: it had in 1832 a population of 92,750. Much flax is grown, and coal is dug in the neighbourhood of the

town.

DOUAY BIBLE. [BIBLE.]

DOUBLE-BASE, the largest musical instrument of the viol kind. [VIOL.] In England, Italy, and France, the double-base has three strings, which are tuned in fourths:

(An octave lower.)

In Germany a fourth string is used, tuned a fourth below the deepest of the above.

The double-base, in full orchestral pieces, takes the notes written for the violoncello, when not otherwise directed, and if these are not too rapid, but always gives them an octave lower. It may be considered as the foundation of the band, for a want of firmness in this instrument is more fatal in its consequences than unsteadiness in any other.

In our concerts the Italian name of this instrument, Contra-basso (or, more strictly, Contrab-basso), is as frequently employed as its English appellation.

DOUBLE STARS. [STARS, DOUBLE.]
DOUBLOON. [MONEY.]

DOUBS, a river in the south-eastern part of France, belonging to the system of the Rhône. It rises in the loftiest ridges of the Jura, at the foot of Mont Rixon, near the village of Mouthe, in the department of Doubs, and flows 75 miles north-east through the lake of St. Point and past the town of Pontarlier to the village of Glovilier, near Porentruy, in Switzerland. Here it makes a sudden bend, and re-entering France, flows 20 miles west-by-south to the town of St. Hypolite, where it receives a small tributary, the Desoubre; below St. Hypolite it makes another bend, and flows north and then north-east 15 miles to the village of Audincourt, where it again turns to the west-by-south and west-south-west, and flows 100 miles, past Clerval, Baume-les-Dames, Besançon, which it nearly encircles [BESANÇON], and Dole, to Verdun-sur-Saône, where it joins the Saône. The whole course of the Doubs is about 210 miles. The lower part of its course is in the departments of Jura and Saône et Loire.

The source of the Doubs is copious; it is the outlet of a subterranean reservoir formed by the drainage of a con

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siderable surface; but the valley through which it flows in
the upper part of its course is narrow, and the stream re-
ceives few additions until it reaches Audincourt, just below
which it receives the Halle. This part of its course is over
limestone; and its waters are partially (in one case, below
Pontarlier, almost entirely) absorbed by the cavities which
occur in the rock. Near the village of Morteau, a few miles
below Pontarlier, there is a fall of 90 ft. The river is used
for floating timber and rafts below Audincourt, and occa-
sionally above that place; but the floating is subject to
obstruction and danger from the rocks which have rolled
down from the mountains into the channel of the river.
It was formerly navigable for boats only near the mouth
and in some other parts; now, by the formation of the canal
from the Rhône to the Rhine, it has been rendered naviga-
ble to Clerval. Cuts have been made in some of the parts
where the river was very winding, in order to shorten the
navigation, which may be estimated at from 75 to 80 miles.
The valley of the Doubs is much wider below Clerval
than it is above that place; but it is not very wide in any
part; and the affluents of the Doubs are of little import-
ance. The principal are the Laudeux, the Loue, 60 miles
long, used for floating timber, the Doraine, and the Guiotte,
all which enter the Doubs on the left bank.

boundary of this department below Villersexel (Haute Saône), and separates it through a considerable part of its course from the department of Haute Sâone. The tributaries of the Doubs which are within this department are, the Drujon, which falls into it below Pontarlier, the Desoubre, the Halle, the Laudeux, and the Loue. The Vaux, the Braine, and the Loison are feeders of the Loue; and the Creuse and the Cusancin are feeders of the Laudeux. There are several lakes, but none of any size except the lake of St. Point, formed by the river Doubs, which is about five miles long and one or two broad.

The canal which unites the navigation of the Rhône with that of the Rhine traverses this department throughout, and consists partly of an artificial channel, partly of that of the river Doubs. The department is ill provided_with roads; a road from Paris by Dijon, Besançon, and Pontarlier to Lausanne passes through it: another road from Bâle and Belfort to Dôle and Beaune passes along the valley of the Doubs through Baume les Dames and Besançon: a road from Besançon runs through Quingey to Poligny, in the department of Jura; and another from Pontarlier to Salins and Dôle, both in the department of Jura: another road runs from Besançon to Vesoul, in the department of Haute Saône; and another from Bâle to Clerval, where it falls in with the road from Bâle and Belfort to Besançon. The others are all bye roads.

DOUBS, a department in France, taking its name from the river Doubs, which has its source and a considerable part of its course within its boundaries. It is on the frontier The mineral treasures of the department are consiof France, and is bounded on the south-east side and part of derable. There were formerly silver mines in Mont Dor, the east side by Switzerland; on the remainder of the east but they are no longer wrought: oxide of iron is procured side it is bounded by the department of Haut Rhin; on the in abundance; freestone is quarried; and marl, sana north by the department of Haute Saône, and on the west proper for making glass, ochre, and a species of inflamby the department of Jura. This department is irregu-mable schistus are dug. Peat for fuel is procured in many larly shaped: its greatest length is, from north-east near places. The temperature is variable, and colder than the Montbéliard to south-west near the source of the Doubs, latitude would give reason to expect: the rains are frequent 76 miles its greatest breadth, at right angles to the and heavy, but the climate is not by any means unhealthy. length, is from near Marnay on the Õignon to Jougne, The soil is in different parts composed of sand, clay, or on the road from Pontarlier to Lausanne, 48 miles: the marl, or a combination of these substances. Wheat, rye, area is 2111 square miles, being below the average of mixed corn, maize, hemp, potatoes, pulse, wine, and fruit the French departments, and about equal to the joint are produced in the plain; barley, oats, a little flax, and areas of the English counties of Wilts and Berks. The timber in the higher grounds. The agricultural produce, population, in 1832, was 265,535, not much more than except in barley, and perhaps oats and potatoes, is very far two-thirds of the average population of the French depart- below the average of France. Oats and potatoes form a ments, and rather less than that of the English county of considerable part of the food of the poorer classes: the SpaSu-sex; the relative population was 126 to a square mile; nish oat is that chiefly cultivated. Agriculture is in a backthe average relative population of France being about 160 ward state. The quantity of horses and oxen in proportion to a square mile, and that of England 260. The popula- to the population is very considerable: cattle constitute tion is very unequally distributed: in the plains it is far the wealth of the mountaineer. The artificial grasses are above the average of France, but very thin indeed in the cultivated; trefoil is found to be better suited to the climate mountainous parts. The department is comprehended be- than either lucerne or sain-foin. There are extensive comtween 46° 33′ and 47° 33′ N. lat., and between 5° 42′ and mon lands, on which cattle are fed. The number of sheep 78 E. long. Besançon, the capital, is 205 miles in a in the department is comparatively very small. straight line south-east of Paris; or 237 miles by the road through Provins, Troyes, Châtillon-sur-Seine, Díjon, and Dôle.

The south-eastern part of the department is traversed by the ridges of the Jura, which have a general direction north-east and south-west: the summits of Laumont, Chaumont, Mont Dor, and Rissons, are the principal: the last-mentioned is about 2170 feet high, and the highest point in the department. On these summits no vegetation appears; they are composed of bare rocks, covered with snow nearly two-thirds of the year. The slopes of these mountains are rocky, with patches of moss, and straggling thorns and hazels. On the south side the slopes afford good pasturage, and pleasant valleys sheltered by pine forests: in some of the valleys barley and oats are raised, but the temperature is too cold for wheat or rye. The few inhabitants of these highlands preserve the hospitality and simplicity of manners which mark the people of a mountain tract. Between the higher country and the valley of the Doubs is a district of inferior elevation, marked by a milder air and a more productive soil than belong to the district just noticed. Wheat, though in small quantity, is produced; and on some of the more favourable slopes the vine is cultivated; in the woods the oak and the beech replace the pine. Many tracts in this and the more elevated region are marshy, and from them flow the principal streams that water the department. The plain or valley of the Doubs occupies the rest of the department; it is fertile and populous.

The department is divided into four arrondissemens or sub-prefectures: Montbéliard in the north-east and east, population 55,642; Pontarlier in the south, population 48,977; Besançon in the west, population 96,032; and Baume les Dames, centre and north, population 64,884. These four arrondissemens are subdivided into 27 cantons and 646 communes. The capital, Besançon, on the Doubs, has a population of 24,042 for the town, or 29,167 for the whole commune, and Baume les Dames, also on the Doubs, a population of 2209 for the town, or 2467 for the whole commune. [BAUME; BESANÇON.] Of the other towns we subjoin some account.

Montbéliard is on the little river Halle, just before its junction with the Doubs. It was formerly the capital of a small principality; it is now a thriving and industrious town, the capital of an arrondissement. It is pleasantly situated in the valley which separates the ridges of the Jura from those of the Vosges, and is surrounded by vineyards. It is well built, and adorned by several fountains. An antient castle, once the residence of the princes of Montbéliard, and in which the archives of their principality are still preserved, commands the town: it now serves as a prison and a barrack for the gendarmerie. The markethouse (bâtiment des halles) and the church of St. Nicholas, which has a roof 85 feet long by 53 broad without pillars to sustain it, are the buildings most worthy of notice. inhabitants amounted, in 1832, to 4671 for the town, 4767 for the whole commune: they manufacture watch movements, watchmakers' files, cotton yarn, hosiery, woollen The rivers are the Doubs, and its tributaries; and the cloths, kerseymeres, and leather: they carry on a cf MontOignon, a tributary of the Saône, which, rising in the able trade with Switzerland. The arrondissement of MontVosges, flows south-west into the Sâone; it touches the béliard is distinguished by the prevalence of manufactures

P. C., No. 544.

VOL. IX-P

The

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similar to those carried on in the town itself, with the addi- | who are engaged in the manufacture of iron goods. There
tion of saw manufactories, glass-houses, paper-mills, and
oil-mills. The number of tan-yards is great in every part
of the department, but especially in this arrondissement.
Pontarlier is on the Doubs, in the upper part of its course,
36 miles south-south-east of Besançon, by the road through
Ornans. It is near a natural pass from France into Swit-
zerland, known to the antients, and defended by a fort
(the Fort of Joux) on the pyramidal summit of Mont Joux.
This fort of Joux was the place of the confinement and death
of Toussaint L'Ouverture, the Haytian chief. Pontarlier
has been supposed by D'Anville to be the Ariolica of the
Itinerary of Antoninus, the Abiolica of the Theodosian
Table; but the soundness of his opinion has been disputed:
the most antient records give it the names of Pontalia,
Pons Ælii, Pons Arleti, and Pons Ariæ. Until the four-
teenth century, there were two adjacent towns, Pontarlier
and Morieux, but they now form only one. It has been
repeatedly destroyed by fire, the last time in 1754. It is
well built, and is surrounded by an antient wall, but not
fortified. There are a library, a high school, a custom-
house, and a fine range of barracks for cavalry. The popu-
Jation has, from the increase of trade, doubled in the last
forty years: the inhabitants, in 1832, amounted to 4248 for
the town, or 4707 for the whole commune: they manufacture
steel, bar iron, iron and steel goods of various kinds (among
them are cannon, nails, steel wire, and watch and clock move-
ments), porcelain, and calicoes: there is a copper foundery,
at which are made church bells and cylinders for printing
calicoes: there are also tan-yards and paper-mills. A
great quantity of extract of wormwood is made here every
year. Among the natives of Pontarlier was General
d'Arçon, the contriver of the floating batteries at the siege
of Gibraltar, in 1782. [ARÇON.] The neighbourhood of
Pontarlier produces excellent cheese.

is an antient castle, once the residence of the counts of
Bourgogne; and near the town is a cavern, adorned with a
variety of congelations. Near Boussière, which is not far
from Quingey, is a remarkable cavern, consisting of a suite
of apartments, extending above half a mile in length.
In the arrondissement of Pontarlier are the towns of
Rochejean and Morteau on the Doubs, La Rivière on the
Drujon, and Jougne on the border of Switzerland. At
Rochejean are smelting houses for pig iron and cast iron,
tan yards, and a saw yard; and at La Rivière are a saw
yard and a linseed-oil mill. At the village of Levier, and
in the neighbourhood, a good deal of cheese is made: near
the village is a pit, the depth of which is unknown; it
appears to consist of a succession of caverns on different
levels: it is used as a receptacle for the carcases of animals
and other refuse. Two dogs which had by accident fallen
into one of the caverns lived for a long time on the bodies
thus disposed of, and brought forth young before they were
discovered and rescued. The village of Mont Benoit (Be
nedict), on the Doubs, has a handse Gothic church,
formerly the conventual church of a considerable abbey
which existed here. The neighbouring village of Remon-
not has for its church a remarkable cave.

The department of Doubs sends four members to the Chamber of Deputies; it forms, with the department of Haute Saône, the diocese of the archbishop of Besançon. It is in the jurisdiction of the Cour Royale, or Supreme Court of Besançon, and in the sixth military division, of which the head-quarters are at Besançon. Education is more general in this department than in almost any other in France: there is one boy at school for every eleven persons.

The inhabitants of the mountains are tall, robust, and healthy; sober, economical, gentle, willing to oblige, hosOrnans is seventeen miles from Besançon, in the arron-pitable, and true to their word, but untaught and credulous dissement of Besançon, on the road to Pontarlier. It is those of the plain are neither so robust, nor temperate, nor walled: near the walls are the remains of an antient castle: obliging. This department is part of the former county of there are a fine hospital and a public library. The in- Bourgogne, or Franche Comté. (Dictionnaire Universel habitants in 1832 amounted to 2858 for the town, or 2982 de la France; Malte Brun; Dupin, Forces Productives de for the whole commune: they manufacture a considerable la France; Dictionnaire Géographique Universel.) quantity of leather, some paper, cheese, and extract of worm- DOUCHE. [BATHING.] wood. Immediately round the town cherries are cultivated DOUCKER. [DIVERS.] in great quantity; and an excellent kirschwasser is prepared from them. The neighbourhood of Ornans abounds with natural curiosities; as the grottos of Baumarchais, Bonnevaux, Mouthier, and Châteauvieux, the cascades of Mouthier, and the well of Breme, which, when the rivers overflow their banks, is filled with a muddy water that rises in it, flows over the top, and inundates the valley in which the well is situated: on these occasions it throws up a number of fishes.

Beside the foregoing, there are in the arrondissement of Montbéliard the towns of Blamont, near the Doubs, and St. Hypolite, or Hippolyte, on that river. Blamont is a fortified town, but is very small. The inhabitants manufactured, at the commencement of the present century, firearms, cannon, iron wire, and paper: we have no later account. At St. Hypolite hard-wares are made and cheese. There are many iron factories in the neighbourhood. The town is in a valley, immediately surrounded with vinecovered hills, backed by mountains covered with wood. Near St. Hypolite is a curious cavern, between eighty and ninety feet high, which penetrates horizontally the perpendicular face of a rock: the name of the cavern, Le Château de la Roche,' is derived from an antient castle at the entrance, which was ruined in the religious wars of the sixteenth century; the ruins still remain. Audincourt, a village on the Doubs, has a population of 1000: the inhabitants manufacture iron goods and cotton yarn. Mandeure, another village in the arrondissement, is on the site of a Roman town, Epamanduorum. There are the remains of an amphitheatre, and medals and other antiquities have been dug up. At the village of Herimoncourt are manufactured wooden screws, and clock and watch movements: wooden screws are made at Dampierre.

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In the arrondissement of Baume les Dames are the towns of Clerval on the Doubs, Rougemont, and Passavant. The inhabitants of Rougemont are engaged in the manufacture of iron goods: at Clerval, the Doubs, by the junction of the Rhône and Rhine Canal, becomes navigable. In the arrondissement of Besançon are the towns of Quingey and Villafans. Quingey is a town of less than 1000 inhabitants,

DOUGLAS FAMILY. This family derives its name from certain lands on the Douglas or Black water, in the shire of Lanark, which were granted out about the middle of the twelfth century by Arnold, Abbot of Kelso, to one Theobald, a Fleming, whose son was thence called William de Douglas.

William married a sister of Friskin de Kerdal, in the province of Moray, and had several children, all of whom, except the eldest, settled in the north. Brice, the second son, became bishop of Moray; Alexander, the third son, became sheriff of Elgin; and their sister, Margaret, married Hervey de Keith, great mareschal of the kingdom.

Archenbald, the eldest son, married one of the daughters and co-heiresses of Sir John de Crawford, of Crawford, and had two sons, William and Andrew, each of whom had two sons likewise. William's eldest son married a sister of Lord Abernethy, but dying without issue, was succeeded by his brother, some time governor of the castle of Berwick. Andrew's eldest son married the only daughter of Alexander, lord high steward of Scotland, and had two sons, the eldest of whom was Sir James Douglas of Loudon, so called to distinguish him from his cousin, the good Sir James,' one of the chief associates of Bruce in achieving the independence of his country. He was made a knight banneret under the royal standard at Bannockburn, where he commanded the centre division of the Scottish van. He died in a contest with the Saracens when, in fulfilment of the trust committed to him, he was on his way to deposit the heart of Bruce in the Holy Land.

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William de Douglas, some time governor of Edinburgh Castle, was a natural son of Sir James of Loudon, whose eldest lawful son, also William de Douglas, had the earldom of Athol conferred upon him on the death of John Campbell without issue; but he soon afterwards resigned the title, and gave a charter of the earldom to Robert, lord high steward of Scotland. This William de Douglas was lord of Liddisdale, and though himself the flower of chivalry,' as he was called, is to be particularly distinguished from Sir William Douglas, the knight of Liddisdale, natural son of the good Sir James. The knight of Liddisdale long

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